Piranha

For other uses, see Piranha (disambiguation).
Piranha
A piranha at the Newport Aquarium.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Subclass: Neopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
Order: Characiformes
Family: Characidae
Subfamily: Serrasalminae
Géry, 1972
Tribe: Piranha
Genera

Catoprion
Pristobrycon
Pygocentrus
Pygopristis
Serrasalmus
†Megapiranha

A piranha or piraña (/pᵻˈrɑːnjə/, /pᵻˈrænjə/, or /pᵻˈrɑːnə/; Portuguese: [piˈɾɐ̃ɲɐ], Spanish: [piˈɾaɲa]) is a member of family Characidae[1] in order Characiformes, an omnivorous[2] freshwater fish that inhabits South American rivers. In Venezuela, they are called caribes. They are known for their sharp teeth and powerful jaws.

Taxonomy and evolution

Piranhas belong to the subfamily Serrasalminae, which includes closely related omnivorous[3] fish such as pacus.[4] Traditionally, only the four genera Pristobrycon, Pygocentrus, Pygopristis, and Serrasalmus are considered to be true piranhas, due to their specialized teeth. However, a recent analysis showed, if the piranha group is to be monophyletic, it should be restricted to Serrasalmus, Pygocentrus, and part of Pristobrycon, or expanded to include these taxa plus Pygopristis, Catoprion, and Pristobrycon striolatus. Pygopristis was found to be more closely related to Catoprion than the other three piranha genera.[4]

The total number of piranha species is unknown and contested, and new species continue to be described. Estimates range from fewer than 30 to more than 60.[4]

Piranha in Venezuela

Distribution

Piranhas are indigenous to the Amazon basin, in the Orinoco, in rivers of the Guianas, in the Paraguay-Paraná, and the São Francisco River systems.

Aquarium piranhas have been unsuccessfully introduced into parts of the United States.[5] In many cases, however, reported captures of piranhas are misidentifications of pacu (e.g., red-bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus is frequently misidentified as red-bellied piranha Pygocentrus nattereri).[6] Piranhas have also been discovered in the Kaptai Lake in southeast Bangladesh. Research is being carried out to establish how piranhas have moved to such distant corners of the world from their original habitat. Some rogue exotic fish traders are thought to have released them in the lake to avoid being caught by antipoaching forces. Piranhas were also spotted in the Lijiang River in China.[7]

Description

Jawbone of Pygocentrus nattereri

Size

Piranhas are normally about 14 to 26 cm (5.5 to 10.2 in) long, although some specimens have been reported to be up to 43 cm (17 in) in length.[8]

Morphology

Serrasalmus, Pristobrycon, Pygocentrus, and Pygopristis are most easily recognized by their unique dentition. All piranhas have a single row of sharp teeth in both jaws; the teeth are tightly packed and interlocking (via small cusps) and are used for rapid puncture and shearing. Individual teeth are typically broadly triangular, pointed, and blade-like (flat in profile). The variation in the number of cusps is minor; in most species, the teeth are tricuspid with a larger middle cusp which makes the individual teeth appear markedly triangular. The exception is Pygopristis, which has pentacuspid teeth and a middle cusp usually only slightly larger than the other cusps.

Biting Abilities

Piranhas have one of the strongest bites found in bony fishes. Relative to body mass, the black piranha (Serrasalmus rhombeus) produces one of the most forceful bites measured in vertebrates. This extremely powerful bite is generated by large jaw muscles (adductor mandibulae) that are attached closely to the tip of the jaw, conferring the piranha with a mechanical advantage that favors force production over bite speed. Strong jaws combined with finely serrated teeth make them adept at tearing flesh.[9]

Ecology

Piranhas have a reputation as ferocious predators that hunt their prey in schools. Recent research, however, which "started off with the premise that they school as a means of cooperative hunting", discovered they are timid fish that schooled for protection from their own predators, such as cormorants, caimans, and dolphins. Piranhas are "basically like regular fish with large teeth".[10]

Research on the species Serrasalmus aff. brandtii and Pygocentrus nattereri in Viana Lake, which is formed during the wet season when the Rio Pindare (a tributary of the Rio Mearim) floods, has shown that these species eat vegetable matter at some stages in their lives; they are not strictly carnivorous fish.[11]

Piranhas lay their eggs in pits dug during the breeding and swim around to protect them. Newly hatched young feed on zooplankton, and eventually move on to small fish once large enough.[12]

Relationship with humans

Fishing piranha on the Ucayali River
A piranha, lightly grilled, served as food in the Peruvian Amazon
Fried piranhas, served as food in the Brazilian pantanal
A souvenir piranha

Piranha teeth are often used to make tools and weapons by the indigenous population. Piranhas are also popular as food, although if an individual piranha is caught on a hook and line, it may be attacked by others.

