List of college athletics championship game outcomes
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), founded in 1906, is the major governing body for intercollegiate athletics in the United States and currently conducts national championships in its sponsored sports, except for the top level of football. Before the NCAA offered a championship for any particular sport, intercollegiate national championships in that sport were determined independently. Although the NCAA sometimes lists these historic championships in its official records, it has not awarded retroactive championship titles.
Prior to NCAA inception of a sport, intercollegiate championships were conducted and usually espoused in advance as competitions for the national championship. Many winners were recognized in contemporary newspapers and other publications as the "national intercollegiate" champions. These are not to be confused with the champions of early 20th-century single-sport alliances of northeastern U.S. colleges that were named "Intercollegiate League" or "Intercollegiate Association." These leagues generally included some of the colleges that later became the Ivy League, as well as an assortment of other northeastern universities.
Even after the NCAA began organizing national championships, some non-NCAA organizations conducted their own national championship tournaments, usually as a supplement to the NCAA events. A notable example is that of NCAA Division III men's volleyball. Although the NCAA Men's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship, established in 1970, was in theory open to D-III schools, none had received a berth in that tournament. As a result, a separate championship event, open only to D-III schools, was created in 1997. That event was discontinued after its 2011 edition once the NCAA announced it would sponsor an official Division III championship starting in 2012.
The historical championship event outcomes included in the Section 1 list were decided by actual games organized for the purpose of determining a champion on the field of play. Lists of other championships for collegiate athletic organizations are referenced in Sections 2.1 through 2.6 of this list. (See Table of Contents)
Championship game outcomes prior/concurrent to NCAA inception
Men's teams
Baseball
- 1893 Yale def. Amherst, 9-0
- Tournament was played at the Chicago World's Fair and included Virginia, Illinois, Wisconsin, Vanderbilt, Yale, Amherst, Wesleyan and Vermont.[1] William McKinley attended the opening game.[2] It was organized by the Columbian National Inter-Collegiate Baseball Association, notably by its secretary, Amos Alonzo Stagg, then the new head football coach at the University of Chicago.[3]
Basketball
- 1904 Hiram College won the 1904 Olympic Games collegiate championship tournament, def. Wheaton College, 25-20, and Latter-Day Saints University (later, Brigham Young University), 25-18.[4][5][6][7][8][9]
- 1908 Chicago def. Pennsylvania, 2 games to 0 (21-18, 16-15)[10][11]
- Amateur Athletic Union annual United States championship – College teams were runners-up in 1915, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1932, and 1934. Four college teams won the championship (final game results):[12]
- 1916 Utah def. Illinois Athletic Club, 28-27
- 1920 New York University def. Rutgers, 49-24
- 1924 Butler (Indiana) def. Kansas City Athletic Club, 30-26
- 1925 Washburn College (Kansas) def. Hillyard Shine Alls, 42-30
- 1920 Pennsylvania def. Chicago, 2 games to 1 (24-28, 29-18, 23-21)[13]
- 1922 Wabash College (Indiana) won the first national intercollegiate championship tournament, which was held in Indianapolis.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Five 1922 conference champions and a runner-up[22] from these conferences participated: Pacific Coast Conference, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Western Pennsylvania League, Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association and Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The Western Conference and Eastern Intercollegiate League declined invitations to participate.[23]
- 1930 Pittsburgh def. Montana State 37-36 in contest billed as a "championship game" according to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.[24]
- 1938 Temple def. Colorado, 60-36 in first National Invitation Tournament[25]
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- 1943 Wyoming, winner of NCAA tournament, def. NIT champion, St. John's, 52-47 (OT)
- 1944 Utah, winner of NCAA tournament, def. NIT champion, St. John's, 43-36
- 1945 Oklahoma A&M, winner of NCAA tournament, def. NIT champion, DePaul, 52-44
Boxing
- 1924 Penn State def. 2nd-place Navy, 18-16[34][35]
- 1925 Navy def. 2nd-place Penn State, 23-11[36]
- 1926 Navy def. 2nd-place Penn State, 15-13[37][38]
- 1927 Penn State def. 2nd-place Navy, 22-21[39]
- 1928 Navy def. 2nd-place Penn State, 19-18[37][40]
- 1929 Penn State def. 2nd-place Navy, 23-13[41]
- 1930 Penn State def. 2nd-place Western Maryland, 19-14[42][43]
- 1931 Navy def. 2nd-place Western Maryland, 20-16[44]
Cross country
Inter-Collegiate Cross Country Association (1899–1907)
Inter-Collegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1908–1937)[46][47][48]
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Fencing
Intercollegiate Fencing Association (1894–1943)
Team Foils
Three-Weapon Championship
† The first IFA three-weapon trophy was awarded in 1923. However, all three weapons (foil, épée, saber) were contested in the IFA tournament as early as 1920.[52]
Football
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has never conducted a national championship event at the highest level of college football, currently its Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). Neither has the NCAA ever officially endorsed an FBS national champion. Since 1978, it has held a championship playoff at the next lower level of college play. Prior to 1978, no divisions separated teams, and champions were independently designated by "selectors," composed of individuals and third-party organizations using experts, polls, and mathematical methods.[92] These efforts have continued and thrived for the higher FBS level. From the beginning, the selectors' choices have frequently been at odds with each other.[93] The NCAA has documented both contemporaneous and retroactive choices of several major national selectors in its official NCAA Football Records Book.[92] These selections are often claimed as championships by individual schools.
