Peter Steele

Peter Steele

Steele performing in 2007
Background information
Birth name Petrus Thomas Ratajczyk
Also known as Peter Steele; Pete Steele; Lord Petrus Steele
Born (1962-01-04)January 4, 1962
Origin Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died April 14, 2010(2010-04-14) (aged 48)
Genres Gothic metal, doom metal, thrash metal, heavy metal[1][2][3]
Occupation(s) Songwriter
musician
Instruments Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards
Years active 1979–2010
Labels Roadrunner
SPV America
Associated acts Type O Negative
Carnivore
Fallout
Website typeonegative.net

Petrus Thomas Ratajczyk (January 4, 1962 – April 14, 2010),[4] better known by his stage name Peter Steele, was the lead singer, bassist and composer for the gothic metal band Type O Negative.[5] Before forming Type O Negative, he had created the metal group Fallout and the thrash band Carnivore.[6]

As the frontman for Type O Negative, Steele was known for his vampiric affect,[7][8] towering stature,[9] rich bass-baritone vocals[5][10][11][12][13] and a dark, often self-deprecating sense of humor.[14][15] "His lyrics were often intensely personal, dealing with subjects including love, loss and addiction."[14] Steele credited Black Sabbath and The Beatles as his key musical influences.[5]

Early life

Steele was born in Red Hook, Brooklyn into a Roman Catholic family[16] and attended Edward R. Murrow High School located in the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn. His father was of Russian and Polish descent, and his mother of Irish, Scottish, Norwegian and Icelandic heritage. He was raised in the Bensonhurst and Brighton Beach neighborhoods of Brooklyn.[17][18][19] Steele was the youngest of six children, with five older sisters.[12] His father fought in World War II[16] and later worked at a shipyard.[20] Steele started taking guitar lessons at age 12, moving on to bass six months later.[12]

Steele worked for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation up until he began touring with Type O Negative in the summer of 1994.[16] He was based at Brooklyn Heights Promenade,[21] where his job involved park maintenance,[22] driving vehicles including garbage trucks and steamrollers,[23] and eventual promotion to the role of park supervisor.[16] Steele considered his days working for the parks department to be among his happiest.[10]

Musical career

Fallout and Carnivore (1979–1987)

In 1979, Steele formed the heavy metal band Fallout. In 1982, after the split of Fallout, Steele formed the thrash metal band Carnivore. With Carnivore, Steele's lyrics were often harsh and politically incorrect, dealing with religion, war, race and misogyny. Carnivore released their debut self-titled album in 1985. In 1986, Steele wrote lyrics for several songs on hardcore punk band Agnostic Front's second album Cause for Alarm. In 1987, Carnivore released Retaliation, before splitting up later that year.

Type O Negative

Main article: Type O Negative

Formation

Steele formed the band in 1989 along with his childhood friends Josh Silver, Kenny Hickey and Sal Abruscato (later replaced by Johnny Kelly).[14] The band originally used the name "Repulsion", but had to change name in 1990 due to legal issues with the American grindcore band of the same name. The band then used the name "Subzero".[24] Steele had a tattoo of a minus sign contained within the number 0 that he originally intended to represent the Subzero band logo.[24] After discovering that another band was already using the Subzero name, and with his tattoo in mind, Steele came up with the name "Type O Negative" after hearing a radio advertisement requesting donations of type O negative blood.[24] When Type O Negative signed with Roadrunner Records, Steele signed his recording contract with a mixture of his blood and semen.[25]

Slow, Deep and Hard and The Origin of the Feces (1991–1992)

Type O Negative's debut album, Slow, Deep and Hard, was released in 1991. The album incorporated the thrash elements of Carnivore merged with doom metal. Steele had written the music in the space of one night in the aftermath of a relationship break-up,[26] and this was reflected in the lyrical topics of heartbreak, fantasies of revenge, and the contemplation of suicide; something Steele had himself attempted: "On October 15th, 1989, I slashed my wrists. All I can say is that I fell in love with the wrong person."[16]

