Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands

Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands by year between 2010 and 2015.[1][2]

The fleet of plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands is the second largest per capita in the world after Norway.[3] As of December 2015, the Netherlands has Europe's largest fleet light-duty plug-in vehicles and has the world's fourth largest stock after the U.S., China and Japan. The Netherlands was the world's third best-selling country market for light-duty plug-in vehicles in 2015.[4] In 2013 the Netherlands reached a market penetration for highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles of around 1.71 vehicles per 1,000 people, over three times as high as the then world's two largest plug-in electric vehicle markets, the United States and Japan.[3]

As of December 2015, a total of 88,991 highway legal plug-in electric vehicles were registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 78,163 range-extended and plug-in hybrids, 9,368 pure electric cars, and 1,460 all-electric light utility vans. When buses, trucks, motorcycles, quadricycles and tricycles are accounted for, the Dutch plug-in electric-drive fleet climbs to 90,275 units.[1] The country's electric vehicle stock reaches 122,563 units when mopeds (3,610), electric bicycles (28,459), and microcars (219) are accounted for.[1]

The Dutch plug-in passenger car segment's market share surged almost ten times from 2012 to 5.34% new car sales in the country that year, achieving the world's second highest in 2013 after Norway (5.6%).[3][5] The plug-in market share reached a record 9.7% of new car sales in the Dutch market in 2015, the second highest that year after Norway (22.4%).[4][6]

As of December 2012, the Netherlands was the country with the highest ratio of slow charging points to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of more than 0.50, while the U.S had a slow EVSE/EV ratio of 0.20. The Netherlands' mix of slow and fast chargers has allowed it to become the country with the highest number of charging point per capita in the world.[7] As of January 2016, there were 7,487 public slow charging points available 24/7, 10,871 slow charging point with limited public access, 475 public and semi-public fast charging points, and over 55,000 private charging points.[1]

As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Dutch government initiated a plan to establish over 200 recharging stations for electric vehicles across the country by 2015. The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastned, and will aim to provide at least one station every 50 km (31 mi) for the country's 16 million residents.[8]

Government incentives

Considering the potential of plug-in electric vehicles in the country due to its relative small size and geography, the Dutch government set a target of 15,000 to 20,000 electric vehicles with three or more wheels on the roads in 2015; 200,000 vehicles in 2020; and 1 million vehicles in 2025.[2][9] The first government target was achieved in 2013, two years earlier, thanks to the sales peak that occurred at the end of 2013.[10] According to official figures, 30,086 plug-in electric vehicles with three or more wheels have been registered in the country through 31 December 2013.[2]

Initially, the Dutch government set incentives such as the total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes, which resulted in savings of approximately €5,324 for private car owners over four years,[11][12] and €19,000 for corporate owners over five years.[13] Other vehicles including hybrid electric vehicles were also exempt from these taxes if they emit less than 95 g/km for diesel-powered vehicles, or less than 110 g/km for gasoline-powered vehicles.[11] The exemption from the registration tax ended on January 1, 2014, and thereafter, all-electric vehicles pay a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[14]

BMW i3 charging in Amsterdam.

In addition, the national government offers through the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment a €3,000 subsidy on the purchase of all-electric taxis or delivery vans. This subsidy increases to €5,000 per vehicle in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, and Arnhem-Nijmegen metropolitan area. An additional subsidy is offered by several local government for the purchase of full electric taxis and vans, €5,000 in Amsterdam and €3,000 in Limburg and Tilburg.[15][16]

In Amsterdam EV owners also have access to parking spaces reserved for battery electric vehicles, so they avoid the current wait for a parking place in Amsterdam, which can reach up to 10 years in some parts of the city.[17] Free charging is also offered in public parking spaces.[18] EV owners in the city of Rotterdam are entitled to one year of free parking in downtown and enjoy subsidies of up to €1,450 if they install a home charger using green electricity.[16] The city also introduced in 2014 a scrappage program to remove old polluting vehicles to improve air quality in the city. Rotterdam offers a €2,500 incentive for business buyers to replace the old vehicles with all-electric vehicles. The subsidy is only available to the first 5,000 applicants that buy an eligible vehicle before the end of December 2013.[16]