Golf
1897–1938
See Pre-NCAA college golf champions
Gymnastics
- 1899 No team title. Yale gymnasts won 4 out of 6 individual events, shared a tie for victory in one event and also won the individual all-around. 19 schools participated.[94]
- 1900 Columbia def. 2nd place Yale, 26 - 17[95]
- 1901 Yale def. 2nd place Columbia, 20 - 14[96]
- 1902 Yale def. 2nd-place Columbia, 16 - 15[97]
- In 1903, the Western Conference instituted an annual conference championship meet.[98] Although early interest was expressed by the Intercollegiate Association in establishing a recognized national championship event with the Western Conference,[99] that interest did not reach fruition. In later years, the University of Chicago, a perennial Western Conference power, participated in several of the annual championship meets of the Intercollegiate Association.
- 1917 Chicago def. 2nd-place Haverford, 14½ - 10[100][101][102]
- 1918 not held
- 1919 not held
- 1925 Navy def. Chicago, 33 - 12, in a dual meet between winners of the Intercollegiate and Western Conference championship meets.[103]
- "[I]n the twenty year period from 1910 to (the end of 1929) ... Navy has participated in 91 tournaments and dual meets and won 87 of them, including all seven of the intercollegiate championship events entered."[104] (Those seven events were conference, not national, championships.) Navy was so strong that the Intercollegiate Association asked Navy not to participate in the 1926 championship meet.[105] Navy was not a participant in the 1926, 1927 and 1928 meets.
Lacrosse
- 1881 Harvard def. Princeton, 3-0
- The first intercollegiate lacrosse tournament was held in 1881 with Harvard beating Princeton in the championship game. New York University and Columbia University also participated. From 1882 through 1970 (excepting 1932–1935), the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association and the collegiate lacrosse associations from which it evolved chose annual champions based on season records. These associations were the ILA (1882-1905), IULL (1899-1905), USILL (1906-1925) and USILA (1926-1970).[106][107] In 1912 and 1921, the USILL conducted championship games between the winners of its Northern and Southern Divisions. Efforts to conduct such games in other years during its existence were unsuccessful.[106]
- 1912 Harvard def. Swarthmore, 7-3
- 1921 Lehigh def. Syracuse, 3-1
Rifle
National Rifle Association[108]
National Indoor Intercollegiate Match
1924 – 79
- Men/Coed (year of conversion to Coed undetermined)
In the contemporary press, the type of competition utilized for this match was referred to as "shoulder-to-shoulder." This distinguished it from the "telegraphic" or "postal" form of competition.
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- * The Intercollegiate Rifle Team Trophy was presented to the NRA by the Sons of the American Revolution in 1928, when it was first awarded for annual rifle competition.[108]
- † NRA document[108] states that there was no competition in 1946.
NRA Intercollegiate League
1909 – 22
Competition was held in telegraphic form using the indoor ranges of each competing school.
NRA Gallery Indoor Championship
1908 – ?
The indoor intercollegiate match was a single annual indoor match open to teams of any college. It was held in telegraphic form using the indoor ranges of each competing school.
National Outdoor Intercollegiate Match
1905 – ?
Matches were initially held at Sea Girt, New Jersey; after several years Camp Perry, Ohio, became the perennial venue.
(This competition is not to be confused with the National ROTC outdoor rifle team championship for the William Randolph Hearst Team Trophy (first awarded circa 1922[149]), which was not open to all students.)
Skiing
1921 – 53
Beginning in 1921, an intercollegiate winter sports championship was held annually at Lake Placid, New York, and involved colleges from the US and Canada. It combined events from downhill and slalom skiing, cross-country skiing and ski jumping, as well as speed skating, figure skating and snowshoeing in some years. The overall winning team received the President Harding Trophy. Prior to the 1940s, in end-of-year accounts of national sporting champions, major newspapers regarded the winning team at Lake Placid as intercollegiate champion.
