Portuguese vocabulary

Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin, since Portuguese is a Romance language. However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian, Celtic, Germanic and Arabic origin.[1]

Pre-Roman (Basque, Celtic and Iberian) languages of Portugal

Some traces of the languages of the native peoples of western Iberia (Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici or Conii) persist in the language, as shown below. Many places in Portugal for instance have pre-Roman, Celtic or Celtiberian names, such as the cities of Abrantes, Braga, Braganza (Bragança), Cantanhede, Coimbra, Évora, Leiria, Setúbal, Sintra and several rivers like Ardila, Douro, Minho or Tâmega.

Basque:

A claim of Basque influence in Portuguese is the voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant [s̺], a sound transitional between laminodental [s] and palatal [ʃ]; this sound also influenced other Ibero-Romance languages and Catalan. The apico-alveolar retracted sibilant is a result of bilingualism of speakers of Basque and Vulgar Latin. Basque influence is prominent in Portuguese language and entered through Spanish, because aside from it is a result of bilingualism of speakers of Basque and Vulgar Latin, many Castilians (native speakers of Spanish) who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns by Christians in Muslim Iberia were of Basque lineage.

Names of Basque origin:

Forenames:

Variants: Egnatius (Ancient Roman), Iñaki (Basque), Ignasi (Catalan), Ignác (Czech), Ignaas (Dutch), Iggy (English), Ignace (French), Ignatz (German), Ignác (Hungarian), Ignazio (Italian), Ignas (Lithuanian), Ignacy (Polish), Ignatiy (Russian), Ignac, Ignacij, Nace (Slovene), Ignacio, Nacho, Nacio (Spanish)

Surnames:

Celtic:

Placenames: There are numerous Celtic-derived towns and placenames in Portugal like Menir de Forjães, Menir do Castelo, Dólmen da Pedreira, Carvalhos, Carvalhosa, Carvalhal, Carvalhoa, Carvalhais, Carvalheira, Amieira, Amieiro, Vale do Amieiro, Gouveia and many others.

Forenames:

Surnames:

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames (spread in all Portuguese-speaking countries and ex-colonies today) is of Celtic or Latinised, Celtic-borrowed words. This is not a comprehensive list of those.


Derivatives: amieiral alder woods, amieira young alder tree or hand-basket made of alder or chestnut shoots,
Derivatives: baceleiro[m] 'young vine nursery, man who specialises in planting new vines', bacelar [v], abacelar [v] 'to plant and tender to new vines', abacelamento 'the act of sorting out young vines (by variety)', bacharelato 'baccalaureat, university degree', Latinised from *baccalaris- person of lower (military) rank or young cadet,[25] bacharel 'same as baccalaureat, chatter-box, chatty or witty person', bacharelar [v] 'to talk too much', bacharelice, bacharelismo 'habbit of chatting too much or for too long', barcelo 'white grape variety from Northern Portugal'
Derivatives: barcaça, barça, barcagem, barcada, 'barge, shallow boat with a sail', 'freight', 'boatload'; from Gaulish *barge-, cognate old Provençal 'barca', Medieval Latin loanword from Celtic 'barga'. Maybe from Greek 'baris' "Egyptian boat," from Coptic 'bari' "small boat." Meaning "flat-bottomed freight boat" dates from late 15c.
Derivatives: barrote [m] 'wooden beam'
Derivatives: barretada 'greeting someone with your hat', barrete-de-clérigo 'fortification or building work composed of three protruding angles and two sinking ones', enfiar o barrete (popular expression) 'to mislead or deceive someone'.
Derivatives: gaita-de-beiços 'harmonica, panpipe', beiçola, beiça, beiçorra all to do with 'mouth', there are several popular expressions like: fazer beicinho 'pout', 'pucker', or andar pelo beiço 'to have a huge crush on someone'.
Derivatives: berçário (hospital), new-born ward (hospital), 'nursey', berceiro (colloquial) 'lazy man'.
Derivatives: bicar 'to kiss', debicar [v] '(bird)pecking'.
Derivatives: bornear [v] 'to align an object with the view, generally closing one eye, to put a gun/weapon to aim, ie.: to aim a cannon'.
Derivatives: bostal [m] 'corral for cattle', bostar [v] 'to expell dung, to say very unpleasant or sickening things', bostear [v], embostear [v], embostar [v] 'to cover with dung or manure, to dirty something', bosteiro 'dung-beetle, lamellicorn beetle'.
Derivatives: braça, braçada, abraço, abraçar [v]; 'tree-branch', 'breaststroke', 'hug,embrace', 'to embrace, to hug'. See further list of derived words:

There are numerous other Portuguese expressions and colloquialisms deriving from the word braço (arm) see also https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/bra%C3%A7o.