Piranhas can be bought as pets in some areas, but they are illegal in many parts of the United States.[13] It is illegal to import piranhas into the Philippines and violators could face six months to four years in jail.[14]

The most common aquarium piranha is Pygocentrus nattereri, the red-bellied piranha. Piranhas can be bought fully grown or as young, often no larger than a thumbnail. It is important to keep Pygocentrus piranhas alone or in groups of four or more, not in pairs, since aggression among them is common, not allowing the weaker fish to survive, and is distributed more widely when kept in larger groups. It is not uncommon to find individual piranhas with one eye missing due to a previous attack.

Attacks

Attacks resulting in deaths have occurred in the Amazon basin. In the city of Palmas, Tocantins, 190 piranha attacks were reported in the first half of 2007.[15] In 2011, a series of attacks in the Brazilian state of Piauí resulted in 100 people being injured.[16] In the state of São Paulo, another attack in the Tietê River resulted in 15 injured people.[17] In 2011, a drunk 18-year-old man was attacked and killed in Rosario del Yata, Bolivia.[18] In 2012, a five-year-old Brazilian girl was attacked and killed by a shoal of P. nattereri.[19] Some Brazilian rivers have warning signs about lethal piranhas.[20] On 25 December 2013, 70 bathers were attacked in Argentina.[21] And in February 2015, a six-year-old girl died after being eaten by piranhas when her grandmother's boat capsized during a holiday in Brazil.[22]

According to one study in Suriname, piranha attacks tend to peak in the dry season when food is relatively scarce and the water levels are lower, leading to heavier than usual concentrations of fish in the water. Fatal attacks are rare, and most attacks take the form of individual nips and bites to extremities such as the feet and hands. Splashing tends to make piranhas more likely to attack, and children are often attacked for this reason.

Legendary reputation

Various stories exist about piranhas, such as how they can dilacerate a human body or cattle in seconds. These legends refer specifically to the red-bellied piranha.[23] A common falsehood is that they can be attracted by blood and are exclusively carnivores.[24] A Brazilian legend called "piranha cattle" states that they sweep the rivers at high speed and attack the first of the cattle entering the water, allowing the rest of the group to traverse the river.[25] These legends were dismissed through research by Hélder Queiroz and Anne Magurran and published in Biology Letters.[26] Nevertheless, a study in Suriname found that piranhas may occasionally attack humans, particularly when water levels are low.[27]

Theodore Roosevelt

When American President Theodore Roosevelt visited Brazil in 1913, he went on a hunting expedition through the Amazon Rainforest. While standing on the bank of the Amazon River, he witnessed a spectacle created by local fishermen. After blocking off part of the river and starving the piranhas for several days, they pushed a cow into the water, where it was skeletonized and quickly torn apart by a school of hungry piranhas.[28][29]

Roosevelt would later present the piranhas as vicious creatures in his 1914 book Through the Brazilian Wilderness.[30]

In popular culture

Films have often portrayed piranhas as aggressive, insatiable predators. An example of this perception in media appears in the 1967 James Bond film You Only Live Twice, where a piece of meat is shown being fed to pet piranhas owned by the film's main antagonist, Blofeld, then only a bone is raised from the water. Later on, a woman is thrown into the piranha pool, although all that is seen is water bubbling vigorously. Later Bond tosses a Blofeld henchman into the same pool with much the same results.

Piranha (1978) and Piranha II: The Spawning (1981) perpetuated the piranha's sinister image by showing murderous piranha fish biting and eating humans.

The fictional creature from Pokémon called Carvanha is inspired by the piranha.

In the 2008 film Speed Racer during the scene where the room is being shot, the piranha tank starts to leak, as the bullets put a hole in it. A man is forced to stick his finger in the hole, causing it to be bitten off by the piranhas.