Other factors contributing to the rapid adoption of plug-in electric vehicles are the relative small size of the country, which reduces range anxiety (the Netherlands stretches about 100 mi (160 km) east to west); a long tradition of environmental activism; high gasoline prices (US$8.50 per gallon as of January 2013), which make the cost of running a car on electricity five times cheaper; and also some EV leasing programs provide free or discounted gasoline-powered vehicles for those who want to take a vacation driving long distances. With all of these incentives and tax breaks, plug-in electric cars have similar driving costs than conventional cars.[18]

Two Car2Go Smart electric drives charging at the Herengracht in Amsterdam.

Initially, sales of plug-in electric car were lower than expected, and during 2012 the segment captured a market share of less than 1% of new car sales in the country.[18] As a result of the end of the total exemption of the registration fee, the segment sales peaked at the end of 2013,[19] and plug-in electric car sales reached a market share of 5.34% of new car sales in 2013.[5] The total cost of the tax exemptions for the Dutch treasury of the more than 22,000 plug-in electric vehicles sold in 2013 was estimated at €500 million (US$691 million).[20]

EV car sharing

On November 24, 2011, Amsterdam became the fifth city in the world with a Car2Go carsharing service, and the first in Europe with an all-electric fleet. A fleet of 300 Smart electric drives is available on-demand. As of September 2012, these Car2Go vehicles and other electric cars in Amsterdam had access to more than 320 charging stations in the city area. The number is expected to increase significantly up to 1,000 by end of 2012.[21]

Charging infrastructure

Volkswagen Golf GTE charging in Amsterdam

As of December 2012, the Netherlands was the country with the highest ratio of slow charging points to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of more than 0.50, while the U.S had a slow EVSE/EV ratio of 0.20. The Netherlands' mix of slow and fast chargers has allowed it to become the country with the highest number of charging point per capita in the world.[7] There were 80 CHAdeMO quick charging stations across the country by April 2014.[22]

The number of charging stations increased from 400 units in 2010 to 1,841 in 2011.[23] As of December 2013, there were 3,521 slow charging points available 24/7 to the public, up from 2,782 in December 2012; 2,249 slow charging point with limited public access, up from 829 in December 2012; and 106 public and semi-public fast charging points, up from 63 in December 2012.[2] As of January 2016, the country's charging infrastructure consisted of 7,487 public slow charging points available 24/7; 10,871 slow charging point with limited public access; 475 public and semi-public quick charging points; and over 55,000 private charging points.[1]

Sales

The number of registered electric cars increased from 68 in 2009,[24] through 395 in 2010 to 1,182 in 2011.[23] Registrations reached 6,258 plug-in electric-drive passenger vehicles through December 2012, of which, 4,348 were range extending or plug-in hybrids. When buses, utility vans, trucks, motorcycles and other types of electric vehicles are accounted for, 7,410 plug-in electric vehicles were registered through December 2012.[25] Registrations during 2013 rose to 29,342 plug-in passenger cars, of which, 24,512 were plug-in hybrids.[2] The registered light-duty fleet climbed to 45,020 units in December 2014, consisting of 36,937 plug-in hybrids, 6,825 all-electric cars and 1,258 all-electric utility vans.[1]

As of December 2015, a total of 88,991 highway legal plug-in electric vehicles were registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 78,163 range-extended and plug-in hybrids, 9,368 pure electric cars, and 1,460 all-electric light utility vans. When buses, trucks, motorcycles, quadricycles and tricycles are accounted for, the Dutch plug-in electric-drive fleet rises to 90,275 units. The country's electric vehicle stock reaches 122,563 units when mopeds (3,610), electric bicycles (28,459), and microcars (219) are accounted for.[1] As of December 2015, the Netherlands has the world's fourth largest light-duty plug-in vehicle stock after the U.S., China and Japan. With 43,971 plug-in passenger cars and utility vans registered in 2015, the Netherlands was the world's third best-selling country market for light-duty plug-in vehicles in 2015.[4]

A Fisker Karma (left) and an Opel Ampera (right) charging in Utrecht.