In the late 1930s, a major annual "four-way" (downhill, slalom, jumping and cross-country) intercollegiate event began in Sun Valley, Idaho.[163][164] From the start it attracted not only college teams from the West, but also strong teams that traditionally participated in the Lake Placid meet, such as Dartmouth.[165][166] After interruption by World War II, it usurped the older event.
Newspaper coverage referred to the 1946 and 1947 Sun Valley winners (Utah and Middlebury, respectively) as national champions.[167] A few days earlier than the 1947 Sun Valley meet, a similar skiing competition was held in Aspen, Colorado, overlapping the start date of the Sun Valley event.[168] In 1948 and 1949, Aspen, rather than Sun Valley, hosted the national "four-way" intercollegiate ski championships.[169][170][171][172]
All of these competitions were held in the middle of the ski season rather than at the end. Then in 1950, an official annual post-season national championship event was established.[173] This event served to influence the NCAA to add skiing as a sponsored sport, with the first NCAA title event occurring in 1954.[174]
The Intercollegiate Ski Union (ISU), a conference of schools primarily in the Northeast, also conducted annual championship events for its members.[175] However, its geographic reach was more limited than the other competitions described.
Lake Placid, New York
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- † curtailed by bad weather (jump and snowshoe race held, last two events cancelled)
- ‡ lack of snow (cross-country and jump held, downhill and slalom cancelled)
- # competition included non-collegians
- ♦ lack of snow (jump held, other events cancelled)
- § not regarded as national champion; included for completeness
Sun Valley, Idaho
- 1937 - 38 Dartmouth[165][166]
- 1938 - 39 no apparent team title (individual only)[163][164][212][213][214][215]
- 1939 - 40 Washington[215][216][217]
- 1940 - 41 Washington[218][219][220][221][222][223]
- 1941 - 42 Washington[221][224]
- 1942 - 46 not held[167]
- 1946 - 47 Utah[167][225][226][227]
- 1947 - 48 Middlebury[175][228][229][230][231]
Aspen, Colorado
- 1947 - 48 Western State (CO) §[168][171][232][233]
- 1948 - 49 Middlebury[169][170][234]
- 1949 - 50 Denver[232][235][236]
Post-Season National Championship
- 1950 Dartmouth (venue: Arapahoe Basin, Colorado)[173][174]
- 1951 Denver (venue: Mt. Hood, Oregon)[237][238][239]
- 1952 Denver (venue: Snow Basin, Utah)[240]
- 1953 Washington State (venue: Snow Basin, Utah)[241][242]
Soccer
During the periods 1926–35 and 1946–58, annual champions were selected by collegiate soccer associations based on regular season records. All are considered unofficial. For the period of 1936–45, each year's outstanding teams claim unofficial national championships. See also Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association.
The Soccer Bowl[243](played in 1950–52) attempted to settle the national championship on the field for the 1949, 1950 and 1951 seasons. The Soccer Bowl championship games were played in January,1950; December, 1950; and February, 1952, respectively.
- 1949 Penn State tied San Francisco, 2-2 (co-champs)
- 1950 Penn State def. Purdue, 3-1
- 1951 Temple def. San Francisco, 2-0
Tennis
1883–1945[244]
See Collegiate individual tennis champions
Tennis (indoor)
Intercollegiate Tennis Association (1973 – )
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Track and Field (indoor)
Amateur Athletic Union (1918)
Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1923–1964)[245]
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- 1 2 3 4 In 1943 and 1947, NYU also won the AAU national senior indoor track and field meet. Villanova did so in 1957, as did the University of Pennsylvania in 1918. These are the only occasions that a college team won this open AAU title prior to collegiate sponsorship of the sport by the NCAA.[246][247]
Track and Field (outdoor)
Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1876–1920)[47][249][250]
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* University of Chicago won the 1904 Olympic Games collegiate championship meet, defeating Princeton, Illinois, Michigan State and Colgate.[251]
† A contemporary source[252] states, as part of an "international athletic games" (similar to the Olympics) in Chicago on June 28—July 6, 1913, "The national intercollegiate track and field meet was won by the University of Michigan," with Southern California second and Chicago third.
Trampoline
Until 1969, men's trampoline was one of the events that comprised the NCAA gymnastics championships. At that time, the event was removed in order to conform to the international gymnastics itinerary. The NCAA continued to bestow a national title in trampoline for two years.[253][254][255]
- 1969 Michigan
- 1970 Michigan
Discontinued after 1970.
Volleyball
United States Volleyball Association (1949 – 69)[256]
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Molten Division III Men's Invitational Volleyball Championship Tournament (1997–2011)
This was a championship solely for NCAA Division III schools. It was discontinued after its 2011 edition when the NCAA announced it would organize an official Division III championship starting in 2012.