Piranha 3D (2010) is another Hollywood film, this time portraying the incident as starting with an underwater fault opening and allowing prehistoric piranha into a lake (versus an accidental addition as in the 1978 film). It was followed by Piranha 3DD (2012).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Characidae" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
  2. ↑ BBC News Online (2 July 2007). "Piranha 'less deadly than feared'". Retrieved 2 July 2007.
  3. ↑ Black-finned Pacu Fish, Colossoma macropomum Profile with care, maintenance requirements and breeding information for your tropical fish. Badmanstropicalfish.com. Retrieved on 13 May 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 Freeman, Barbie; Nico, Leo G.; Osentoski, Matthew; Jelks, Howard L.; Collins, Timothy M. (2007). "Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories" (PDF). Zootaxa 1484 (4): 1–38. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.384132.x. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  5. ↑ Fahrenthold, David A. (29 May 2005) In River of Many Aliens, Snakehead Looms as Threat, The Washington Post.
  6. ↑ Nico, L., Fuller, P. and Neilson, M. Piaractus brachypomus. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Revision Date: 23 August 2013
  7. ↑ "City cancels piranha bounty as other fish slaughtered". CNN.com Blogs. 13 July 2012.
  8. ↑ "Pueblo Zoo Grant's Zebra". Pueblozoo.org. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  9. ↑ Grubich, Justin R.; Huskey, Steve; Crofts, Stephanie; Orti, Guillermo; Porto, Jorge (2012-12-20). "Mega-Bites: Extreme jaw forces of living and extinct piranhas (Serrasalmidae)". Scientific Reports 2. doi:10.1038/srep01009. PMC 3526859. PMID 23259047.
  10. ↑ Red-Bellied Piranha Is Really Yellow New York Times (24 May 2003).
  11. ↑ Piorski, Nivaldo Magalhães; Alves, José de Ribamar Lima; Machado, Monica Rejany Barros; Correia, Maria Marlucia Ferreira (2005). "Alimentação e ecomorfologia de duas espécies de piranhas (Characiformes: Characidae) do lago de Viana, estado do Maranhão, Brasil". Acta Amazonica (in Portuguese) 35: 63. doi:10.1590/S0044-59672005000100010. Lay summary
  12. ↑ Petrovický, Ivan (1989). Aquarium Fish of the World A Comprehensive Illustrative Guide to Over 500 Aquarium Fish. New York City: Arch Cape Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780517679036.
  13. ↑ Geiger, Diana Pirahna as Pets – Exotic Pets. bellaonline.com
  14. ↑ 5 arrested for selling piranhas in Philippines. Agence France-Presse. 12 March 2011
  15. ↑ "Palmas registra 190 ataques de piranhas desde janeiro". globo.com. 16 July 2007.
  16. ↑ "Balneário no Piauí recebe 100 mil peixes para conter ataque de piranhas". br.noticias.yahoo.com. 12 September 2011.
  17. ↑ "Ataque de piranhas deixa 15 feridos em 'prainha' no Rio Tietê". globo.com. 5 October 2009.
  18. ↑ "Homem bêbado morre após ser atacado por piranhas na Bolívia". terra.com.br. 7 December 2011.
  19. ↑ "Menina é atacada por piranhas e morre no Amazonas". tvuol.uol.com.br. 25 October 2012.
  20. ↑ Martins, Kelly (16 November 2011). "Praia no Rio Paraguai tem quase um ataque de piranhas por dia em MT". globo.com.
  21. ↑ Mintz, Zoe (26 December 2013) Piranha Attack In Argentina Injures More Than 70, Fish Tore ‘Bits Of Flesh’ Off Swimmers On Christmas. ibtimes.com
  22. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2938059/Six-year-old-girl-dies-eaten-PIRANHAS-grandmother-s-canoe-capsizes.html
  23. ↑ "Piranhas vermelhas são medrosas e comem vegetais". EcoTerra Brasil. 2004.
  24. ↑ "Experimentos provam que peixes se agrupam para defesa, não para ataque". Ciência Hoje. 9 May 2005.
  25. ↑ Gonçalves, Alfredo J. (10 July 2007). "Boi de Piranha".
  26. ↑ Queiroz, Helder and Magurran, Anne E (2005). "Safety in numbers? Shoaling behaviour of the Amazonian red-bellied piranha". Biology Letters 1 (2): 155–7. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0267. PMC 1626212. PMID 17148153.
  27. ↑ Mol, Jan H. (2006). "Attacks on humans by the piranha Serrasalmus rhombeus in Suriname". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 41 (3): 189. doi:10.1080/01650520600630683. lay summary
  28. ↑ Layton, Julia. "Can piranhas really strip a cow to the bone in under a minute?". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  29. ↑ Howard, Brian Clark, Brian Clark Howard. "13 Scariest Freshwater Fish: Piranha". National Geographic. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  30. ↑ Robinson, Joe (22 November 2005). "Rumble in the jungle with Amazon's killer piranha". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 August 2009.

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