Steele caused some controversy when touring in Europe to support Slow Deep and Hard, thanks to rumors about his social and political views, with some critics going so far as to brand him a Nazi sympathizer,[27][28] even though his bandmate, Josh Silver, is Jewish.[10] Steele suggested that the European press had misunderstood his humor,[26] and that his sarcasm was sometimes lost in translation to print.[12]

In 1992, Type O Negative released the "live" album The Origin of the Feces. The album included a fictitious hostile audience and an evacuation of the venue after a bomb threat had supposedly been called in.[28] This simulated some of the real-life response Steele and Type O Negative had recently received while on tour in Europe.[28] The original album cover featured a close-up shot of Steele's anus.[29]

Bloody Kisses, October Rust and World Coming Down (1993–2002)

In 1993, Type O Negative released their breakthrough album Bloody Kisses. The album focused primarily on romance, love, sex, and death. The song "Black No.1 (Little Miss Scare-All)" pays tribute to gothic subculture and is an ode to a goth girl Steele had once dated.[26] Steele attacked his detractors with the songs "We Hate Everyone" and "Kill All the White People", which dealt directly with the band's rumored racist ideology and served to erode any such accusations.[28][30] Bloody Kisses eventually achieved Platinum status and established Type O Negative as one of gothic metal's most influential bands.[13]

Type O Negative released the album October Rust in 1996. It featured a more multi-layered and melodic sound than its predecessor, though it retained similar lyrical themes. Steele penned the majority of the material on October Rust while on the road touring,[31] though he had conceived some of the basic musical ideas during his early-teens.[31] Steele designed the Vinland flag that first appeared on the October Rust artwork. It has since appeared on every subsequent release by the band. The flag encompassed a variety of Steele's interests, political beliefs and his heritage.[32] Steele based the design on a Nordic cross flag that incorporates his favorite colors.[32] The concept of Vinland is also referred to in the title of the track "The Glorious Liberation of the People's Technocratic Republic of Vinland by the Combined Forces of the United Territories of Europa".[32] "My Girlfriend's Girlfriend" is a tale about a ménage à trois[33] that Steele based on a few true life experiences.[12] The song "Green Man" had two meanings for Steele; it is written about the Celtic embodiment of nature, and Steele's time with the parks department, when young children called him the "Green Man".[34] The song introduction includes a sample of the garbage truck once driven by Steele.[31] The song "Red Water (Christmas Mourning)" is about his father's death.[21] October Rust eventually achieved Gold status.[35]

Steele had been dealing with personal problems during the recording and mixing of 1999's stripped-down and heavier sounding World Coming Down.[35] Themes of drug abuse and addiction appeared on the album, particularly on the song "White Slavery".[36] Death also featured heavily on the album, with Steele mourning the loss of loved ones on the tracks "Everyone I Love is Dead" and "Everything Dies". Steele recounted his experience with psychiatric treatment on the song "Who Will Save the Sane?". On "Pyretta Blaze" Steele tells of his sexual fantasy involving fire.[37] Steele noted the emotional strain caused by executing songs from World Coming Down in a live setting.[5][20] The setlists for live shows performed since the initial tour to support World Coming Down usually featured very few selections from the album.

In 2000, Steele made a guest appearance on the song "Just Say No To Love" from Iommi, the first solo album by Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi.[38] In 2001, Steele made a guest appearance on the song "Cross the Line" from the Biohazard album Uncivilization.[39] In 2002, he guest appeared on the track "Descent" from the Doro album Fight.[40]

Life Is Killing Me and Dead Again (2003–2010)

Type O Negative released the album Life Is Killing Me in 2003. Lyrically the album deals with topics including self-pity, hatred, drugs, death and religion.[35] On the title track Steele offers his criticism of the medical profession.[10][41] The song "Nettie" centers around Steele's mother, while "Todd's Ship Gods (Above All Things)" is about his father.[35] "The Dream is Dead" refers to Steele finding it difficult to celebrate Valentine's Day as the date coincides with the anniversary of his father's death.[40] Steele wrote the song "(We Were) Electrocute" about a "stunning" ex-girlfriend, and how they would attract the interest of passers-by when out together as a couple.[42] Steele's favorite female television characters are the inspiration for the track "How Could She?".[35] "I Like Goils" makes light of the attention Steele received from gay men, specifically after his photoshoot for Playgirl magazine.[42]

