Colorado potato beetle

"Potato beetle" redirects here. This can also refer to similar Chrysomelidae, e.g. Lema trilineata.
Colorado potato beetle
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Leptinotarsa
Species: L. decemlineata
Binomial name
Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Say, 1824[1]

The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), also known as the Colorado beetle, the ten-striped spearman, the ten-lined potato beetle or the potato bug, is a major pest of potato crops. It is approximately 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long, with a bright yellow/orange body and five bold brown stripes along the length of each of its elytra. It can easily be confused with its close cousin and look-alike, the false potato beetle.

History

The beetle was discovered in 1824 by Thomas Say from specimens collected in the Rocky Mountains on buffalo-bur, Solanum rostratum. The origin of the beetle is somewhat unclear, but it seems that Colorado and Mexico are a part of its native distribution in southwestern North America.[2] In about 1840, the species adopted the cultivated potato into its host range and it rapidly became a most destructive pest of potato crops. The large scale use of insecticides in agricultural crops effectively controlled the pest until it became resistant to DDT in the 1950s. Other pesticides have since been used but the insect has, over time, developed resistance to them all.[3]

Life cycle

Colorado potato beetle larvae

Colorado potato beetle females are very prolific; they can lay as many as 800 eggs. The eggs are yellow to orange, and are about 1 mm long. They are usually deposited in batches of about 30 on the underside of host leaves. Development of all life stages depends on temperature. After 4–15 days, the eggs hatch into reddish-brown larvae with humped backs and two rows of dark brown spots on either side. They feed on the leaves. Larvae progress through four distinct growth stages (instars). First instars are about 1.5 mm long; the fourth is about 8 millimetres (0.31 in) long. The larvae in the accompanying picture are third instars. The first through third instars each last about 2–3 days; the fourth, 4–7 days. Upon reaching full size, each fourth instar spends an additional several days as a non-feeding prepupa, which can be recognized by its inactivity and lighter coloration. The prepupae drop to the soil and burrow to a depth of several inches, then pupate. Depending on temperature, light-regime and host quality, the adults may emerge in a few weeks to continue the life cycle, or enter diapause and delay emergence until spring. They then return to their host plant to mate and feed. In some locations, three or more generations may occur each growing season.

As a crop pest

Dutch newsreel from 1947

Colorado beetles are a serious pest of potatoes. They may also cause significant damage to tomatoes and eggplants. Both adults and larvae feed on foliage and may skeletonize the crop. Insecticides are currently the main method of beetle control on commercial farms. However, many chemicals are often unsuccessful when used against this pest because of the beetle's ability to rapidly develop insecticide resistance. The Colorado potato beetle has developed resistance to all major insecticide classes, although not every population is resistant to every chemical.[4] In the United Kingdom, where the Colorado beetle is a rare visitor on imported farm produce, it is a notifiable pest: any found must be reported to DEFRA.

High fecundity usually allows Colorado potato beetle populations to withstand natural enemy pressure. Still, in the absence of insecticides natural enemies can sometimes reach densities capable of reducing Colorado potato beetle numbers below economically damaging levels. A ground beetle, Lebia grandis, is a predator of the eggs and larvae, and its larvae are parasitoids of the Colorado beetle's pupae. Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes) is a pathogenic fungus that infects a wide range of insect species, including the Colorado potato beetle. It is probably the most widely used natural enemy of the Colorado potato beetle, with readily available commercial formulations that can be applied using a regular pesticide sprayer.

In Europe

Native ranges of the Colorado beetle and the potato
Further information: War against the potato beetle

In 1877, the Colorado beetle reached Germany where it was eradicated. During or immediately following WWI, it became established near USA military bases in Bordeaux and proceeded to spread by the beginning of WWII to Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. The population increased dramatically during and immediately following WWII and spread eastward, and the beetle is now found over much of the continent. After World War II, in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, almost half of all potato fields were infested by the beetle by 1950. The GDR government made the claim that the beetles were dropped by American planes. In East Germany they were known as Amikäfer (Yankee beetles). In the EU it remains a regulated (quarantine) pest for the UK, Republic of Ireland, Balearic Islands, Cyprus, Malta and southern parts of Sweden and Finland. It is not endemic in any of these Member States, although occasional infestations occur, as in Finland in the summer of 2011, when strong winds blew from Russia, where the species is endemic.[5][6]

Philately

Colorado potato beetle statue in Hédervár

The Austrian postal authority featured the beetle on a 1967 stamp.[7] The beetle also appeared on stamps issued in Benin, Tanzania, the United Arab Emirates, and Mozambique.[8]

The Belgian postal authority featured a drawing of the Colorado beetle and larvae on a 1934 and 1935 propaganda postcard.

