Pangolin

For the release of the Ubuntu Linux variant operating system of this name, see Precise Pangolin.
"Pholidota" and "Manis" redirect here. For the orchid, see Pholidota (orchid). For other uses of "Manis", see Manis (disambiguation).
Pangolin
Temporal range: Paleocene–Present
Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
(unranked): Ferae
Order: Pholidota
Weber, 1904
Family: Manidae
Gray, 1821
Genera

Pangolins (also referred to as scaly anteaters or trenggiling) are mammals of the order Pholidota. The one extant family, Manidae, has three genera: Manis, which comprises four species living in Asia, Phataginus, which comprises two species living in Africa, and Smutsia, which comprises two species also living in Africa.[1] These species range in size from 30 to 100 centimetres (12 to 39 in). A number of extinct pangolin species are also known. The name pangolin comes from the Malay word "pengguling", meaning "something that rolls up". It is found in tropical regions throughout Africa and Asia.

Pangolins have large, protective keratin scales covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this adaptation. They live in hollow trees or burrows, depending on the species. Pangolins are nocturnal, and their diet consists of mainly ants and termites which they capture using their long, specially adapted tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring which are raised for about two years. Pangolins are threatened by hunting (for their meat and armor) and heavy deforestation of their natural habitats, and are the most trafficked mammal in the world.[2] Of the eight species of pangolin, four species (Phataginus tetradactyla, P. tricuspis, Smutsia gigantea, and S. temminckii) are listed as vulnerable, two species (Manis crassicaudata and M. cullonensis) are listed as endangered, and two species (M. pentadactyla and M. javanica) are listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[3]

Description

The physical appearance of a pangolin is marked by large, hardened, overlapping plate-like scales. The scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins but harden as the animal matures, are made of keratin, the same material of which human fingernails and tetrapod claws are made. The pangolin's scaled body is comparable to a pine cone or globe artichoke. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting as armour and its face tucked under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defense. The front claws are so long they are unsuited for walking, so the animal walks with its fore paws curled over to protect them.

Pangolins can also emit a noxious-smelling chemical from glands near the anus, similar to the spray of a skunk.[4] They have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into termite and ant mounds, as well as climbing.[5]

The size of pangolins varies by species, ranging from 30 to 100 centimetres (12 to 39 in). Females are generally smaller than males.

The tongues of pangolins are extremely elongated and extend into the abdominal cavity. Like those of the giant anteater and the tube-lipped nectar bat, they are not attached to their hyoid bone and extend past their pharynx deep into the thorax.[6] This extension lies between the sternum and the trachea. Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 centimetres (16 in), with a diameter of only 0.5 centimetres (0.20 in).[7]

Behavior

Most pangolins are nocturnal animals that use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The long-tailed pangolin is also active by day, while other species of pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball.[7]

Arboreal pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground dwelling species dig tunnels underground, to a depth of 3.5 metres (11 ft).[7] Pangolins are also good swimmers.[7]

Diet

Indian pangolin defending itself against Asiatic lions

Pangolins are insectivorous. Most of their diet consists of various species of ants and termites and may be supplemented by other insects, especially larvae. They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available to them. A pangolin will consume an average of 140 to 200 g (4.9 to 7.1 oz) of insects per day.[8]

Pangolins have a very poor sense of vision, and therefore rely heavily on smell and hearing. After locating their prey, they tear open the anthills or termite mounds with their powerful front claws. Their front claws are so large that their front feet are not useful for walking. The animal uses its long tail to counterbalance its torso as it walks on its two hind legs. After tearing open the ant or termite mound, it uses its long tongue to probe inside the insect tunnels and retrieve its prey. They have glands in their chests to lubricate the tongue with sticky, ant-catching saliva. The tongue extends all the way into a cavity of the abdomen and is longer than the pangolin's entire body length. Pangolins lack teeth and, therefore, the ability to chew, however, they ingest small stones while foraging, which accumulate in the muscular stomach and help to grind up ants.

Some species, such as the tree pangolin, use their strong, prehensile tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside.

Reproduction

Pangolins are solitary and meet only to mate. Males are larger than females, weighing up to 50% more. While there is no defined mating season, they typically mate once each year, usually during the summer or autumn months. Rather than the males seeking out the females, males mark their location with urine or feces and the females will find them. If there is competition over a female, the males will use their tails as clubs to fight for the opportunity to mate with her.[9]

Gestation lasts for approximately 120–150 days. African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the Asiatic species may give birth from one to three.[7] Weight at birth is 80 to 450 g (2.8 to 15.9 oz) and the average length is 150 millimetres (5.9 in). At the time of birth, the scales are soft and white. After several days, they harden and darken to resemble those of an adult pangolin. During the vulnerable stage, the mother stays with her offspring in the burrow, nursing it, and will wrap her body around it if she senses danger. The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first two to four weeks of life. At one month, they first leave the burrow riding on the mother's back. Weaning takes place at approximately three months of age, at which stage the young begin to eat insects in addition to nursing. At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother.[10]

Threats

A coat of armor made of pangolin scales, an unusual object, was presented to George III in 1820

Pangolins are hunted and eaten in many parts of Africa and are one of the more popular types of bush meat. They are also in great demand in Southern China and Vietnam because their meat is considered a delicacy and some believe that pangolin scales have medicinal qualities.[11][12][13][14] This, coupled with deforestation, has led to a large decrease in the numbers of giant pangolins. In November 2010, pangolins were added to the Zoological Society of London's list of genetically distinct and endangered mammals.[15] All eight species of pangolin are classified by the IUCN as threatened to extinction, while two are classified as critically endangered.[12][16]

