OpenVMS

OpenVMS

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OpenVMS V7.3-1 running the CDE-based DECwindows GUI
Developer Digital Equipment Corporation, Hewlett-Packard, VMS Software Inc
Written in BLISS, VAX Macro, C, Ada, PL/I, Fortran, UIL, SDL, Pascal, MDL, C++, DCL, Message, Document[1]
OS family DEC OS family
Working state Current
Source model Closed source
Initial release October 25, 1977 (1977-10-25)
Latest release OpenVMS 8.4-2 / March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)
Marketing target High-end computer server
Available in English
Update method Concurrent upgrades,
rolling upgrades
Package manager PCSI and VMSINSTAL
Platforms VAX, Alpha, Itanium
Kernel type Monolithic kernel with loadable modules
Default user interface DCL CLI and DECwindows GUI
License Proprietary
Official website

HP OpenVMS website

VMS Software website

OpenVMS is a computer operating system for use in general-purpose computing. It is the successor to the VMS Operating System (VAX-11/VMS, VAX/VMS), that was produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (first released in 1977) for its series of VAX-11 minicomputers and its line of desktop workstations (DEC Alpha). The name VMS is derived from virtual memory system, according to one of its principal architectural features. OpenVMS also runs on the Itanium-based families of computers.[2][3][4] OpenVMS is a proprietary operating system (though the source code is available for purchase).[5] Thus, it is not considered open-source software.

OpenVMS is a multi-user, multiprocessing virtual memory-based operating system (OS) designed for use in time sharing, batch processing, and transaction processing. When process priorities are suitably adjusted, it may approach real-time operating system characteristics. The system offers high availability through clustering and the ability to distribute the system over multiple physical machines. This allows the system to be tolerant against disasters that may disable individual data-processing facilities.

OpenVMS contains a graphical user interface (GUI), a feature that was not available on the original VAX-11/VMS system. Prior to the introduction of DEC VAXstation systems in the 1980s, the operating system was exclusively used and managed from CRT terminals, such as the VT100, which provide serial data communications and screen-oriented display features. Versions of VMS running on DEC Alpha workstations in the 1990s supported OpenGL[6] and Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) graphics adapters.

OpenVMS commercialized many features that are now considered standard requirements for any high-end server operating system. These include:

Enterprise-class environments typically select and use OpenVMS for various purposes including mail servers, network services, manufacturing or transportation control and monitoring, critical applications and databases, and particularly environments where system uptime and data access is critical. System up-times of more than 10 years[22] have been reported, and features such as rolling upgrades and clustering allow clustered applications and data to remain continuously accessible while operating system software and hardware maintenance and upgrades are performed, or when a whole data center is destroyed. Customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, network information services, and large-scale industrial manufacturers of various products.

As of mid 2014, Hewlett Packard (successor to DEC) licensed the development of OpenVMS exclusively to VMS Software Inc. (VSI)[23][24] VMS Software will be responsible for developing OpenVMS, supporting existing hardware and providing roadmap to clients.[23][24] The company has a team of veteran developers that originally developed the software during DEC's ownership.[25]

History

Origin and name changes

VAXstation 4000 model 96 running OpenVMS 6.1 and DECwindows

In April 1975, Digital Equipment Corporation embarked on a hardware project, code named Star, to design a 32-bit virtual address extension to its PDP-11 computer line. A companion software project, code named Starlet, was started in June 1975 to develop a totally new operating system, based on RSX-11M, for the Star family of processors. These two projects were tightly integrated from the beginning. Gordon Bell[26] was the VP lead on the VAX hardware and its architecture. Roger Gourd was the project lead for the Starlet program, with software engineers Dave Cutler (who would later lead development of Microsoft's Windows NT), Dick Hustvedt, and Peter Lipman acting as the technical project leaders, each having responsibility for a different area of the operating system. The Star and Starlet projects culminated in the VAX 11/780 computer and the VAX-11/VMS operating system. The Starlet name survived in VMS as a name of several of the main system libraries, including STARLET.OLB and STARLET.MLB.