During 2013, the Netherlands reached a market penetration for highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles of around 1.71 vehicles per 1,000 people, second only to Norway (4 per 1,000 people), and over three times higher than the world's two largest plug-in electric vehicle markets, the United States and Japan.[3] According to research report published by Navigant Research in April 2014, the fleet of light duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area in 2013 is expected to represent 7.7% of the city's total registered light-duty vehicle stock.[26]

Registrations of plug-in electric car represented a 0.57% share of total new car registrations in the country during 2011 and 2012, ahead of other European countries with a larger car market, such as Germany, France, and the U.K.[27] During 2013 plug-in electric passenger car registrations totaled 22,415 units, climbing 338% from 2012, the highest rate of growth of any country in the world in 2013.[2][3] The segment's market share surged almost ten times from 2012 to 5.34% new car sales in the country during that year,[5] the world's second highest in 2013 after Norway (5.6%).[3]

The market share of the plug-in electric passenger car segment in 2014 fell to 3.86% of total new passenger car registrations, after the end of some of the tax incentives.[28] With 43,769 plug-in passenger cars registered in 2015, the segment market share rose to a record 9.74% of new car sales in the Dutch market in 2015, the second highest after Norway (22.4%).[4][6]

2012

The Opel Ampera extended-range electric car became the best selling plug-in electric car in the Netherlands by May 2012, with a market share of more than 50%, and represented 77% of passenger EV sales in the country that month.[29] The Netherlands was the top selling European market for the Ampera in 2012, with cumulative sales of 3,017 cars of the Volt/Ampera family through December 2012, consisting of 2,704 Amperas and 313 Volts.[25][30] During 2012 the Netherlands also led European sales of the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (1,184 units) and the Fisker Karma (140 units).[31]

A total of 5,093 plug-in electric cars were registered in the Netherlands during 2012.[30][31] Sales of range extending and plug-in hybrids in the Netherlands represented 8% of global sales of PHEVs in 2012.[7] Sales of plug-in hybrid cars took the lead over all-electric cars during 2012. The Opel Ampera was the best selling plug-in electric car in 2012 with 2,696 units sold, and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid ranked second, with 1,184 units, followed by the Chevrolet Volt with 306 units sold during the year. Adding 140 Fisker Karmas sold during 2012, the plug-in hybrid segment led the Dutch EV market with 4,326 units sold during 2012, representing 84.9% of all plug-in electric car sales in the country that year.[30][31] The Nissan Leaf was the top selling all-electric car in the country in 2012 with 265 units sold, and a total of 559 units since their introduction in the country by mid-2011. As of December 2012, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family had sold 468 units since their release in 2010, including 252 iOns, 137 C-Zeros, and 79 i MiEVs.[30][31]

2013

Plug-in car sales totaled 1,120 units in August 2013, marking the first time more than 1,000 plug-in electric cars were sold in the country in one month. During the first eight months of 2013, about 80% of plug-in car sales were made by corporate customers.[32] This record was surpassed in September 2013, with 1,315 plug-in electric cars sold, led by the Volvo V60 plug-in with 755 units, followed by the Tesla Model S and the Opel Ampera, both with 170 units.[33][34]

The Tesla Model S, released in the Dutch market in September 2013, is the country's top selling all-electric car ever, with 4,832 units registered as of December 2015.[1]

The monthly record for plug-in car sales was surpassed one more time in November 2013, with 5,225 plug-in electric cars sold. Plug-in electric car sales also captured a record market share of 12.8% of monthly new car sales.[35] In addition, another record was set in November 2013, when for the first time in the Netherlands a plug-in electric vehicle was listed as the top selling new car that month. That record was set by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with 2,736 units sold, which represented a market share of 6.8% of all the new cars sold that month.[36]