Steele performing in Berlin with Type O Negative, 2007

In 2005, Type O Negative left Roadrunner Records. Steele had never been happy with the conditions of the recording contract and had described it as "a millstone around my neck".[37] Steele alleged that Type O Negative's split from Roadrunner Records, aside from a poor offer, had to do with an unauthorized release of a "best of" compilation.[43] Steele remained on friendly terms with the staff at Roadrunner Records and in October 2005 he appeared on the Roadrunner United album to help celebrate the label's 25th anniversary.[19]

There were unconfirmed rumors at one point of Steele's death after the band website posted an image of a tombstone bearing his name and the dates 1962–2005.[44] According to an article dated May 14, 2005, Steele was not dead; the gag was related to their fresh signing with SPV Records. The website discontinued the tombstone picture in October 2005.

In 2006, Steele reactivated Carnivore with a new lineup that included longtime Type O Negative collaborator Paul Bento.[45] The band played at the Wacken Open Air festival in 2006.[46]

Steele made his final recording on the 2007 album Dead Again. He revealed on MTV's Headbangers Ball that the new alliance with SPV Records was probably his favorite thing about Dead Again from a production standpoint.[47] Steele considered Dead Again to be less melancholic and more positive compared to the band's previous albums.[48] The album cover depicts the Russian mystic Rasputin, a historical figure that Steele admired.[10] The title track touches on drug abuse and Steele's sense of having killed part of himself after suffering a relapse.[48] "Tripping a Blind Man" is a diatribe on how Steele felt after his involuntary commitment was brought about by his family.[49] "Halloween in Heaven" is a song about dead rockstars that Steele was inspired to write by the death of his close friend Dimebag Darrell.[48] Steele's final live performance was on Halloween night at Harpos Concert Theatre in Detroit, Michigan, the last show of Type O Negative's 2009 tour.

Further appearances

Playgirl

Following the success of Bloody Kisses, Steele began to receive attention outside of music. He appeared as a nude centerfold of Playgirl in 1995.[50] Steele later found out via bandmate Kenny Hickey's contacts that only 23% of the magazine subscribers were female,[51] and after being asked by men to sign copies of the magazine, Steele somewhat regretted the decision: "After I did it, I thought, 'Oh my God, what did I do?'. It was more than upsetting that so many guys had it. Girls, OK, but there just seemed to be at least as many guys. Not that I'm homophobic, but it was certainly irritating."[37] In a 2007 interview, Steele reflected on the posing as merely a naïve publicity stunt.[52]

Television and film

Steele went on to appear as a guest on the talk shows Ricki Lake, The Jerry Springer Show, and The Howard Stern Show. In 2003, Steele had an acting role in the episode "Exeunt Omnes" of the HBO drama series Oz. Also in 2003 he appeared in the film Dirtbags (Armpit of Metal).[53] He followed this with a role in the 2005 film Bad Acid.[54] Steele is among the musicians featured in the 2011 documentary Living the American Nightmare.[55]

Personal life

Steele at an in-store signing in London, circa 1997

Steele was known for standing 6'8" (203 cm) tall,[9] giving him a menacing stage appearance. Despite that perception, Steele admitted to suffering from stage fright which he overcame by drinking alcohol before shows, and by drinking red wine when on stage.[41][42]

Outside of music, Steele spent time lifting weights both at home and on his tour bus.[12][25][56] Steele also enjoyed reading books on the subject of science[12][25] and he had an interest in European culture.[22][42] Steele liked working on his house[12][20] and was interested in architecture and civil engineering.[16][20] Steele also worked on his cars,[12] including a heavily modified 1985 Pontiac Grand Prix he customized himself.[57] Steele had a love for cats[58] and kept several as pets.[16][41]

During 2005, Steele disappeared for an extended period with no explanation. Rumors of his death, terminal illness, and other speculations increased until the mystery was dispelled in an interview on the 2006 DVD Symphony for the Devil. In the interview Steele briefly mentions his incarceration in Rikers Island and "the psych ward at Kings County Hospital". Steele's family members had staged an intervention and insisted he check into a mental institution.[9] Steele later confirmed he had been suffering from paranoia caused by his heavy substance abuse.[9] Steele had been using cocaine since the age of 35, a decision he expressed great regret about.[48][52] Steele then attended rehab for cocaine and alcohol addiction,[52] and later served a 30-day prison term for assaulting a love rival.[9][52] Steele made light of his incarceration by wearing a prison uniform on stage during live performances.