In 1956, Romania issued a set of four stamps calling attention to the campaign against insect pests. The 55 Bani stamp features the Colorado potato beetle.[9]

In popular culture

The beetle is documented in the documentary The Botany of Desire.

In David Javerbaum's 2011 book The Last Testament: A Memoir by God,[10] the eponymous deity states that on the sixth day he tried to create the perfect beetle over 400,000 times (all failures) until he settled upon the Colorado potato beetle.

Commonly called a "tater bug", the striped thorax reminded old time musicians of the Italian style bowl-back mandolin, which are sometimes called "tater bug" mandolins.

In Czechoslovakia, a children's book called "O zlém brouku Bramborouku" ("On the evil potato-eating beetle") by Ondrej Sekora was published in 1950. It presents the Colorado beetle as an enemy for communist agriculture from the West and instructs children to fight the beetle.

In politics

Cold War

During the Cold War the Warsaw Pact countries, fearing a food shortage, decried the beetle as a CIA plot to destroy the agriculture of the Soviet Union.[11] Officials launched a Warsaw Pact-wide campaign to wipe out the beetle, villainizing them in propaganda posters and pulling schoolchildren from class to gather the bugs and drown them in buckets of benzene or spirit.[11]

2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine

Pro-Russian separatist Vostok Battalion member wearing a black and gold St. George's ribbons wristband

During the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, the word kolorady, from the Ukrainian and Russian term for Colorado beetle, (Ukrainian: жук колорадський, Russian: колорадский жук) gained popularity among Ukrainians as a derogatory term to describe pro-Russian separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts (provinces) of Eastern Ukraine.[11] The nickname was a reference to the black and gold St. George's ribbons worn by many of the separatists as a symbol of their identity.[12]

References

  1. ↑ "Leptinotarsa decemlineata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. ↑ University of Florida (2007). "Featured creatures: Leptinotarsa spp.". Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  3. ↑ J D Hare (Jan 1990). "Ecology and Management of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Annual Review of Entomology". Annual Reviews 35: 81–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000501
  4. ↑ Alyokhin, A., M. Baker, D. Mota-Sanchez, G. Dively, E. Grafius. (2008). "Colorado potato beetle resistance to insecticides". American Journal of Potato Research 85 (6): 395–413. doi:10.1007/s12230-008-9052-0
  5. ↑ Koloradonkuoriainen hyppyyttää tarkastajia perunapelloilla YLE news (Finnish)
  6. ↑ Herrmann, Bernd (2009). "Schauplätze und Themen der Umweltgeschichte : Umwelthistorische Miszellen aus dem Graduiertenkolleg". ISBN 9783941875234.
  7. ↑ James L. Skaptason. "Skaps' bug stamps". Retrieved 1 May 2006.
  8. ↑ Memorabilia
  9. ↑ Stamp ‹ Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). colnect.com
  10. ↑ David Javerbaum (2011) The Last Testament: A Memoir by God. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1451640188
  11. 1 2 3 Sindelar, Daisy. "What's Orange and Black and Bugging Ukraine?". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
    Ukraine’s Reins Weaken as Chaos Spreads, The New York Times (4 May 2014)
    (Ukrainian) Lyashko in Lviv poured green, Ukrayinska Pravda (18 June 2014)
  12. ↑ A guide to Ukrainian and Russian flags, The Economist (7 May 2014)

External links

Wikispecies has information related to: Colorado potato beetle
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leptinotarsa decemlineata.
Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Colorado Beetle.
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