Over the years the name of the product has changed. In 1980 it was renamed, with version 2.0 release, to VAX/VMS (at the same time as the VAX-11 computer was renamed to simply VAX). With the introduction of the MicroVAX range such as the MicroVAX I, MicroVAX II and MicroVAX 2000 in the mid-to-late 1980s, DIGITAL released MicroVMS versions specifically targeted for these platforms which had much more limited memory and disk capacity; e.g. the smallest MicroVAX 2000 had a 40MB RD32 hard disk and a maximum of 6MB of RAM, and its CPU had to emulate some of the VAX floating point instructions in software. MicroVMS kits were released for VAX/VMS 4.4 to 4.7 on TK50 tapes and RX50 floppy disks, but discontinued with VAX/VMS 5.0. In 1991 it was renamed again to OpenVMS to indicate its support for industry standards such as POSIX and Unix compatibility, and to drop the hardware connection as the port to DIGITAL's 64-bit Alpha RISC processor was in process. The OpenVMS name first appeared after the version 5.4-2 release.

Port to DEC Alpha

The VMS port to Alpha resulted in the creation of a second and separate source code libraries (based on a source code management tool known as VDE) for the VAX 32-bit source code library and a second and new source code library for the Alpha (and the subsequent Itanium port) 64-bit architectures. 1992 saw the release of the first version of OpenVMS for Alpha AXP systems, designated OpenVMS AXP V1.0. The decision to use the 1.x version numbering stream for the pre-production quality releases of OpenVMS AXP caused confusion for some customers and was not repeated in the next platform port to the Itanium.

In 1994, with the release of OpenVMS version 6.1, feature (and version number) parity between the VAX and Alpha variants was achieved. This was the so-called Functional Equivalence[27] release, in the marketing materials of the time. Some features were missing however, e.g. based shareable images, which were implemented in later versions. Subsequent version numberings for the VAX and Alpha variants of the product have remained consistent through V7.3, though Alpha subsequently diverged with the availability of the V8.2 and V8.3 releases.[28]

Port to Intel Itanium

In 2001, just prior to its acquisition by Hewlett-Packard, Compaq announced the port of OpenVMS to the Intel Itanium architecture.[29] This port was accomplished using source code maintained in common within the OpenVMS Alpha source code library, with conditional and additional modules where changes specific to Itanium were required. The OpenVMS Alpha pool was chosen as the basis of the port as it was significantly more portable than the original OpenVMS VAX source code, and because the Alpha source code pool was already fully 64-bit capable (unlike the VAX source code pool). With the Alpha port, many of the VAX hardware-specific dependencies had been previously moved into the Alpha SRM firmware for OpenVMS. Features necessary for OpenVMS were then moved from SRM into OpenVMS I64 as part of the Itanium port.[30]

Unlike the port from VAX to Alpha, in which a snapshot of the VAX code base circa V5.4-2[27] was used as the basis for the Alpha release and the 64-bit source code pool then diverged, the OpenVMS Alpha and I64 (Itanium) versions of OpenVMS are built and maintained using a common source code library and common tools. The core software source code control system used for OpenVMS is the VMS Development Environment (VDE).[31]

Two pre-production releases, OpenVMS I64 V8.0 and V8.1, were available on June 30, 2003 and on December 18, 2003. These releases were intended for HP organizations and third-party vendors involved with porting software packages to OpenVMS I64.

The following are recent OpenVMS I64 releases:

Major release timeline

Date Version Note
October 25, 1977 V1.0 VAX-11/780, Initial commercial release
April, 1980 V2.0 VAX-11/750
April, 1982 V3.0 VAX-11/730
September, 1984 V4.0 VAX 8600 and MicroVMS (for MicroVAX)
April, 1988 V5.0 VAX 6000
November, 1992 V5.1 first OpenVMS AXP (Alpha) specific version
June, 1993 V6.0 VAX 7000 and 10000
April/May, 1994 V6.1 merging of VAX and Alpha AXP version numbers
January, 1996 V7.0 full 64-bit virtual addressing on Alpha
1997 V7.1
June, 2003 V8.0 limited availability eval for Integrity
February, 2005 V8.2 Common Alpha and Itanium release
September, 2006 V8.3 Alpha, Itanium dual-core support
October, 2007 V8.3-1H1 c-Class Integrity blade server support
June, 2010 V8.4 Added support for running as a virtual machine guest under HPVM