Derivatives: braguilha[28] [f] 'trouser-flier, braguinha [f] 'small guitar', bragal [m] 'coarse fabric whose plot is cord, underclothes, old measurement for land demarcation: Portion of a farm (7 or 8 poles) which served as the unit price in certain contracts, set of bucks and fetter', desbragar [v] 'to make dissolute, profligate, to drop your buckles', desbragado [m] 'riotous, foul-mouthed, indecorous, libertine, dissolute, immoral', desbragadamente 'indecorously', desbragamento [m] 'riotous quality, ribaldry, impropriety (behaviour), Bracarense 'relating to Braga, native of that city', brácaro 'a person native of Braga', bracamarte 'old claymore sword which was swung with both hands'.
Derivatives: bregiais, bregieira, bregieiros, bregio, breja, brejão, brejeira, brejenjas, brejinho, brejioso, brejoeira, brejões, brejos all relating to 'marsh, marshlands, moors', and also brejeiro, brejeirice, brejeirar [v], 'meaning naughty person, slightly saucy or cocky talk or behaviour'.
Derivatives: embrenhar [v] 'to go deep into a bush or forest, figurative: to go deep in thought', embrenhado 'someone who is lost in a deep forest or in thought, concentrating on smthg'.
Derivatives: brioso 'proud, brave, exuberant', briosamente 'proudly, with dignity', desbrio 'lacking pride or courage, a cowardly act', desbrioso 'someone who acts without pride, a coward, a whimp'
Derivatives:bruxaria, bruxedo 'witchcraft, sorcery', bruxulear[v] ,'flicker, shimmer'(of light)'a luz bruxuleia= the light shimmers', bruxo 'clairvoyant'
Derivatives: cabine cabin, gabinete office, telecabine cable-car, pessoal de cabine cabin-crew.
Derivatives: cadeira-de-braços 'armchair', cadeira-de-rodas 'wheelchair', cadeira de escritório 'office-chair', cadeirão 'sofa'
Derivatives: cambada, cambeira 'coil; crooked log for hanging fish', cambela 'type of plough', cambota 'beam'.
Derivatives: caminhar 'to walk'.
Derivatives: camisola 'jersey', camiseta 'undershirt, singlet', camisa-de-dormir 'nightgown', camisa-de-Venus or camisinha 'condom' (colloquial)

Derivatives: canastrada 'basket load, contents in a basket', canastrão 'big basket, pejorative for bad acting or public performance', canastreiro 'someone who makes straw baskets as a trade, canastrel 'small basket with a handle and cover', canastrice 'poor performance or show'.