Again in December 2013, the Outlander P-HEV ranked as the top selling new car in the country with 4,976 units delivered, representing a 12.6% market share of new car sales that month. December sales reached a record of about 9,300 plug-in electric vehicles delivered, representing a world record market share of 23.8% of new car sales in the country.[37][38] These record sales allowed the Netherlands to become the second country, after Norway, where plug-in electric cars have topped the monthly ranking of new car sales.[36][39] The strong increase of plug-in car sales during the last months of 2013 was due to the end of the total exemption of the registration fee for corporate cars, which is valid for 5 years. From January 1, 2014, all-electric vehicles pay a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[14] The Outlander P-HEV ended 2013 as the best-selling plug-in electric car with 8,039 units sold, followed by the Volvo V60 PHEV with 6,144 units.[40] As of December 2013, out of 28,673 plug-in passenger cars registered in the Netherlands, plug-in hybrids represent 85.5% of total plug-in electric car registrations through 2013.[2]

2014

After the end of the registration fee exemption, sales fell to 404 units in January 2014, with the Volvo V60 PHEV leading monthly sales with 272 units, followed by the Outlander P-HEV with 82 units. Sales of all-electric cars were led by the BMW i3, with 15 units delivered. Only 7 units of the Model S were sold in January.[41] In April 2014 the Schiphol Group announced that three companies were selected to provide all-electric taxi service in Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The concessions start on June 1, 2014 and service will be provided with 100 Tesla Model S cars, which will joint service to the electric buses and hybrid cars already operating at the airport.[42] Dutch sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV reached the 10,000 unit milestone in April 2014. The Outlander continued as the top selling plug-in electric car in the country during the rest of 2014.[43]

A total of 15,678 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in the Netherlands in 2014, consisting of 12,425 plug-in hybrids, down 38.4% from 2013, 2,664 all-electric cars, up 18.3% from a year earlier, and 589 vans, up 236.6% from 2013.[44] Sales in 2014 were led by the Outlander P-HEV with 7,712 units, followed by Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid with 3,126 units, and the Tesla Model S with 1,533 units.[45] A total of 45,020 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in the Netherlands at the end of December 2014, consisting of 36,937 plug-in hybrids, 6,825 all-electric cars, and 1,258 all-electric utility vans.[1]

2015
Launched in the Dutch market in 2013, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands, with 24,506 units registered as of December 2015.[1] Shown charging in Amsterdam.

The top 5 best-selling plug-in electric cars in 2015 were all plug-in hybrids, led by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (8,757), followed by the Volkswagen Golf GTE (8,183), Audi A3 e-tron (4,354), Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (3,851), and Volkswagen Passat GTE (2,879). The top selling all-electric car was the Tesla Model S (1,842).[46] Plug-in car sales achieved its best monthly volume on record ever in December 2015, with about 15,900 units sold, and allowing the segment to reach a record market share of about 23%. The surge in plug-in car sales was due to reduction of the registration fees for plug-in hybrids. From January 1, 2016, all-electric vehicles continue to pay a 4% registration fee, but for a plug-in hybrid the fee rises from 7% to 15% if its CO2 emissions do not exceed 50 g/km. The rate for a conventional internal combustion car is 25% of its book value.[47][48]

As of December 2015, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV continues as the all-time top-selling plug-in car in the country with 24,506 registered. Ranking second is the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (14,470), followed by the Volkswagen Golf GTE (8,806), Opel Ampera (4,947 units), Tesla Model S (4,832), and Audi A3 e-tron (4,657).[49] A total of 78,163 plug-in hybrids out of 87,531 passenger plug-in electric vehicles were registered in the Netherlands as of 31 December 2015, meaning that plug-in hybrids dominate the Dutch market with a share of 89.3% of the country's highway legal plug-in electric car stock.[1][49]

Registrations by model

The following table presents annual registrations by model since 2009 through December 2015.