Steele stated in a 2003 interview that he was bipolar, and linked his mood swings to the types of songs he wrote.[42] He also suffered from clinical depression for which he had received occasional psychiatric treatment.[59][60][61] During a 2007 interview Steele explained:

"I've always been a very depressed person, but that's only one side of me, you know. It makes me feel better when I can express my depression, my anger, my frustration through music... sonic therapy."[48]

In April 2007, Steele revealed that he began identifying himself as Roman Catholic in recent years, after decades of self-professed atheism.[16] In an interview with Decibel magazine, Steele explained:

"There are no atheists in foxholes, they say, and I was a foxhole atheist for a long time. But after going through a midlife crisis and having many things change very quickly, it made me realize my mortality. And when you start to think about death, you start to think about what's after it. And then you start hoping there is a God. For me, it's a frightening thought to go nowhere. I also can't believe that people like Stalin and Hitler are gonna go to the same place as Mother Teresa."[52]

Death

An oak tree, upon which fans have hung tributes, was planted in Steele's memory in 2011 in Brooklyn's Prospect Park.

Peter Steele died of an aortic aneurysm[62] (initially reported as heart failure) on April 14, 2010 at the age of 48.[63][64][65][66] Prior to his death, Steele was preparing to write and record new music.[14] The remaining members of Type O Negative decided to dissolve the band rather than replace Steele, with Johnny Kelly stating "Even if there is somebody who could take his place it wouldn't matter. We don't have any interest in continuing. It's impossible – it hasn't even come up in any kind of discussion. When Peter died, Type O Negative died with him."[67]

Tributes

On November 21, 2011, an oak tree was planted in Prospect Park to commemorate Steele.[68]

Following his death, the metal band Voyager penned a track entitled "Iron Dream" in memoriam of Steele, released on their 2011 album The Meaning of I.[69] Lacuna Coil wrote the song "My Spirit" in memory of Steele for their 2012 album Dark Adrenaline.[70] The Moonspell song "New Tears Eve", from the 2012 album Alpha Noir / Omega White, is dedicated to Steele.[71] Biohazard dedicated their 2012 album Reborn in Defiance to Steele.[72] Swallow the Sun wrote the song "April 14th" as a tribute to Steele for their 2012 album Emerald Forest and the Blackbird.[73] Meridian Dawn recorded a cover version of the Type O Negative song "I Don't Wanna Be Me" in tribute to Steele for their 2014 debut release The Mixtape EP.[74] The Crowbar song "Symbolic Suicide", from the 2014 album Symmetry in Black, is inspired by the legacy of Peter Steele.[75] The band Danzig, who include Steele's former bandmate Johnny Kelly, have dedicated live performances of the song "On a Wicked Night" to Steele.[76]

In his autobiography Iron Man, Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi described his shock at Steele's death, adding, "Peter was a big, tall, and very, very nice guy."[77]

