Pomeranian culture

European early Iron Age cultures:
dark green - Nordic group
dark red - Jastorf culture
yellow - Harpstedt-Nienburger group
orange - Celtic groups
olive-green - Pomeranian culture
bold green - House Urn culture
light red - east-Baltic cultures of forest zone
violet - West-Baltic culture of cairns
turquoise - Milogrady culture
black - Estonic group

The Pomeranian culture, also Pomeranian or Pomerelian Face Urn culture[1] was an Iron Age culture with origins in Pomerania (which later became a part of northern Germany/Poland) from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC, which eventually covered most of today's Poland.

About 650 BC, it evolved from the Lusatian culture between the lower Vistula and Parseta rivers,[2] and subsequently expanded southward. Between 200 and 150 BC, it was succeeded by the Oksywie culture in eastern Pomerania and the Przeworsk culture at the upper Vistula and Oder rivers.[3]

Features

The Pomeranian culture developed in Western Pomerania covering the entire range of Odra and Vistula basin. It has been sometimes associated with the Bastarnae. The original homeland of the Bastarnae remains uncertain. Babeş and Shchukin argue in favour of an origin in eastern Pomerania on the Baltic coast of northwestern Poland, on the grounds of correspondences in archaeological material e.g. a Pomeranian-style fibula found in a Poieneşti site in Moldavia.[4]

The most characteristic feature was the use of burial urns with faces. The urns were often contained in stone cists. The face-urns have lids in the form of hats, often miniature ear-rings of real bronze are added. The faces are sometimes modelled very naturalistically, and no two urns show the same face. Incised drawings on the urns show hunting scenes, chariot races or riders. Brooches of Certoza-type and necklaces of multiple bronze rings are typical examples of metal work.

The economy was similar to that of the Lusatian culture. Rye was systematically cultivated for the first time, but still formed a minor component of the cereals. There were fewer hill forts than in the area of the Lusatian culture further west. Southern imports were sparse as well.

Related cultures

A related culture of the same age was the House Urn culture in central Germany.[5]

Spread

Pomeranian culture costumes (Archaeological Museum of Kraków).
Antenna sword of the Hallstatt period (c. 8th century BC), found near Kraków
Two urns with facial decoration (from the Pommerellische Gesichtsurnen-Kultur) in Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Berlin.
8th-century BC architecture in Poland (timber framing)
Pomeranian culture pottery

In the later Iron Age, the Pomeranian culture spread southward, into areas formerly belonging to the Lusatian, Wysoko- and Milograd cultures. In Masovia and Poland this mixture led to the development of the group with bell-shaped burials.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Anthropological Literature, Tozzer Library, The Pomerelian Face Urn culture: a report on the status of the research, Acta praehistorica et archaeologica Berlin, no. 11/12, 1980/81. p. 219-304., Redgrave Pub. Co., 1982
  2. ↑ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.23, ISBN 83-906184-8-6
  3. ↑ J. B. Rives, Tacitus' Germania, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.8, ISBN 0-19-924000-0
  4. ↑ Shchukin (1989) 65-6, 71-2
  5. ↑ Peter N. Peregrine, Melvin Ember, Human Relations Area Files, inc, Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Springer, 2001, p.406, ISBN 0-306-46258-3
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