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Water polo
- 1913 Princeton 3, Illinois 1[257]
Wrestling
- 1921 Penn State def. Indiana, 32-14, and Iowa Agricultural College, 28-18, in post-season dual meets among conference champions.[34][258][259][260]
Women's teams
AIAW Champions in 16 NCAA Sports
See AIAW Champions for listings of pre-NCAA champions for most of the current NCAA women's sports.
Basketball
See DGWS/AIAW Basketball Champions (1969–1982)
The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) has since 1926 conducted United States championship tournaments for women's amateur teams. On 28 occasions, small college teams (all from the central U.S.) have won the AAU women's basketball championship:[261]
Bowling
United States Bowling Congress (formerly American Bowling Congress and Women's Intercollegiate Bowling Congress)[262][263]
Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion |
1975 Wichita State | 1984 Indiana State | 1993 William Paterson (NJ) | 2002 Morehead State | 2011 Maryland Eastern Shore[264] |
1976 San Jose State | 1985 West Texas State | 1994 Wichita State | 2003 Central Missouri State | 2012 Webber International (Florida)[265] |
1977 Wichita State | 1986 Wichita State | 1995 Nebraska | 2004 Pikeville (Kentucky) | 2013 Maryland Eastern Shore[266] |
1978 Wichita State | 1987 West Texas State | 1996 West Texas State | 2005 Wichita State | 2014 Robert Morris-Illinois[267] |
1979 Penn State | 1988 West Texas State | 1997 Nebraska | 2006 Lindenwood (Missouri) | 2015 North Carolina A&T |
1980 Erie Community College (NY) | 1989 Morehead State (Kentucky) | 1998 Morehead State | 2007 Wichita State | 2016 Webber International |
1981 Arizona State | 1990 Wichita State | 1999 Nebraska | 2008 Pikeville | 2017 |
1982 Erie Community College | 1991 Nebraska | 2000 Morehead State | 2009 Wichita State | 2018 |
1983 West Texas State | 1992 West Texas State | 2001 Nebraska | 2010 Webber International (Florida) | 2019 |
The NCAA from 2004 has sponsored a women's team championship, apart from the USBC national championships. There were 64 schools in all divisions participating in NCAA bowling as of April, 2015.
Fencing
Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (1929 – 63)
National Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (1964 – 79)[268]
Until 1974, schools from the states of New York and New Jersey won every foil team title.
Year | Foil Team | Year | Foil Team | Year | Foil Team |
1929 | New York University | 1946 | Hunter College | 1963 | Fairleigh Dickinson |
1930 | New York University | 1947 | Hunter College | 1964 | Paterson State College |
1931 | New York University | 1948 | Hunter College | 1965 | Paterson State College |
1932 | New York University | 1949 | New York University | 1966 | Paterson State College |
1933 | New York University | 1950 | New York University | 1967 | Cornell |
1934 | Brooklyn College | 1951 | New York University | 1968 | Cornell |
1935 | Hunter College | 1952 | Hunter College | 1969 | Cornell |
1936 | Hunter College | 1953 | Hunter College | 1970 | Hunter College |
1937 | Hunter College | 1954 | Elmira College | 1971 | New York University |
1938 | New York University | 1955 | Rochester Institute of Technology | 1972 | Cornell |
1939 | Hofstra University | 1956 | Paterson State College | 1973 | Cornell |
1940 | Hunter College | 1957 | Rochester Institute of Technology | 1974 | California State-Fullerton |
1941 | Brooklyn College | 1958 | Paterson State College | 1975 | San Jose State |
1942 | Jersey City State College | 1959 | Paterson State College | 1976 | San Jose State |
1943 | Jersey City State College | 1960 | Fairleigh Dickinson | 1977 | San Jose State |
1944 | Hunter College | 1961 | Paterson State College | 1978 | San Jose State |
1945 | Brooklyn College | 1962 | Paterson State College | 1979 | San Jose State |
AIAW 1980 – 82 (3 years). NCAA 1982 – 89 (8 years). NCAA (Coed) from 1990.