References

  1. ↑ "The BNR Metal Pages – Type O Negative". Bnrmetal.com. April 14, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
  2. ↑ "Type O Negative". Heavy Metal Encyclopedia. April 14, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
  3. ↑ "Carnivore". Heavy Metal Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
  4. ↑ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET – TYPE O NEGATIVE Keyboardist Confirms PETER STEELE's Death". Roadrunnerrecords.com. April 15, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Rose, Lisa (April 17, 2010). "Peter Steele: The Humor Behind the Somber Image". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  6. ↑ Harper, Kate (April 15, 2010). "Everything Dies...Including Peter Steele". CHARTattack. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  7. ↑ Stingley, Mick (April 15, 2010). "Type O Negative Frontman Peter Steele Dies". Billboard.com. Retrieved September 12, 2012. Known for his vampiric good looks...
  8. ↑ "Live Report: Type O Negative in Arizona". Rollingstone.com. February 14, 1997. Retrieved September 12, 2012. If Tuesday night's show at the Electric Ballroom was any indicator, things have changed for the vampiric foursome.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Type O Negative Frontman Recalls Fearing For His Life in Prison". Starpulse. March 31, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Wiederhorn, Jon (April 15, 2010). "Peter Steele of Type O Negative: A Remembrance". MTV. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  11. ↑ "REMEMBERING PETER STEELE 1962–2010". Roadrunner Records. April 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fortunato, John (May 11, 2010). "Lost Interview with Peter Steele of Type O Negative, Circa October Rust". The Aquarian Weekly. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
  13. 1 2 "Where to Start with Type O Negative – The Lowdown". Kerrang!. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Stingley, Mick (April 15, 2010). "Type O Negative Frontman Peter Steele Dies". Billboard. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  15. ↑ Roberts, Soraya (April 15, 2010). "Type O Negative, is dead at 48". Daily News. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ling, Dave (March 2008). "Peter Steele". Metal Hammer (Future) (July 2010): 44–46.
  17. ↑ TYPE O NEGATIVE – Peter Steele's AOL Chat
  18. ↑ "Peter Steele is now sober; into God and shit". Metal Injection. November 3, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  19. 1 2 Stingley, Mick (April 15, 2010). "A Look Back: Exclusive! Type O Negative's Peter Steele Is Alive and Speaks to Mick Stingley". KNAC. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Octavia (January 2000). "Type O Negative: Interview with Peter Steele". Outburn. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
  21. 1 2 "Type O Negative – Peter Steele's Sonicnet Chat". Sonicnet. January 29, 1998. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  22. 1 2 "Interview with Pete Steele of Type O Negative". Wolfshead. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  23. ↑ "Peter Steele Remembered by Brooklyn Commissioner of Parks". Revolver. April 17, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  24. 1 2 3 "Santa Cruz, CA Public Access "Hard Rock TV" Interviews Peter Steele – Type O Negative in 1997". Hard Rock TV. 1997. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  25. 1 2 3 "Remembering Peter Steele (1962–2010)". Roadrunner Canada. April 16, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  26. 1 2 3 Zander, Alex. "Interview with the Vampire: Peter Steele of Type O Negative". Rock Out Censorship. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
  27. ↑ Huey, Steve. "Type O Negative Biography". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Spaink, Karin (October 19, 1994). "Your Roots are Showing". De Groene Amsterdammer. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  29. ↑ "The Greatest Album Covers in Roadrunner History. #1 – Type O Negative Bloody Kisses". Roadrunner Records. March 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  30. ↑ Graef, Jon (April 15, 2010). "Type O Negative bassist Peter Steele dead at 48". College News. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  31. 1 2 3 Rene, Sheila (1996). "Q&A with Peter Steele". Hard Radio. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  32. 1 2 3 "Flags Used by Musicians". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  33. ↑ Williams, Rhiannon (April 16, 2010). "SPHERE's tribute to Peter Steele of Type O Negative". Sphere Mag. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  34. ↑ "October Rust Press Release". Roadrunner Records. 1996. ...and 'Green Man' has two meanings for Steele: 'When I first wrote the song, I wrote it about the Celtic embodiment of nature, but the thought occurred to me that when I worked for the Parks Department [in NYC], these little kids at the playground used to call me the green man
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 "Type O Negative Biography". Roadrunner Records. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