Clusters over TCP/IP

June, 2015 V8.4-1H1 Support for "Poulson" Itanium processors
Apr, 2016 V8.4-2 Support for HPE Itanium® 9500 series processor[35]

Features

Graphical user interface

OpenVMS uses the DECwindows Motif user interface (based on CDE) layered on top of OpenVMS's X11 compliant windowing system.[36][37] Older versions of VMS instead used a proprietary window system known as VWS/UIS.[38]

Clustering

OpenVMS supports clustering (first called VAXcluster and later VMScluster), where multiple systems share disk storage, processing, job queues and print queues, and are connected either by proprietary specialized hardware (Cluster Interconnect) or an industry-standard LAN (usually Ethernet). A LAN-based cluster is often called a LAVc, for Local Area Network VMScluster, and allows, among other things, bootstrapping a possibly diskless satellite node over the network using the system disk of a bootnode.

VAXcluster support was first added in VMS version 4, which was released in 1984. This version only supported clustering over CI. Later releases of version 4 supported clustering over LAN (LAVC), and support for LAVC was improved in VMS version 5, released in 1988.

Mixtures of cluster interconnects and technologies are permitted, including Gigabit Ethernet (GbE), SCSI, FDDI, DSSI, CI and Memory Channel adapters.

OpenVMS supports up to 96 nodes in a single cluster, and allows mixed-architecture clusters, where VAX and Alpha systems, or Alpha and Itanium systems can co-exist in a single cluster (Various organizations have demonstrated triple-architecture clusters and cluster configurations with up to 150 nodes, but these configurations are not supported by HP).

Unlike many other clustering solutions, VMScluster offers transparent and fully distributed read-write with record-level locking, which means that the same disk and even the same file can be accessed by several cluster nodes at once; the locking occurs only at the level of a single record of a file, which would usually be one line of text or a single record in a database. This allows the construction of high-availability multiply redundant database servers.

Cluster connections can span upwards of 500 miles, allowing member nodes to be located in different buildings on an office campus, or in different cities.

Host-based volume shadowing allows volumes (of the same or of different sizes) to be shadowed (mirrored) across multiple controllers and multiple hosts, allowing the construction of disaster-tolerant environments.

Full access into the distributed lock manager (DLM) is available to application programmers, and this allows applications to coordinate arbitrary resources and activities across all cluster nodes. This includes file-level coordination, but the resources and activities and operations that can be coordinated with the DLM are completely arbitrary.

OpenVMS V8.4 offers advances in clustering technology, including the use of industry-standard TCP/IP networking to bring efficiencies to cluster interconnect technology. Cluster over TCP/IP is supported in OpenVMS version 8.4, which was released in 2010.

With the supported capability of rolling upgrades and multiple system disks, cluster configurations can be maintained on-line and upgraded incrementally. This allows cluster configurations to continue to provide application and data access while a subset of the member nodes are upgraded to newer software versions.[39]

File system

Main article: Files-11

OpenVMS has a very feature-rich file system, with support for stream and record-oriented IO, ACLs, and file versioning. The typical user and application interface into the file system is the RMS.[40]

Timekeeping

OpenVMS represents system time as the 64-bit number of 100 nanosecond intervals (that is, ten million units per second; also known as a 'clunk'[41][42]) since the epoch. The epoch of OpenVMS is midnight preceding November 17, 1858, which is the start of Modified Julian Day numbering. The clock is not necessarily updated every 100 ns; for example, systems with a 100 Hz interval timer simply add 100000 to the value every hundredth of a second. The operating system includes a mechanism to adjust for hardware timekeeping drift; when calibrated against a known time standard, it easily achieves an accuracy better than 0.01%. All OpenVMS hardware platforms derive timekeeping from an internal clock not associated with the AC supply power frequency.

While the system is shut down, time is kept by a Time-of-Year ("TOY") hardware clock. This clock keeps time to a lower resolution (perhaps 1 second) and generally, a lower accuracy (often 0.025% versus 0.01%). When the system is restarted, the VMS 64-bit time value is recomputed based on the time kept by the TOY clock and the last recorded year (stored on the system disk).