Ice hockey
American Women's College Hockey Alliance
Year and Champion |
---|
1998 New Hampshire |
1999 Harvard |
2000 Minnesota |
Rifle
National Rifle Association
Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | ||
192? | 1928 George Washington[269] | 1934 Washington[63] | ||
1923 Washington[162] | 1929 ? | 1935 Carnegie Institute of Tech.[64][270] | ||
1924 Washington[162] | 1930 ? | 1936 Carnegie Institute of Tech.[270] | ||
1925 Washington[54] | 1931 ? | 1937 Carnegie Institute of Tech.[270] | ||
1926 ? | 1932 Maryland[61] | 1938 - 53 ? | ||
1927 George Washington[269][271] | 1933 Washington[62] | 1954 Monmouth[272] | ||
Pre-NCAA Coed Rifle: see above
Rowing
The National Women's Rowing Association (NWRA) sponsored an annual open eights national championship from 1971–1979, among college and non-college teams. (There were no eights before 1971.) During this period, only in 1973 and 1975 did a college team win the national eights championship outright. According to US Rowing Association, contemporary news reports in 1976 and 1977 do not mention a national collegiate title.[273] Beginning in 1980, the NWRA sponsored the Women's Collegiate National Championship, including varsity eights. In 1986 the NWRA dissolved after recognizing US Rowing's assuming of responsibility as the national governing body for women's rowing.
NWRA Open National Championship, Eights top college finishers, 1971–1979 (champion in parentheses) :
- 1971 Washington (first place - Vesper Boat Club)
- 1972 Washington (first place - College Boat Club)
- 1973 Radcliffe College (NWRA open champion)
- 1974 Radcliffe College (first place - Vesper Boat Club)
- 1975 Wisconsin (NWRA open champion)[274]
- 1976 Wisconsin (first place - College Boat Club)
- 1977 Wisconsin (first place - Vesper Boat Club)
- 1978 Wisconsin (first place - Burnaby Boat Club)
- 1979 Yale (first place - Burnaby Boat Club)[275]
NWRA / US Rowing Women's Collegiate National Championship, Varsity eights :
Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | |||
1980 California[276][277] | 1985 Washington | 1989 Cornell | 1993 Princeton | |||
1981 Washington | 1986 Wisconsin | 1990 Princeton | 1994 Princeton | |||
1982 Washington * | 1987 Washington | 1991 Boston University | 1995 Princeton | |||
1983 Washington | 1988 Washington | 1992 Boston University | 1996 Brown | |||
1984 Washington | ||||||
* simultaneous AIAW championship, the only one conducted
Followed by NCAA from 1997, in which women currently compete in a Varsity 8, a Second Varsity 8, and a Varsity Four.
Beach Volleyball
American Volleyball Coaches Association, Collegiate Nationals
Year | Champion |
2006 | multi-school pair |
2007 | Nebraska (two-person team) |
2008 | Texas (four pairs per team) |
2009 | USC (four pairs per team) |
2010 | Loyola Marymount (two-person team) |
2011 | multi-school pair |
2012 | Pepperdine |
2013 | Long Beach State |
2014 | Pepperdine |
2015 | USC |
Tennis, indoor
Intercollegiate Tennis Association
Year | Champion | Year | Champion | Year | Champion | ||
1988 | Florida | 1999 | Florida | 2010 | Northwestern | ||
1989 | Stanford | 2000 | Stanford | 2011 | Stanford | ||
1990 | Stanford | 2001 | Stanford | 2012 | UCLA | ||
1991 | Florida | 2002 | Georgia | 2013 | North Carolina | ||
1992 | Florida | 2003 | Duke | 2014 | Duke | ||
1993 | Stanford | 2004 | Stanford | 2015 | North Carolina | ||
1994 | Georgia | 2005 | Stanford | ||||
1995 | Georgia | 2006 | Stanford | ||||
1996 | Florida | 2007 | Georgia Tech | ||||
1997 | Florida | 2008 | Georgia Tech | ||||
1998 | Stanford | 2009 | Northwestern | ||||
Track & Field (outdoor)
Women's National Collegiate and Scholastic Track Association
Telegraphic meets conducted during specified dates each May
Year | Champion[278]:52, 56–58 |
1922 | ? |
1923 | Winthrop College |
1924 | Iowa |
1925 | Winthrop College |
1926 | Humboldt State College |
1927 | ? |
Amateur Athletic Union
The AAU conducted senior women's national track and field championships for all athletes, both indoors and outdoors, beginning in the 1920s. Two college teams won numerous championships in each sport against other clubs from throughout the country.
