Parameshvara

Parameshvara
Born	c.1380 CE
Died	c.1460 CE
Residence	Alathiyur, Tirur in Kerala
Nationality	Indian
Occupation	Astronomer-mathematician
Known for	Introducing the Drgganita system of astronomical computations
Notable work	Drgganita, Goladipika, Grahanamandana
Religion	Hindu

Vatasseri Parameshvara Nambudiri (ca.1380–1460)^[1] was a major Indian mathematician and astronomer of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama. He was also an astrologer. Parameshvara was a proponent of observational astronomy in medieval India and he himself had made a series of eclipse observations to verify the accuracy of the computational methods then in use. Based on his eclipse observations, Parameshvara proposed several corrections to the astronomical parameters which had been in use since the times of Aryabhata. The computational scheme based on the revised set of parameters has come to be known as the Drgganita system. Parameshvara was also a prolific writer on matters relating to astronomy. At least 25 manuscripts have been identified as being authored by Parameshvara.^[1]

Biographical details

Parameshvara was a Hindu of Bhrgugotra following the Ashvalayanasutra of the Rgveda. Parameshvara's family name (Illam) was Vatasseri (also called Vatasreni) and his family resided in the village of Alathiyur (Sanskritised as Asvatthagrama) in Tirur, Kerala. Alathiyur is situated on the northern bank of the river Nila (river Bharathappuzha) at its mouth in Kerala. He was a grandson of a disciple of Govinda Bhattathiri (1237–1295 CE), a legendary figure in the astrological traditions of Kerala.

Parameshvara studied under teachers Rudra and Narayana, and also under Sangamagrama Madhava (c. 1350 – c. 1425) the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. Damodara, another prominent member of the Kerala school, was his son and also his pupil. Parameshvara was also a teacher of Nilakantha Somayaji (1444–1544) the author of the celebrated Tantrasamgraha.

Work

Parameshvara wrote commentaries on many mathematical and astronomical works such as those by Bhaskara I and Aryabhata. He made a series of eclipse observations over a 55-year period, and constantly attempted to compare these with the theoretically computed positions of the planets. He revised planetary parameters based on his observations.

Parameshvara's most significant contribution is his mean value type formula for the inverse interpolation of the sine. He was the first mathematician to give the radius of circle with an inscribed quadrilateral, an expression that is normally attributed to Lhuilier (1782), 350 years later. With the sides of the cyclic quadrilateral being a, b, c, and d, the radius R of the circumscribed circle is:

$R = \sqrt {\frac{(ab + cd) (ac + bd) (ad + bc)}{(a + b + c - d) (b + c + d - a) (c + d + a - b) (d + a + b - c)}}.$

Works by Parameshvara

The following works of Parameshvara are well-known.^[2] A complete list of all manuscripts attributed to Parameshvara is available in Pingree.^[1]

• Bhatadipika - Commentary on Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa I
• Karmadipika - Commentary on Mahabhaskariya of Bhaskara I
• Paramesvari - Commentary on Laghubhaskariya of Bhaskara I
• Sidhantadipika - Commentary on Mahabhaskariyabhashya of Govindasvāmi
• Vivarana - Commentary on Surya Siddhanta and Lilāvati
• Drgganita - Description of the Drk system (composed in 1431 CE)
• Goladipika - Spherical geometry and astronomy (composed in 1443 CE)
• Grahanamandana - Computation of eclipses (Its epoch is 15 July 1411 CE.)
• Grahanavyakhyadipika - On the rationale of the theory of eclipses
• Vakyakarana - Methods for the derivation of several astronomical tables

See also

• Drigganita

References

1. David Edwin Pingree (1981). Census of the exact sciences in Sanskrit. A 4. American Philosophical Society. pp. 187–192. ISBN 978-0-87169-213-9.
2. A.K. Bag (May 1980). "Indian literature on mathematics during 1400 - 1800 AD" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science 15 (1): 79–93.

Further reading

• David Pingree, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).
• Bhaskara, Laghubhaskariyam : With Parameshvara's commentary (Poona, 1946).
• Bhaskara, Mahabhaskariyam: With Parameshvara's commentary called Karmadipika (Poona, 1945).
• Munjala, Laghumanasam : with commentary by Parameshvara (Poona, 1944).
• T.A. Sarasvati Amma, Geometry in ancient and medieval India (Delhi, 1979).
• K Shankar Shukla, The Surya-siddhanta with the commentary of Parameshvara (Lucknow, 1957).
• Radha Charan Gupta, Parameshvara's rule for the circumradius of a cyclic quadrilateral, Historia Math. 4 (1977), 67-74.
• Radha Charan Gupta, A mean-value-type formula for inverse interpolation of the sine, Ganita 30 (1-2) (1979), 78—82.
• K Plofker, An example of the secant method of iterative approximation in a fifteenth-century Sanskrit text, Historia Math. 23 (3) (1996), 246-256.
• K K Raja, Astronomy and mathematics in Kerala, Brahmavidya 27 (1963), 136-143.
• K. Chandra Hari (2003). "Eclipse observations of Parameshvara, the 14th-15th century astronomer of Kerala" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science 38 (1): 43–57. Retrieved 28 January 2010.

External links

• Achar, Narahari (2007). "Parameśvara of Vāṭaśśeri [Parmeśvara I]". In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. p. 870. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
• http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Paramesvara.html