Registration of Top 10 plug-in electric cars by model in the Netherlands
between 2009 and December 2015
Model Total
registrations
2009-2015(1)		Market
share
2009-2015(1)		 2015[46] 2014[45] 2013[50][51] 2012[31][50][51] 2011[50][52][53] 2010 2009
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 24,508 27.5% 8,757 7,712 8,039        
Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid 13,144 14.8% 3,851 3,126 6,144 23     
Volkswagen Golf GTE 8,584 9.6 % 8,183 401         
Opel Ampera 5,031 5.7% 80[54] 41[55] 2,207 2,695 8   
Tesla Model S 4,569 5.1% 1,842 1,533 1,194       
Audi A3 e-tron 4,434 5.0% 4,354 80[56]         
Toyota Prius PHV 4,052 4.6% 81[57] 87[56] 2,699 1,184 1    
Volkswagen Passat GTE 2,879 3.2% 2,879          
Nissan Leaf 2,658 3.0% 571 1,022 497 269 299    
BMW i3 1,369 1.5% 574 544 251       
Ford C-Max Energi 1,229 1.4% 1,229[57]          
Chevrolet Volt 1,062 1.2% 0 6[55] 745 306 5    
Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid 1,047 1.2% 1,047[57]          
Renault Zoe 1,022 1.1% 223 252 547       
BMW X5 xDrive40e 895 1.0% 895[57]          
Smart electric drive 786 0.9% 192 219 53 55 267  
Renault Kangoo Z.E. 587 0.7% 587[1]          
Nissan e-NV200 389 0.4% 199 190[56]         
Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid 328 0.4% 88[57] 181 59[37]       
Peugeot iOn 274 0.3% 0 0 17 175 82   
Fisker Karma 189 0.2% 1[54] 0 48 140     
Citroën C-Zero 172 0.2% 0 6[55]29 110 27   
BMW 225xe Active Tourer 165 0.2% 165[57]          
BMW i8 164 0.2% 108[54] 56[55]        
Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive 158 0.2% 158          
Mitsubishi i-MiEV 147 0.2% 8[54] 7[55] 52 13 62 5 
Mercedes-Benz S 500 e 143 0.2% 143[57]          
Volkswagen e-Up! 137 0.2% 59[57] 78[56]       
Renault Fluence Z.E. 133 0.1% 0 1[55] 13115 4   
Th!nk City 118 0.1% 0 0 6 13 26 49 24
Tesla Roadster 101 0.1% 0 0 1 26 43 27 4
Kia Soul EV 100 0.1% 76[57] 24[56]         
Volkswagen e-Golf 81 0.1% 59[57] 22[56]         
BMW 330e 68 0.08% 68[57]          
Mercedes-Benz GLE 500 e 60 0.07% 60[57]          
Porsche 918 Spyder 15 0.02% 9[57] 6[56]       
Volkswagen XL1 5 0.006% 3[54] 2[55]          
McLaren P1 1 0.001% 0 1[56]       
 
Total annual registrations of plug-in passenger cars(2) 42,367 15,646 22,542 5,11681981 28
 
Total registered PEVs at the end of the year
(plug-in passenger cars and utility vans) 		88,991[1] 45,020[1]29,342[2]6,258[2]1,141[2]395[23]68[24]
Notes:
(1) Market share as percentage of the 88,991 plug-in electric car registered in the Netherlands at the end of December 2015,
consisting of all-electric cars, plug-in hybrids, and all-electric utility vans.[1]
(2) Only passenger car, all-electric vans not included