Tuskegee Institute won the AAU national title 14 times in 1937–1942 and 1944–1951. Tennessee State won national outdoors 13 times in 1955–1960, 1962, 1963, 1965–1967, 1969 and 1978.[278]
Track & Field (indoor)
Amateur Athletic Union
Tuskegee Institute won the AAU national indoor championships four times in 1941, 1945, 1946 and 1948. Tennessee State won the national title 14 times in 1956–1960, 1962, 1965–1969 and 1978–1980.[278]
Water polo
USA Water Polo[279]
Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion |
1984 UC Davis | 1990 UC San Diego | 1996 UCLA |
1985 Stanford | 1991 UC San Diego | 1997 UCLA |
1986 UC San Diego | 1992 UC San Diego | 1998 UCLA |
1987 UC Santa Barbara | 1993 UC Davis | 1999 USC |
1988 UC Davis | 1994 UC San Diego | 2000 UCLA |
1989 UC Santa Barbara | 1995 Slippery Rock (PA) | |
Champions of collegiate athletic organizations
NCAA champions
NAIA champions
NJCAA champions
USCAA champions
ACCA champions
Other sports
References
- ↑ "Monthly Record". Outing, an Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Sport, Travel and Recreation. XXII. September 1893. pp. 115–116. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "Will See The Opening Game". Chicago Tribune. June 24, 1893. p. 6. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ↑ "Baseball Notes". New York Times. February 13, 1893. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- ↑ "1904 Olympic Gold Medal". Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ↑ McCallum, Jack (November 29, 1999). "Could Be the Start of Something Big". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ↑ Harmon, W.H. (1904). "What Happened at St. Louis". Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ↑ Cammett, Tom. "Going for the Gold: Hiram's Glory". Hiram Magazine. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ↑ "Terriers World Champions". St. Louis Dispatch. July 13, 1905 [sic]. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ↑ Burcham, Dave (Aug 15, 2004). "Basketball Anniversary has Local Tie". Warren Tribune Chronicle. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ↑ Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide 1908-9. September 1908. pp. 27, 45. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "Athletics". The Chicago Alumni Magazine 2. April 1908. pp. 45, 89, 94–95. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "AAU Men's National Champions". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ 2009-10 Penn Men's Basketball Media Guide (PDF). p. 93. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "Wesleyan and Wabash Fives to Open Tourney". Chicago Tribune. March 9, 1922. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ↑ "Wabash Wins Easily". New York Times. March 10, 1922. p. 12. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "Wabash Takes Title". New York Times. March 12, 1922. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "Kalamazoo College Basketball, Men's Basketball All-Time Scores". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ Wabash College Basketball 2008-09 Media Guide (PDF). p. 40. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "The Caduceus of Kappa Sigma". XXXVII. Kappa Sigma Fraternity. April 1922: 521. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "The Phi Gamma Delta" XLIV. Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity. May 1922: 663, 761. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "Wabash Hoops: The Wonder Fives; The Early Champions". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ Scott, Jon. "History of the Early S.I.A.A. Atlanta Basketball Tournament". Retrieved 2015-12-14.
- ↑ "Tourney for Colleges". New York Times. January 24, 1922. p. 12. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "Hall of Famers: Charles D. "Chuck" Hyatt". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. 2009. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ↑ "Temple Owls". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "NCAA Tournament History". "The tournament now determines the national champion, but that wasn't always the case. Until the 1950's, the NIT was just as big a tournament as the NCAA, and teams often chose to enter the NIT and bypass the NCAA tourney.". Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ↑ Davies, Richard O. (2007). "Sports in American Life: A History." Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. p. 155. ISBN 9781405106474. "In 1938, [Ned] Irish invited 16 teams to compete in a new tournament that he called the National Invitation Tournament ..., and it would be the premiere college basketball event for more than a decade. The following year, the NCAA responded by creating its own tournament, but it did not surpass the NIT as the premier postseason tournament until the 1950s."
- ↑ Augustyn, Adam, ed. (2011). "The Britannica Guide to Basketball." Rosen Education Service. p. 17. ISBN 1615305289. "New York City basketball writers organized the first National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 1938, but a year later the New York City colleges took control of the event. Until the early 1950s, the NIT was considered the most prestigious U.S. tournament ..."
- ↑ Roth, John (2006). "The Encyclopedia of Duke Basketball." Duke University Press. p. 272. "During its early years the [NCAA] tourney was overshadowed by the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in New York."
- ↑ Glickman, Marty (1999). "The Fastest Kid on the Block: The Marty Glickman Story." Syracuse University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0815605749. "The first big tournament I covered was the 1946 National Invitation Tournament, the NIT, at Madison Square Garden. It, not the NCAA, was the big college basketball tournament in those days. Later the NCAA flexed its muscles to dominate college basketball, and the NIT became little more than an also-ran tourney. In its time, though, the NIT was enormous."
- ↑ McPhee, John (1999). "A Sense of Where You Are: Bill Bradley at Princeton." Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 114-115. ISBN 0374526893. "In the 1940's, when the N.C.A.A. tournament was less than 10 years old, the National Invitation Tournament ... was the most glamorous of the post-season tournaments and generally had the better teams. The winner of the National Invitation Tournament was regarded as more of a national champion than the actual, titular, national champion, or winner of the N.C.A.A. tournament."
