Pivot-shift test

This test^[1] is one of the three major tests for assessing anterior cruciate injury or laxity, the other two being the anterior drawer and Lachman test. However, unlike the other two, it tests for instability, an important determinant as to how the knee will function. ^[1] In fact, it is instability, not simply the injury to the anterior cruciate ligament itself, that places the menisci at future risk, and gives rise to the feeling that the "knee is not secure" or "may give out".

This test is performed with the patient lying in the supine position with the hip passively flexed to 30 degrees. The examiner stands lateral to the patient on the side of the knee that is being examined. The lower leg and ankle is grasped maintaining 20 degrees of internal tibial rotation. The knee is allowed to sag into complete extension. The opposite hand grasps the lateral portion of the leg at the level of the superior tibiofibular joint, increasing the force of internal rotation. While maintaining internal rotation, a valgus force is applied to the knee while it is slowly flexed. If the tibia’s position on the femur reduces as the knee is flexed in the range of 30 to 40 degrees or if there is an anterior subluxation felt during extension the test is positive for instability.

Pivot-shift is not straightforward to perform. For many with instability, the reproduction of instability is unpleasant and 'visceral'. Accordingly, having experienced it once, the patient is unlikely to relax enough for a second or confirmatory test. This is probably why the sensitivity of the three major knee exams is increased with general anesthesia.^[2] Similarly, with meniscal involvement, such as a bucket handle tear of the medial meniscus,^[3] range of motion may be limited and muscle guarding may produce a false negative result.

References

1 2 "Pivot Shift Test - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics".
↑ van Eck CF, van den Bekerom MP, Fu FH, Poolman RW, Kerkhoffs GM (Aug 2013). "Methods to diagnose acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a meta-analysis of physical examinations with and without anaesthesia". Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 21(8): 1895–903. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2250-9. PMID 23085822.
↑ Kong KC, Hamlet MR, Peckham, T, and Mowbray, MAS (1994). "Displaced bucket handle tears of the medial meniscus masking anterior cruciate deficiency." (PDF). Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.

Starkey, C., & Ryan, J. (2003). The Knee. Orthopedic & Athletic Injury Evaluation Handbook (pp. 106). F.A. Davis Company

Orthopedic examination

General

Lower Limb

Hip examination	Galeazzi test Allis test Barlow maneuver Ober's test Ortolani test Patrick's test Thomas test Trendelenburg's sign

Knee examination	Apley grind test Ballottement Clarke's test Drawer test Lachman test McMurray test Patella tap Pivot-shift test Wilson test Valgus stress test

Foot & Ankle	Hubscher's maneuver Mulder's sign Simmonds' test Thompson test

Upper Limb

Shoulder examination	Apprehension test Jobe's test Gerber's test Hawkins–Kennedy test Neer impingement sign O'Brien's test Speed's test Yergason's test

Elbow examination	Cozen's test Elbow extension test

Wrist & Hand	Durkan's test Finkelstein's test Froment's sign Lunotriquetral shear test Phalen maneuver Tinel sign Watson's test

Spine

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