Derivatives: cantoneiro 'road worker', cantonar[v] 'railway traffic control', recanto 'corner', cantinho 'small corner', Cantão, Cantonal 'Swiss Canton, relating to Canton's legal affairs or government, acantoar[v] or acantonar 'to hide, to isolate', canteiro 'vegetable field', cantonado 'engraved corner (heraldry)'.
Derivatives: carroça 'cart', carregar 'to load', carroçaria 'bodywork' (vehicle), carruagem 'carriage', carreto 'load', carrinha 'van', carro-de-mão 'wheelbarrow', carrossel 'carousel'.
Derivatives: carvalhal 'oak woods', carvalha, carvalheira, carvalheiro, carvalhiça, carvalhinha all related to different oak-tree sizes
Derivatives: carpintaria 'carpentry', carpintar[v] and carpintejar[v] 'to do wood-works', carpinteiragem 'carpentry works'.
Derivatives: cervejaria[f] 'brewery, brasserie, beer hall', cervejeiro 'brewer'
Derivatives: charruar[v] 'to plow', charrueco 'a rough plowing machine'
Derivatives: chocar 'to bang, to shock', chocalho 'cowbell'.
Derivatives: colmeeiro 'hiver', colmeal 'beekeeping space, area'
Derivatives: combar 'to bend'.
Derivatives: cremoso 'creamy', leite-créme 'one of several popular Portuguese desserts, similar to custard', creme de barbear 'shaving cream', creme de leite 'milk fat, cream', creme de pasteleiro 'cream pastry', cremosidade 'creaminess', cremosamente[adv] 'rich in cream'.
Derivatives: embaixador [m] 'ambassador', embaixatriz 'madam-ambassador'
Derivatives: [v] embaraçar, embaraçado 'to embarrass or cause shame to someone', 'embarrassed'. desembaraçado 'someone who is expedite, diligent', desembaraçar [v] 'to get rid of, to untangle', desembaraço 'resourcefulness', embaraçante, embaraçoso 'embarrassing, shameful, vexing', embaraçosamente 'in a pickle'.
Derivatives: faial, faiado, faiar [v], desfaiar [v]; 'beechwood', 'loft', 'to insert, intercalate', 'to fall (down a rocky cliff)'
Derivatives: flanelógrafo [m] 'coated frame or table normally done with velcro', flanelinha [f] (colloquial) 'parking attendant'.
Derivatives: galgar [v] 'carving a stone to make it plain and regular'.
Derivatives: galhardete, galardão 'award' galardoar [v] 'to award, to recognise someone officially'; galã, galanteio, galante, galanteador 'gallant, charming, flattery, innuendo, flirtatious, seducer'; galhardear 'to show off, to be ostentatious', galhardia 'elegance, grandeur, generosity', Gala 'Gala, ceremony'.
Derivatives: garço 'colour: greenish-blue, greenish', garção 'large heron', also (rare) from French garçon 'waiter', garça-real 'Heron', garça-ribeirinha 'grey-heron', garça-boieira 'white-egret'.
Derivatives: agarrar [v] 'to grab, to hold, to catch', garrar [v] 'to drift, to float (nautical), to split, to cut a suture (medical)', desgarrar [v] 'to take off course (nautic), to escape, to go off course, to be erratic', desgarre 'cockiness, audacity', desgarrado 'daring, erratic, audacious, extrovert, perverse', Desgarrada 'Portuguese popular song involving several singers who dare one another by improvising the verses. Probably a Provençal-Occitan influence originally, Garrano 'Garrano wild horse-breed'
Derivatives: gatinhar [v],gatinha, to crawl (baby-crawl), 'pussycat, attractive female', several expressions/idioms like: aqui há gato, trocar gato por lebre 'English equivalent to 'I smell a rat', 'to rip someone off'.
Derivatives: goivar[v] 'to groove (with a plane), to hurt someone', goivadura 'cut, cavity made with a grooving plane', goiveira 'Dame's violet plant', goivo 'dame's violet (flower)'
Derivatives: goro 'unfertilized egg, failure, misfortune', gorado 'an egg which didn't hatch, a failed situation or unfortunate person'.
Derivatives: greve (via French 'grève') 'strike (workers' union)', greve-geral 'general strike', grevista 'someone who strikes or leads a strike movement', greve de fome 'hunger strike'.
Derivatives: lança 'spear', lanço 'small trap', lanceolado 'lanceolate', lançamento 'launch', lançada 'a spear-strike'
Derivatives: leiro 'small, ou unleveled, plot', leirar 'land working', leiroto, leiria 'place of small plots, allotments'.
Derivatives: lisonjear 'to flatter, lisongeio alternative spelling of 'flattery' , lisonjeado 'flattered
Derivatives: enlousar 'to cover with flagstones', lousado 'roof', lousão 'large flagstone', louseiro or loiseiro' 'stone-mason', enlousar [v]'to cover with stones, to make a stone wall, to trap, to trick or fool someone'.
Derivatives: meninice or meninez 'childhood, infancy, childishness', meninote 'nipper', [m].
Derivative: minhoquice 'unfounded suspicions, brooding on smthg unimportant'
Derivatives: raiar[v] 'to shine (in rays of light), to rise', raio 'ray, thunderbolt, radius, thin and long metal piece', raiado 'with (shiny)lines, streaks'.
Derivatives: regueira 'small water canal', regato 'stream, gully, glen'.
Derivatives: rochedo 'big rock', rochoso 'rocky area'
Derivatives: savelha [fm] and alternative saboga 'Yellowtail', smaller fish of the same 'Alosa' family
Derivatives: tanoaria, tanoar [v], tonel cooperage, to do cooperage work, wine or beer barrel
Derivatives: toneira 'pot for obtaining butter from the milk', tonel 'wine barrel'.
Derivatives: fura-tojos 'marten'; tojal, tojeira 'place with tojos'.
Derivatives: toucinheiro, toicinheiro 'lard seller, butcher', toucinho-do-céu 'Portuguese regional sweet made with almonds and egg yolk'
Derivatives: tradar, tradear 'to drill'.
Derivatives: trancar[v] 'to close, lock or block', destrancar [v] 'to open, unlock or unblock smthg. or someone', trancada 'to hit someone or smthg. with a bat', trancaria 'pile of wood logs', destrancador 'opener'
Derivatives: tranche 'slice', retrincar, retrinco 'to chew, to cut into smaller pieces', 'patch of a bigger piece', trinco [m] 'latch' (door, window, gate), from Gaulish, possibly from Proto-Celtic *trenco- 'small piece',
Derivatives: enveredar[v] 'to take or chose a path or direction in life or profession'
Derivatives: vidoeiral 'place with birch-trees'.