- ↑ "2008 NCAA Basketball Records Book" (PDF). NCAA. p. 256. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
- ↑ ESPN Books, ed. (2009). ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 564. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- 1 2 "Penn State Has Won 66 National Team Championships". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "COLLEGE RING TITLE WON BY PENN STATE; Victors Take Four Firsts and One Second in Boxing League's First Tourney.". New York Times. March 23, 1924. p. S1. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "NAVY BOXERS WIN; CAPTURE 4 TITLES; Take Intercollegiate Tourney". New York Times. March 29, 1925. p. S1. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ↑ "Navy Boxers Retain Intercollegiate Title". Reading Eagle. March 28, 1926. p. 19. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "PENN STATE BOXERS WIN COLLEGE TITLE; Score 22 Points to Navy's 21, Midshipmen Losing Chance by Dropping Extra Bout. EACH GAINS THREE CROWNS Flynn, M.I.T. 160-Pounder, Beaten by Wolff in Final, Later Prevents Navy Victory". New York Times. March 27, 1927. p. S5. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ↑ "NAVY WINS CROWN IN COLLEGE BOXING; Tallies 19 Points, One More Than Penn State, to Capture Team Championship. WOLFF STOPS MAZZOTTE Defends 160-Pound Title, Scoring Knockout in Third--Grant Victor in Extra Round. Grant Wins Title. Levy Collapses at Finish.". New York Times. March 18, 1928. p. 163. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "PENN STATE BOXERS WIN COLLEGE TITLE; Win 3 Finals for 23 Points as Navy, Second, Gets 13-- Western Maryland 11. WOLFF AGAIN WINS CROWN Penn State Boxer Takes 160 Pound Title 3d Year in Row Only Champion to Survive. EPSTEIN OUTPOINTS FRY Penn State 115-Pounder Scores With Left--Hamas Beats Livoti to Regain Heavyweight Title. Penn State Gets 23 Points. Epstein Is Victor. Fish Defeats Davis.". New York Times. March 24, 1929. p. 177. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Minister's Son One of Winners in College Ring". Lewiston Daily Sun. March 24, 1930. p. 6. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ↑ "Penn State Boxers Win Second Straight Intercollegiate Title". Hartford Courant. March 23, 1930. p. C3. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ↑ Nichols, Joseph C. (March 22, 1931). "NAVY'S BOXING TEAM WINS COLLEGE CROWN; Crinkley's Victory in Final Bout Gives Middies Title With Twenty Points. WESTERN MARYLAND SECOND Penn State, Defending Champion, Ties for Third With Syracuse Ringmen. Heavyweight Bout Decisive. BOXING TITLE WON BY NAVAL ACADEMY Drops Rival With Right. M.I.T. Cantain Victor.". New York Times. p. S1. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ↑ "NCAA Discontinued Championships" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ↑ "Annual Report of Advisory Council on Athletics". The Technology Review 23. January 1921. p. 360. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- 1 2 Official Souvenir Volume, Forty-first Annual Field Meeting, Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America, Held at Soldiers' Field, Cambridge, Mass., May 26 and May 27, 1916. pp. 88, 109–110. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
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- 1 2 "United States Sporting Champions, 1918". The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1918. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
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- 1 2 3 "United States Sports Champions for the Year 1928". The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1928. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
- 1 2 3 4 "United States Champions for the Year 1929". The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1929. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "United States Champions for the Year 1930". The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1930. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "United States Sporting Champions for 1932". The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1932. p. 4. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
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- ↑ "Good Fencing Bouts". New York Times. April 12, 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ "COLUMBIA FENCING TEAM WINS.; Harvard Loses After Victory for Four Successive Years.". New York Times. April 3, 1898. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ↑ The Daily news almanac and political register for 1929. Chicago Daily News Co. 1929. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ↑ "INTERCOLLEGIATE FENCING; Harvard the Winner in a Well-Contested Tournament. Naval Cadets a Point Behind the Leaders and a Point Ahead of Cornell -- Columbia Ranks Fourth.". New York Times. April 2, 1900. p. 5. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ↑ "College Fencing Meet". New York Times. March 22, 1903. p. 16. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ United States. War Dept. (1904). Annual report of the Secretary of War for fiscal year ended June 30, 1904, Volume 12. p. 253.