The 100 nanosecond granularity implemented within OpenVMS and the 63-bit absolute time representation (the sign bit indicates absolute time when clear and relative time when set) should allow OpenVMS trouble-free time computations up to 31-JUL-31086 02:48:05.47. At this instant, all clocks and time-keeping operations in OpenVMS will suddenly fail, since the counter will overflow and start from zero again.

Though the native OpenVMS time format can range far into the future, applications based on the C runtime library will likely encounter timekeeping problems beyond January 19, 2038 due to the Year 2038 problem. Many components and applications may also encounter field-length-related date problems at year 10000 (see the Year 10,000 problem).[43]

Programming

The common language programming environment is described in the OpenVMS Calling Standard and the OpenVMS Programming Concepts manuals.[44] This provides mixed-language calls, and a set of language-specific, run-time library (RTL), and system service routines. The language calls and the RTLs are implemented in user-mode shareable images, while the system services calls are generally part of the operating system, or part of privileged-mode code. This distinction between languages and RTLs and system services was once fairly clean and clear, but the implementations and specifics have become rather more murky over the years.

Various utilities and tools are integrated, as are various add-on languages and tools.[45]

Many Programming Examples are available via the OpenVMS FAQ.[46]

Debugging

The VMS Debugger supports all DEC compilers and many third party languages. It allows breakpoints, watchpoints and interactive runtime program debugging either using a command line or graphical user interface. OpenVMS Debugger Manual

Common Language Environment

Among OpenVMS's notable features is the Common Language Environment, a strictly defined standard that specifies calling convention for functions and routines, including use of stacks, registers, etc., independently of programming language. Because of this, it is possible and straightforward to call a routine written in one language (Fortran) from another (COBOL), without needing to know the implementation details of the target language. OpenVMS itself is implemented in a variety of different languages (primarily BLISS, VAX Macro and C),[47] and the common language environment and calling standard supports freely mixing these languages, and Ada, PL/I, Fortran, BASIC, and others. This is in contrast to a system such as Unix, which is implemented nearly entirely in the C language.[48]

Macro32 (an assembler on OpenVMS VAX, and a compiler on OpenVMS Alpha and on OpenVMS I64) is available within and integrated into OpenVMS. BLISS compilers are available for download,[49] as are various ports of Perl, PHP, Ruby and other languages. Java is available from the HP Java website.[50] C, Fortran and other languages are commercial products, and are available for purchase.

Standard streams

In a manner similar to Unix, VMS defines several standard input and output streams[51] with these logical names:

SYS$INPUT - Standard input. Used interactively, this represents the terminal keyboard. Used in a batch file, it is batch file lines not preceded with a $ symbol, or specified as an input deck using the DECK command.

SYS$OUTPUT - Standard output. Used interactively, this is the terminal display. Used in a batch file, it outputs to the screen (if run interactively) or to the log file when run noninteractively.

SYS$ERROR - Standard error. Used interactively, this is the terminal display. In a batch file, it is the screen display (if run interactively), or to the log file if run interactively, or in the special case of RUN /DETACH, to the output file or device specified with the /ERROR= parameter.

SYS$COMMAND - Does not have a direct analogue in the Unix model. Used interactively, it will read from the terminal. Used in a batch file when run interactively, it will read from the terminal. Used in a batch file run noninteractively, it will read from the SYS$INPUT stream (if one is defined), otherwise it will read nothing and return end of file.

Security

OpenVMS provides various security features and mechanisms, including security identifiers, resource identifiers, subsystem identifiers, ACLs, and detailed security auditing and alarms. Specific versions evaluated at DoD NCSC Class C2 and, with the SEVMS security enhanced services support, at NCSC Class B1, per the NCSC Rainbow Series. OpenVMS also holds an ITSEC E3 rating (see NCSC and Common Criteria).[52] Passwords are hashed using the Purdy Polynomial.

Cross-platform applications

OpenVMS supports the following industry standard tools and applications:

Documentation

The OpenVMS operating documentation for various recent releases and for various core OpenVMS layered products is available online at the HP website http://www.hp.com/go/openvms/doc/.

Software Product Description (SPD) documents for many OpenVMS-related products (and for OpenVMS itself) are available at http://h18000.www1.hp.com/info/spd/. SPDs are introductory and legal descriptions of various products, listing the various supported capabilities and product features.

