Pablo Tac
| Pablo Tac | |
|---|---|
| Born |
1822 Oceanside, California, United States |
| Died |
1841 Rome, Italy |
| Nationality | Luiseño |
| Education | College of the Propaganda |
| Known for | Illustration, writing, scholar |
Pablo Tac (1822–1841) was a Luiseño (Quechnajuichom also spelt "Qéchngawichum") Indian and indigenous scholar who provided a rare contemporary Native American perspective on the institutions and early history of Alta California. He created the first writing system for Luiseño,[1] and his work is the "only primary source of Luiseño language written by a Luiseño until the twentieth century."[2]
Tac was born of Luiseño parents at Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and attended the Mission school. A promising student, he (along with another boy) was singled out by the Franciscan missionary, Father Antonio Peyrí, to accompany Peyrí when he left California in 1832. Tac visited Rome in 1834 and was enrolled in the College of the Propaganda, studying Latin grammar. He went on to study rhetoric, humanities, and philosophy in preparation for missionary work, but he died in 1841.
As a student, Tac wrote a Luiseño grammar and dictionary for the linguist Giuseppi Mezzofanti, and notably included a history as part of his manuscript.[1] He created a way of writing Luiseño that drew on Latin and Spanish, which is different from the modern, decolonized way of writing Luiseño.[3]
Tac also wrote an essay on the "Conversion of the San Luiseños of Alta California." The latter includes information on aboriginal lifeways (including dances and games) and the history and organization of the Mission, along with two drawings by Tac. Tac authored an early account of life at Mission San Luis Rey entitled Indian Life and Customs at Mission San Luis Rey: A Record of California Mission Life by Pablo Tac, An Indian Neophyte (written circa 1835, edited and translated by Minna Hewes and Gordon Hewes in 1958). In the book, Tac lamented the rapid decline of his people:
In Quechla not long ago there were 5,000 souls, with all their neighboring lands. Through a sickness that came to California 2,000 souls died, and 3,000 were left." [4]
Tac went on to describe the preferential treatment the padres received:
In the mission of San Luis Rey de Francia the Fernandino [sic] father is like a king. He has his pages, alcaldes, majordomos, musicians, soldiers, gardens, ranchos, livestock...." [5]
Tac also noted that his people initially attempted to bar the Spaniards from their southern California homelands. When the foreigners invaders approached,
"...the chief stood up...and met them," demanding, "...what are you looking for? Leave our country!"
For the 2005 Venice Biennale, Luiseño artist James Luna created an artwork dedicated to the memory of Pablo Tac. The piece, titled Emendatio, included three installations, Spinning Woman, Apparitions: Past and Present, and The Chapel for Pablo Tac, as well a personal performance in Venice, Renewal.[6] It was sponsored by the National Museum of the American Indian.[7]
See also
- Population of Native California
- List of Native American artists
- Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
Notes
References
- Lightfoot, Kent G. (2004). Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 0-520-20824-2.
- Haas, Lisbeth (2011). Pablo Tac, Indigenous Scholar: Writings on Luiseño Language and Colonial History, c. 1840. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.: University of California Press. ISBN 0520261895.
- McFadden, David Revere and Ellen Napiura Taubman. Changing Hands: Art without Reservation 2: Contemporary Native North American Art from the West, Northwest and Pacific. New York: Museum of Arts and Design, 2005. ISBN 1-890385-11-5.
- Nottage, James H., ed. Diversity and Dialogue. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-295-98781-1.
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