Projections on Celtic vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate around 800 words.


Iberian:

Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.

Germanic languages

The Germanic influence (Buri, Suebi, Visigoths, Vandals) in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, but also exists in other vocabulary, some verbs, town and placenames such as Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition), several Suebi derivations like, Freamunde (from 'Fredemundus'), Amonde (Onomondi), Samonde, Gimonde, Guadramil and Samil and Terras de Bouro (land of the Buri), Serra do Bouro, mainly in the Minho and Douro regions. Toponym and toponymic surname Resende comes from "reths sinths", path to the council, the expedition's council. Many of these words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Gallaecia (Northern Portugal and Galicia) in the 5th century, and also by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD. Other words were incorporated to Portuguese during the Middle Ages, mostly proceeding from French and Occitan languages, as both cultures had a massive impact in Portuguese during the 12th and 13th centuries. More recently, other words with Germanic origin have been incorporated, either directly from English or other Germanic languages, or indirectly through French. Projections indicate around 500 Germanic loan words.

Arabic

Projections indicate between 400 to 800 Arabic loan words. Today, this proportion has decreased as the language became richer, some words fell into disuse and newer borrowings from Greek, Latin and other languages entered the vocabulary.

The Mozambican currency Metical was derived from the word mitqāl ( مطقال ), an Arabic unit of weight. The name Mozambique itself is an Arabic name, from sultan Muça Alebique (Musa Alibiki).

Influences from outside Europe

With the Portuguese discoveries linguistic contact was made, and the Portuguese language became influenced by other languages with which it came into contact outside Europe. In Brazil, many placenames and local animals have Amerindian names, the same occurring with the local Bantu languages in Angola and Mozambique.

Africa

The country name "Angola" is from a Bantu word, N'gola.