The OpenVMS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) contains information and pointers associated with OpenVMS, and is available in various formats at http://www.hoffmanlabs.org/vmsfaq/.

Releases, software support status

The current OpenVMS release is 8.4-2 (Maynard), previous were OpenVMS V8.4-1H1 for Integrity servers, OpenVMS V8.4 for Alpha and OpenVMS V7.3 for VAX servers.

HP provides Current Version Support (CVS) and Prior Version Support (PVS) for various OpenVMS releases. The OpenVMS Roadmap[55] guaranteed PVS status for specific releases (V5.5-2, V5.5-2H4, V6.2, V6.2-1H3, V7.3-2) until 2012, and only then ending with 24 months' prior notice. CVS is provided for the current release and for the immediately prior release.

On July 31, 2014, VMS Software, Inc. (VSI) announced that HP named VSI as the sole developer of future versions of the OpenVMS operating system and its layered product components.

The first release, VSI OpenVMS Version 8.4-1H1 (Bolton), was released June 1, 2015. Next releases will support the latest Itanium hardware. The availability of VSI OpenVMS on x86-based servers is planned for 2018.[56][57][58] VSI has assembled a Massachusetts, US-based team of veteran OpenVMS developers, many harkening back to the core DEC team responsible for the initial and ongoing development of OpenVMS.[59]

Applicable industry standards

Some of the industry standards claimed in the OpenVMS Software Product Description are:[60]

Hobbyist programs

Despite being a proprietary commercial operating system, in 1997 OpenVMS and a number of layered products were made available free of charge for hobbyist, non-commercial use as part of the OpenVMS Hobbyist Program.[61][62] Since then, several companies producing OpenVMS software have made their products available under the same terms, such as Process Software[63] and MVP Systems.[64]

In 2011, HP staff took over the administration of the hobbyist licences. Registration was simplified and remained zero cost. The process from registering to receiving Product Authorisation Keys may take only a few hours at best. Software kits for operating system and layered products were made available on request via FTP download (previously it had to be shipped on CD which was chargeable). This process is not fully automatic and requires authorisation by HP Hobbyist Program staff.

A number of hobbyist systems are open to the public, including the Deathrow Cluster.[65]

An open source operating system following VMS conventions called FreeVMS is in development,[66] though no official releases have been made since 2010. FreeVMS supports the x86-64 architecture using an L4 microkernel.[67]

OpenVMS terms

OpenVMS-related terms and acronyms include:[68]