Though pangolins are protected by an international ban on their trade, populations have suffered from illegal trafficking due to unfounded beliefs in East Asia that their ground-up scales can stimulate lactation or cure cancer or asthma.[17] In the past decade there have been numerous seizures of illegally trafficked pangolin and pangolin meat in Asia.[18][19][20][21] In one such incident in April 2013, 10,000 kilograms (11 short tons) of pangolin meat was seized from a Chinese vessel that ran aground in the Philippines.[22][23]

Conservation

As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years. For example, in 2014, the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) re-categorised all eight species of pangolin on its Red List of Threatened Species, and each species is now threatened with extinction.[24] Also, the IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed 'Scaling up Pangolin Conservation' in July 2014.

Taxonomy

Tree pangolin
Chinese pangolin

Pangolins were formerly classified with various other orders, for example Xenarthra, which includes the ordinary anteaters, sloths, and the similar-looking armadillos. Newer genetic evidence, however, indicates their closest living relatives are the Carnivora with which they form the clade Ferae.[25][26] Some palaeontologists placed Ernanodonta in a separate suborder of Cimolesta near Pholidota,[27] have classified the pangolins in the order Cimolesta, together with several extinct groups indicated (†) below, though this idea has fallen out of favor since cimolestids have been determined to have not been placental mammals.[28]

Until recently, all species of pangolin had been attributed to the genus Manis. Recent research has supported the splitting of pangolins into three genera: Manis, Phataginus, and Smutsia.[1]

   Laurasiatheria   

 Eulipotyphla


   Scrotifera   

 Chiroptera


   Fereuungulata   
   Ferae   

 Pholidota

 Carnivora



   Euungulata   

 Perissodactyla    

 Cetartiodactyla (also called Artiodactyla)






References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Gaudin, Timothy (28 August 2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 16 (4): 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  2. ↑ Goode, Emilia (31 March 2015). "A Struggle to Save the Scaly Pangolin". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  3. ↑ "Search result for "Pangolin"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  4. ↑ "Meet the Pangolin!". Pangolins.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
  5. ↑ "Manis tricuspis tree pangolin". University of Michigan. 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
  6. ↑ Chan, Lap-Ki (1995). "Extrinsic Lingual Musculature of Two Pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae)". Journal of Mammalogy (American Society of Mammalogists) 76 (2): 472–480. doi:10.2307/1382356. JSTOR 1382356.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Mondadori, Arnoldo Ed., ed. (1988). Great Book of the Animal Kingdom. New York: Arch Cape Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0517667910.
  8. ↑ Grosshuesch, Craig (2012). "Rollin' With the Pangolin - Diet". University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
  9. ↑ Grosshuesch, Craig (2012). "Rollin' With the Pangolin - Reproduction". University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
  10. ↑ Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). MacDonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 780–781. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  11. ↑ Hance, Jeremy (29 July 2014). "Over a million pangolins slaughtered in the last decade". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  12. 1 2 "Manis javanica". IUCN Red List. 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
  13. ↑ Actman, Jani (20 December 2015). "Crime Blotter: Pangolin Scales, Tiger Skins, and More". National Geographic. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  14. ↑ Cruise, Adam (18 April 2015). "Tiger Eyes, Crocodile Penis: It's What's For Dinner in Malaysia". National Geographic. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  15. ↑ "'Asian unicorn' and scaly anteater make endangered list". Phys.org. 19 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Manis pentadactyla". IUCN Red List. 2014. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015.
  17. ↑ Wassener, Bettina (12 March 2013). "No Species Is Safe From Burgeoning Wildlife Trade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
  18. ↑ Sutter, John D. (3 April 2014). "The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015.
  19. ↑ "23 tonnes of pangolins seized in a week". Traffic.org. 17 March 2008. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014.
  20. ↑ Watts, Jonathan (25 May 2007). "'Noah's Ark' of 5,000 rare animals found floating off the coast of China". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 3 October 2014.
  21. ↑ "Asia in Pictures". The Wall Street Journal. 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
  22. ↑ Carrington, Damian (15 April 2013). "Chinese vessel on Philippine coral reef caught with illegal pangolin meat". Associated Press (London). Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  23. ↑ Molland, Judy (16 April 2013). "Boat Filled With 22,000 Pounds Of Pangolin Hits Endangered Coral Reef". London: Care2. Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  24. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  25. ↑ Murphy, Willian J., et al. (2001-12-14). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics". Science 294 (5550): 2348–2351. doi:10.1126/science.1067179. PMID 11743200.
  26. ↑ Beck, Robin MD; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf RP; Cardillo, Marcel; Liu, Fu-Guo; Purvis, Andy (2006). "A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals". BMC Evolutionary Biology 6 (1): 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93. PMC 1654192. PMID 17101039. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014.
  27. ↑ For example, McKenna & Bell 1997, p. 222 in which they included palaeanodonts. (Rose 2006, p. 210)
  28. ↑ Rook, D.L.; Hunter, J.P. (2013). "Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta". Journal of Mammalian Evolution: 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved May 2013.
  29. ↑ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Manidae– Recent pangolin". Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  30. ↑ Paleofile.com (net, info) . "Taxonomic lists- Mammals". Retrieved 30 December 2015.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pholidota.
Wikispecies has information related to: Pholidota
Look up pangolin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, May 05, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.