  36. ↑ Perrone, Pierre (May 28, 2010). "Peter Steele: Towering, Deep-Voiced Frontman of the Goth-Metal Band Type O Negative". The Independent. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  37. 1 2 3 "Pete Steele of Type O Negative: Even Vampires Crack a Smile". NY Rock. November 1999. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  38. ↑ "Tony Iommi Official Website". Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  39. ↑ Moss, Corey (July 11, 2001). "Slipknot, Pantera, Sen Dog Show Up on Biohazard LP". MTV. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  40. 1 2 Haack, Melanie (October 2, 2003). "Type O Negative interview (10/2003)". Metal Storm. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  41. 1 2 3 "Peter Steele interview". Terrorizer. 2003. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 Worley, Gail (October 2003), The Power of Negative Thinking: An Interview with Peter Steele of Type O Negative, retrieved June 3, 2010
  43. ↑ "Steele discussing Touring and Roadrunner". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  44. ↑ "Roadrunner Records Article". Roadrunner Records Article. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  45. ↑ Hammer, Dan (August 2, 2006). "Carnivore Reform". Metal Hammer. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  46. ↑ Jeffries, Liz (July 16, 2006). "Wacken 2006". HailMetal. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  47. ↑ "MTV Headbangers Blog". Headbangersblog.mtv.com. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 Cederberg, Tina (February 12, 2007). "Interview – Peter Steele and Johnny Kelly – Type O Negative". GetMetal. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
  49. ↑ "Type O Negative Talks Jail and Family Betrayal, Wanted Death". Ultimate Guitar. May 30, 2007. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  50. ↑ Sharpe-Young, Garry (2007). Metal: The Definitive Guide. p. 293.
  51. ↑ "The Official Type O Negative Website". Web.archive.org. July 5, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2003. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 Bennet, J. (April 2007). "Sinners & Saints" (PDF). Decibel. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  53. ↑ "Dirtbags: Armpit of Metal". Rotten Tomatoes. February 26, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
  54. ↑ "Peter Steele; at 48; fronted metal group Type O Negative". The Boston Globe. April 17, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  55. ↑ "Living the American Nightmare". Retrieved 2011-12-30.
  56. ↑ "Interview with Pete Steele 1999". Wolfshead. 1999. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  57. ↑ "Interview: Peter Steele". Duff's Brooklyn. May 21, 2007. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  58. ↑ Bato (April 18, 2010). "Carnivore Guitarist Paul Bento: 'Peter Steele Gave Me Life'". Metal Revolution. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
  59. ↑ Gianfortune, Ross (April 16, 2010). "Why Peter Steele Mattered". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
  60. ↑ "Metal Icon Peter Steele Dead at 48". Blast Magazine. April 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
  61. ↑ "Peter Steele Confirmed Dead". Complete Music Update. April 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  62. ↑ Harris, Chris (April 14, 2011). "Peter Steele Died One Year Ago Today". gunshyassassin.com. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  63. ↑ "R.I.P. Peter Steele (Type O Negative)". Inlog.org. April 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  64. ↑ Peter Steele CONFIRMED dead of Heart Failure
  65. ↑ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET – TYPE O NEGATIVE To Issue Statement Regarding PETER STEELE's Death Later Today". Roadrunnerrecords.com. April 15, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  66. ↑ Type O Negative's Peter Steele is dead! April 15, 2010 MuzikaBlog.com Retrieved 2010-04-15
  67. ↑ "Type O Negative Died with Steele, says Kelly". Rock News Desk. July 13, 2011. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  68. ↑ sonictherapy. "Peter Steele Commemorated with Tree Planting in Brooklyn Park". Metal Underground. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  69. ↑ "Voyager Release Artwork and Track Listing for New Album". Earsplit Compound.
  70. ↑ Erickson, Anne (April 23, 2012). "Lacuna Coil's Cristina Scabbia Remembers Late Type O Negative Singer Peter Steele". Loudwire. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  71. ↑ "Moonspell interview". MetalReviews. July 2012. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  72. ↑ "Biohazard Dedicating New Album To Late Type O Negative Singer Peter Steele". AntiMusic. June 21, 2011. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  73. ↑ Lyons, Todd. "Swallow the Sun – Emerald Forest and the Blackbird review". About.com. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  74. ↑ "The Mixtape EP". The Age of Metal. March 24, 2014.
  75. ↑ "Crowbar's Kirk Windstein talks 'Symmetry in Black,' Songwriting + Peter Steele's Inspiration". Loudwire. May 26, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
  76. ↑ "DANZIG Dedicate New Song to Late Type O Negative Singer Peter Steele". Brave Words. June 12, 2010. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  77. ↑ Iommi, Tony (November 8, 2012). "Chapter 80: Iommi, the album". Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven and Hell with Black Sabbath. Simon & Schuster Ltd. ISBN 978-1849833219.

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