Polistes major major

Polistes major major

Nest in West Palm Beach, Florida
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Vespidae
Subfamily:	Eumenidae
Genus:	Polistes
Species:	P. major
Subspecies:	P. major major
Trinomial name
*Polistes major major*

Polistes major major is a neotropical eusocial paper wasp subspecies most commonly found on the Hispaniola Island and within Central America.^[1] It has been nicknamed "Avispa de caballo", the horse's wasp, in the Dominican Republic.

Recently, an issue with P. major major was evoked regarding its sting and venom; being larger than native European species, medical treatments in Spain may not be strong enough to counter the stings of the bigger wasps, such as P. major major. Three peptides have been identified from P. major major venom.^[1]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

P. major major is a subspecies of Polistes major along with Polistes major bonaccensis, Polistes major castaneicolor, Polistes major columbianus, and Polistes major weyrauchi. The overarching species name was accredited to Palisot de Beauvois in 1818. ^[2]

Description and identification

One can recognize P. major major by its large size in comparison to members of other wasp species, reaching 17 to 22mm in length, carrying a wingspan of up to 45mm. It is primarily yellow with vibrant brown markings and wings.^[3]
One can further identify members of a P. major major colony by behaviors specific to a certain rank or class. A queen will rarely leave the nest and she lays the majority of the eggs within the nest, if not all. Female workers are foragers, and often leave the nest to hunt for food. The workers engage in malaxation of their captured prey and drop off pieces into the larval cells, so that the growing brood may feed upon the chewed up food. After 4 to 5 days post emergence, drones will usually leave the nest and not return. ^[4] Males will mark territory and patrol routes with pheromones released from their face and sternal regions.^[3]

Nest structure

Queens are responsible for making the nests.^[4] Like most paper wasp nests, the nests of P. major major consist of a gray or papery brown material made by chewing wood fashioned into an open comb shape, containing multiple cells for the queen's brood.^[5] A central pedicel^[6] or petiole^[5] anchors the nest. One can locate the nests under the roofs, rims, and window frames of houses. These nests may also be spotted under palm tree leaves, bridges, metal beams, branches, eaves or culverts. Generally nests are 19 cm in diameter.^[1]^[6]
Observed P. major major colonies have consisted of 4 to 19 females, 1 to 4 males, 35 to 46 larvae, 28 to 32 eggs, and 13 to 43 pupae within a nest at the time of male engagement in larval feeding.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

P. major major's habitat is spread out among Central America. Many specimens have been obtained from various parts of Costa Rica, and are distributed all over Puerto Rico.^[7]^[8] It is most commonly found in the Dominican Republic, and can be found in other areas upon the Hispaniola Island.^[1] The wasp has also been seen in the United States, namely the states of Florida, Georgia, and Arizona.^[9] Recently, it has been spotted in Spain.^[6]

Potential invasion in Europe

Sightings of P. major major have been recorded in Spain. According to this study, P. major major may have been transferred over to Europe from the Americas via the shipping of imported goods. The paper wasp has been sighted enough times in Oviedo since 2008 for there to be an awareness of its establishment in the area. Though the most recent sightings have not been as frequent, due to the devastating effects on the ecosystems invaded by, for example, Vespa velutina and Polistes dominula, there is a call to keep an eye on the population and to monitor its growth. There is also concern for human health in the areas P. major major has been introduced. With P. major major larger than native European species, medical treatments in Spain may not be strong enough to counter the stings of the bigger wasp.^[6]

Behavior

Communication

P. major major nestmates will engage in antennations, or tapping with the antennae, and head shakes during the distribution of food amongst themselves. A queen, worker, and drone of the named "Chavez" colony in an experiment had been observed participating in an event of prey distribution, which resulted in the drone taking the bulk of the prey and feeding it to the larvae. The worker and queen both shook their heads when offering food to other wasps. The queen antennated both the worker and drone on the head when her offerings were ignored.^[4]

Brood care

As with most paper wasp species, the female workers are the ones who care and help rear the queen's brood. This is also true for P. major major, but male members of the species have been found to aid in brood care occasionally as well. Drones have been observed feeding larvae within their cells on several occasions. It is believed that drones and workers receive nourishment through the liquids removed from the bolus, and they are in fact not acting altruistically when feeding the larvae the solid remains.^[4]

Nest care

When temperatures are high, workers fan the nest by rapidly vibrating their wings. Foragers have been observed alternating between finding prey and collecting water, regurgitating the water droplets around the nest. Fanning of the nest would continue, and the nest would cool off through evaporation. Drones are known to also fan the nest up to as long as a worker, after only a day or two from emergence.^[4]

Interactions with other species

Diet

P. major major larvae primarily feed upon caterpillars and treehoppers.^[6] Adult wasps can not ingest solid foods, only liquids and those foods that have been grounded up. The adults forage for prey and will return to the nest with the body of their catch. The female workers malaxate the prey, removing liquid from the bolus, and feed the solid remainder to the larvae in their cells. Drones have been found to participate in the same behavior as the workers, malaxating food boli and giving the remains to larvae.^[4]

Predators

P. major major and other Polistes major subspecies are preyed upon by various bird species, namely the Red-bellied Woodpecker.^[3]

Human importance

Three peptides, PMM1, PMM2, and PMM3 have been extracted and identified from the venom of Polistes major major.^[1]

References

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, March 12, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.