See also

References

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  32. ↑ VWE (2013-09-16). "Verkoop elektrische auto’s bereikt record" [Electric car sales reached a record] (in Dutch). Green Courant. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
  33. ↑ RAI (October 2013). "Verkoopcijfers september 2013 - Modellenoverzicht" [Sales September 2013 - Models overview] (in Dutch). Auto Week Netherlands. Retrieved 2013-10-05. Table shows September and August 2013 sales.
  34. ↑ ZERauto (2013-10-04). "Volvo dik de baas op Nederlandse ev-markt" [Volvo is the boss at Dutch EV market] (in Dutch). AM Automobiel Management. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  35. ↑ ZERauto (2013-12-06). "Elektrisch rijden: superveel, supersnel én superdruk" [Electric drive:super high, super fast and super busy] (in Dutch). Automobiel Management. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  36. 1 2 Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2013-12-17). "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV top seller". AID. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  37. 1 2 Jose Pontes (2014-01-04). "Netherlands December 2013". EV Sales. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  38. ↑ Mat Gasnier (2013-12-04). "Netherlands November 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander shoots up to pole position!". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  39. ↑ Mat Gasnier (2014-01-03). "Netherlands December 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander at 12.7% share, Volvo V40 and V60 on podium". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  40. ↑ Staff (2014-01-07). "Verkoopcijfers stekkerauto’s 2013: de eindsprint" [Sales plug cars in 2013: the final sprint] (in Dutch). Groen7.nl. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  41. ↑ Jose Pontes (2014-02-08). "Netherlands January 2014". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  42. ↑ Schiphol Group press release (2014-04-09). "Schiphol kiest voor duurzaam taxivervoer: Tesla" [Schiphol chooses sustainable taxi: Tesla] (in Dutch). Groen7.nl. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
  43. ↑ Groen7.nl (2014-04-04). "10.000 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV’s in Nederland" [10,000 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEVs in Netherlands] (in Dutch). Groen7.nl. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
  44. ↑ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer - Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland - Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische voertuigen (31-12-2014) - Top 6 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen (31-12-2014)" [Figures electric transport - Number of registered electric vehicles in Netherlands, Top 5 registered plug-in electric hybrid vehicle models (12-31-2014) and Top 6 registered all-electric vehicle models (12-31-2014)] (PDF) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2015-02-24. Click the url to download the file "2014-cijfers-elektrisch-vervoer-tm-december-2014.pdf.pdf" See under the heading "31-12-2014" for total registrations figures at the end of December 2014.
  45. 1 2 "De 5 populairste semi-elektrische en elektrische auto’s van 2014" [The 5 most popular plug-in hybrid and electric cars of 2014] (in Dutch). Groen7. 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  46. 1 2 Priest, Ruben (2016-01-11). "De 5 populairste semi-elektrische en elektrische auto’s van 2015" [The 5 most popular plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars in 2015] (in Dutch). Groen7.nl. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  47. ↑ Loveday, Eric (2016-01-23). "Netherlands Shocks With Nearly 16,000 Plug-In Electric Car Sales In December!". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
  48. ↑ Staff (2016-01-01). "Elektrische auto" [Electric car]. Auto & Fiscus (in Dutch). Retrieved 2016-02-08. This page presents the current state of fiscal arrangements for plug-in electric cars in the Netherlands.
  49. 1 2 Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2016). "Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland - Top 5 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen (31 december 2015) - Top 10 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen (31 december 2015)" (in Dutch). Nnederlandel Ektrisch. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
  50. 1 2 3 "Verkoopcijfers stekkerauto’s 2013: de eindsprint" [Plug-in car sales in 2013: the final sprint] (in Dutch). Groen7. 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  51. 1 2 RAI (2014-01-24). "Verkoopstatistieken - nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics - New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Retrieved 2014-01-25. Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212"), and 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201312").
  52. ↑ RAI (January 2012). "Verkoopstatistieken 2011 - nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics 2011 - New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Retrieved 2014-01-23. Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2011 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201112").
  53. ↑ RAI (January 2014). "Verkoopstatistieken - nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics - New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Retrieved 2014-01-25. Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2011 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201112"), in 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212"), 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201311").
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 RAI (January 2016). "Nieuwverkoop Personenautos Per Merk/Model - 2015/12 2015 totaal" [New passenger cars sales by brand/model 2015/12 2015 total] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RAI (January 2015). "Verkoopstatistieken" [Sales Statistics] (PDF) (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Retrieved 2016-03-13. Download the pdf file for detailed sales by model during 2014: "nieuwverkoop personenautos 201412".
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jose, Pontes (2015-01-06). "Netherlands December 2014". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Jose, Pontes (2016-01-07). "Netherlands December 2015". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-03-13.

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