Americas

Asia

The country name Macau is from Chinese A-mok, name of the city's temple.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS". filologia.org.br.
  2. ↑ X. Ballester and R. Quinn "Cuniculus - 'Rabbit': A Celtic Etimology", World Rabbit Science 10, 2002, pp. 125-129 ]
  3. ↑ "Notte sulle malaltie suine e degli animali in genere e sulle voci albanesi per 'maiale' et sim"
  4. ↑ Trumper, op. cit., p. 4, footnote 13.
  5. ↑ http://www.behindthename.com/name/vasco
  6. ↑ http://www.behindthename.com/name/xavier
  7. ↑ OMAECHEVARRIA, Ignacio, "Nombres propios y apellidos en el País Vasco y sus contornos". Homenaje a D. Julio de Urquijo, volume II, pages 153-175.
  8. ↑ http://www.behindthename.com/name/vasco
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
  10. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. BECLOS
  11. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1013
  12. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1830.
  13. ↑ X. Ballester and R. Quinn "Cuniculus - 'Rabbit': A Celtic Etimology", World Rabbit Science 10, 2002, pp. 125-129 ]
  14. ↑ cf. Varela Sieiro, Xaime. Léxico Cotián na Alta Idade Media de Galicia: A arquitectura civil. Santiago, 2008. ISBN 978-84-9750-781-3. pp. 205-206.
  15. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. LĀGENĀ
  16. ↑ Cf. Matasovic (2009), s.v. Lîwank-.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
  18. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. frikā-.
  19. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. RIKS.
  20. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 7299.
  21. ↑ Coromines (1997) s.v. serna; Matasovic s.v. *aro-
  22. ↑ "tructa : (truite) • 4307 • L'encyclopédie • L'Arbre Celtique". Encyclopedie.arbre-celtique.com. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  23. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 9166
  24. ↑ cf. Meyer-Lübke 294.
  25. 1 2 https://archive.org/stream/dictionairedesr00malvgoog#page/n23/mode/2up
  26. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. BECLOS
  27. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1013
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
  29. ↑ Matasovic (2009) s.v.
  30. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. BORWOS
  31. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1235
  32. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1252
  33. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. KAGOS
  34. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1480
  35. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1542
  36. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1552
  37. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1550.
  38. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1541.
  39. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1721
  40. ↑ Coromines (1997) s.v. quejigo; Matasovic (2009) s.v. *casso-
  41. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1830.
  42. ↑ Donkin (1864), s.v.
  43. ↑ cf. Varela Sieiro, Xaime. Léxico Cotián na Alta Idade Media de Galicia: A arquitectura civil. Santiago, 2008. ISBN 978-84-9750-781-3. pp. 205-206.
  44. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 2386
  45. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 2387
  46. ↑ Varela Sieiro, Xaime (2003). Léxico cotián na Alta Idade Media de Galicia : o enxoval. A Coruña: Do Castro. pp. 293–294. ISBN 84-8485-120-6.
  47. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *durno-
  48. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 2754
  49. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 448.
  50. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. GABIT
  51. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *gab-yo-
  52. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 3627
  53. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. GORIT
  54. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *gwer-o-
  55. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v.
  56. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v.
  57. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 4884
  58. ↑
  59. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. LĀGENĀ
  60. ↑ Coromines (1973) s.v. legua.
  61. ↑ cf. Meyer-Lübke 4911.
  62. ↑ Cf. Matasovic (2009), s.v. Lîwank-.
  63. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. OLCĀ
  64. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *folkā
  65. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 6050
  66. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. QEZDI
  67. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 6450
  68. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. frikā-.
  69. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. RIKS.
  70. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 7299.
  71. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. ROTIS
  72. ↑ Varela Sieiro, Xaime (2003). Léxico cotián na Alta Idade Media de Galicia : o enxoval. A Coruña: Do Castro. pp. 103–105. ISBN 84-8485-120-6.
  73. ↑ de Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden: Brill. p. 534. ISBN 9789004167971.
  74. ↑ Coromines (1997) s.v. serna; Matasovic s.v. *aro-
  75. ↑ Coromines (1997) s.v. tascar
  76. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. TONDOS
  77. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 8987
  78. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. TOGIT.
  79. ↑ CUNHA, A. G. Dicionário etimológico Nova Fronteira da língua portuguesa'. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1996. p. 773.
  80. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 8570
  81. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *tarankyo-
  82. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 8585
  83. ↑ "tructa : (truite) • 4307 • L'encyclopédie • L'Arbre Celtique". Encyclopedie.arbre-celtique.com. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  84. ↑ Coromines (1997) s.v. varga
  85. ↑ "BARGE : Etymologie de BARGE". cnrtl.fr.
  86. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 9166
  87. ↑ Ward A. (1996), s.v. WORÊDOS
  88. ↑ Matasovic R. (2009), s.v. *ufo-rēdos
  89. ↑ Meyer-Lübke s. v. *betulus, *betullus
  90. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Priberam Informática, S.A. "Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa". priberam.pt.
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/braise
  92. ↑

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