See also

References

  1. ↑ OpenVMS FAQ
  2. ↑ VAX Architecture Reference Manual
  3. ↑ DIGITAL Microprocessor and Alpha Architecture Library
  4. ↑ Intel Itanium documentation
  5. ↑ OpenVMS source listing CD
  6. ↑ OpenGL Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) [1/3]. Faqs.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
  7. ↑ OpenVMS documentation; see the DECnet and TCP/IP Services documentation, and see the User's Guide
  8. ↑ OpenVMS documentation; see the clustering and OpenVMS Galaxy documentation
  9. ↑ OpenVMS documentation; see the RMS and XQP documentation
  10. ↑ OpenVMS documentation; see the RMS documentation
  11. ↑ The Oracle Rdb web site
  12. ↑ OpenVMS documentation; see the language documentation
  13. ↑ OpenVMS Freeware; see the BLISS, Macro64, OPS5, Perl, PHP, Tcl/Tk and other language kits and tools
  14. ↑ OpenVMS Calling Standard
  15. ↑ Writing Real Programs in DCL, second edition, Stephen Hoffman, Paul Anagnostopoulos, ISBN 1-55558-191-9
  16. ↑ OpenVMS documentation; see the OpenVMS User's Guide
  17. ↑ OpenVMS documentation; see the OpenVMS Galaxy documentation
  18. ↑ OpenVMS documentation; see OpenVMS Guide to System Security manual
  19. ↑ NIST NCSC
  20. ↑ National Computer Security Center (NCSC) Trusted Product Evaluation List (TPEL)
  21. ↑ OpenVMS at DEFCON9
  22. ↑ "The Uptimes-Project.org - Host Information: WVNETcluster". Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  23. 1 2 "HP hands off OpenVMS development to VSI". Tech Times. 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  24. 1 2 "VMS Software, Inc. Named Exclusive Developer of Future Versions of OpenVMS Operating System. | Business Wire". www.businesswire.com. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  25. ↑ "VMS Software". www.vmssoftware.com. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  26. ↑ Gordon Bell Biography
  27. 1 2 OpenVMS VAX and Alpha Compatibility
  28. ↑ For general details on the port to Alpha, see the OpenVMS 20th Anniversary book. For technical details on the port, see the DIGITAL Technical Journal Volume 4 Number 4.
  29. ↑ OvenVMS Times article
  30. ↑ Information from various comp.os.vms newsgroup postings from OpenVMS Engineers
  31. ↑ see the VDE installation kit for details.
  32. ↑ See the full announcement for details. See HP BladeSystem information for details on blade server products from HP.
  33. ↑ See the OpenVMS V8.4 release announcement for details.
  34. ↑ See the OpenVMS V8.4-1H1 release announcement for details.
  35. ↑ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vms-software-inc-launches-new-version-of-openvms-operating-system-worldwide-300239559.html
  36. ↑ HP DECwindows Motif for OpenVMS Software Product Description (SPD)
  37. ↑ Using DECwindows Motif for OpenVMS, Margie Sherlock, ISBN 1-55558-114-5
  38. ↑
  39. ↑ For general details, see the OpenVMS Cluster SPD. For more specific details, see the clustering-related manuals in the OpenVMS documentation set.
  40. ↑ Details are in the RMS Utilities and RMS programming manuals, and in the I/O User's Reference Manual, all part of the OpenVMS documentation set. Also see the available ODS2 documentation, and the VMS File Systems Internals book, by Kirby McCoy, ISBN 1-55558-056-4.
  41. ↑ http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/computer-science/history/pdp-11/rsx/decus/rsx89b/374101/readme.clu
  42. ↑ http://www.classiccmp.org/PDP-11/RSX-11/freeware/decus/rsx86b/356030/wevol3n1.prt
  43. ↑ Detailed information on time and timekeeping, and on daylight saving time and timezone differential factor operations, is contained in the OpenVMS FAQ.
  44. ↑ HP OpenVMS Systems Documentation, HP.com.
  45. ↑ Technical documentation, HP.com.
  46. ↑ The OpenVMS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), HoffmanLabs.org.
  47. ↑ see comp.os.vms newsgroup postings from members of HP OpenVMS Engineering
  48. ↑ OpenVMS documentation.
  49. ↑ OpenVMS Freeware
  50. ↑ HP Java website
  51. ↑ http://h71000.www7.hp.com/doc/731final/6489/6489pro_038.html
  52. ↑ see the HP OpenVMS Guide to System Security manual at OpenVMS documentation web site. Also see the OpenVMS security information.
  53. ↑ GnuPG, ported to OpenVMS
  54. ↑ Perl for OpenVMS
  55. ↑ OpenVMS Roadmap
  56. ↑ "HP and VMS Software, Inc. Collaborate to Extend OpenVMS Solutions". Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  57. ↑ "VMS Software, Inc. Named Exclusive Developer of Future Versions of OpenVMS Operating System". Business Wire. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  58. ↑ "OpenVMS Rolling Roadmaps". February 24, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  59. ↑ Thibodeau, Patrick. "HP gives OpenVMS new life". ComputerWorld. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  60. ↑ "Software Product Description (SPD) OpenVMS VAX Operating System, Version 5.5-2 SPD 25.01.37" (PDF). HP. November 2014. Retrieved 2015-06-13. (Also see http://h71000.www7.hp.com/doc/spd.html#SPD)
  61. ↑ http://www.vmshobbyist.org/
  62. ↑ "OpenVMS News & Discussion". openvms.org. Archived from the original on 2015-03-21.
  63. ↑ http://www.process.com/openvms/hobbyist.html
  64. ↑ http://www.mvpsi.com/hobby.aspx
  65. ↑ http://deathrow.vistech.net
  66. ↑ http://www.freevms.net/gitweb/?p=FreeVMS.git;a=shortlog
  67. ↑ "FreeVMS official web page". Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  68. ↑ For information on layered products, see the Software Product Description (SPD) for the product. For OpenVMS components, see the OpenVMS documentation set.
  69. ↑

Further reading

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