- ↑ The World almanac and encyclopedia (1905). Press Publishing Co. p. 263. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ The World almanac and encyclopedia (1906). Press Publishing Co. p. 271. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ "WEST POINT FENCERS LEAD; Harvard Second and Annapolis Third in Intercollegiate Meet.". New York Times. March 18, 1906. p. 13. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ West Point Sports. Army & Navy Life and the United Service 10. April 1907. p. 408. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ Edward Rogers Bushnell (1909). The History of Athletics at the University of Pennsylvania, Vol II, 1896-97–1907-08. John C. Winton Co. p. 153. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ Brooklyn daily eagle almanac (1909). Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 541. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ "Navy Fencers Congratulated.". New York Times. April 1, 1910. p. 9. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ "CORNELL FENCERS FIRST ALL AROUND; Win Intercollegiate Tournament and Roos Takes Individual Honors.". New York Times. April 2, 1911. p. C5. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ "ANNAPOLIS WINS FENCING TITLE; YALE IS SECOND Louis Mouquin, Captain of Columbia University Team, Takes the Individual Honors". Christian Science Monitor. April 24, 1916. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ The Chicago Daily news almanac and yearbook for 1924. Chicago Daily News Co. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ↑ The Daily news almanac and political register for 1929. Chicago Daily News Co. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ↑ "HARVARD'S FENCERS WIN COLLEGE TITLE; Capture Foils Team Championship in Final Round, Winning 17 of 27 Bouts.". New York Times. April 14, 1923. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Army, by taking first in the sabres and epee events and fourth in the foils, won the new three weapon trophy offered this year by the Intercollegiate Fencing Association for all-around efficiency.
- ↑ The New international yearbook for 1925. Dodd, Mead and Co. p. 233. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ↑ "Navy Fencing Team Holds Slight Edge". Palm Beach Post. March 31, 1940. p. 2C. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- 1 2 3 "United States Champions for the Year 1938". The Christian Science Monitor. Jan 5, 1939. p. 12. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
- ↑ "Intercollegiate Fencing Event Starts Today". Hartford Courant. March 28, 1941. p. 17. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ Daley, Arthur (March 30, 1941). "N.Y.U. AGAIN WINS 3-WEAPON HONORS AT FENCING MEET; Tauber Retains Epee Title as Violet Also Captures Team Epee and Foil Crowns STOKES OF NAVY A VICTOR Steinhardt, St. John's, First -Harvard and City College Share Saber Laurels ON A FENCING STRIP IN TITLE EVENT AT PRINCETON N.Y.U. TEAM KEEPS 3-WEAPON LAURELS". New York Times. p. S1. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ Childs, Kingsley (March 22, 1942). "3 TEAM TITLES GO TO N.Y.U. FENCERS; They Win 3-Weapon, Saber and Epee Crowns -- Columbia Is Victor in Foils Event 3 TEAM TITLES GO TO N.Y.U. FENCERS". New York Times. p. S1. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- ↑ Rendel, John (March 21, 1943). "NAVY FENCERS WIN 3-WEAPON HONORS; Cox Leads Team to Its Third Title of Tourney -- N.Y.U. Annexes Foils Trophy VICTORIOUS NAVY FENCERS WITH THE THREE-WEAPON TROPHY Navy Wins Three-Weapon Title, Dethroning N.Y.U. Fencing Team". New York Times. p. 43. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- 1 2 2011 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis, IN: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. August 2011. pp. 70–75. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ↑ Hooper, Matt (2009-10-10). Noel, Tex, ed. "How many national titles can Alabama really lay claim to? Better yet, why is there more than one answer? (republished with permission from the Birmingham Weekly)". The College Football Historian (Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association) 2 (9). ISSN 2326-3628. External link in
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(help) - ↑ Frank Moore Colby, ed. (1900). The International year book: a compendium of the world's progress during the year 1899. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 394. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
In 1899 the first important intercollegiate gymnastic association meeting was held, the result being as follows: Horizontal bar, E. B. Turner, Princeton, and R. G. Clapp, Yale, tied, 12 points; side horse, F. J. Belcher, New York University, 10 5/6; parallel bars, R. G. Clapp, 12⅓; flying rings, R. G. Clapp, 11 1/6; club swinging, R. G. Clapp, 13½; tumbling, W. L. Otis, Yale, 10; all-around championship, R. G. Clapp, Yale, 7 5/6 points.
- ↑ "Columbia Wins the Contest. Defeats the Field in Gymnastics with Score of Twenty-Siv Points". New York Daily Tribune. March 24, 1900. p. 4. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ↑ "The Honors Go to Yale. The University Captures the Intercollegiate Gymnastic Events.". The Times (Washington, DC ). March 24, 1901. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ↑ Brooklyn daily eagle almanac 1903, Volume 18. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 124. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- ↑ "The alumni quarterly of the University of Illinois, Volume 5, No. 3". July 1911. p. 245. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ↑ "College Gymnasts' Annual Meeting". American gymnasia and athletic record, Volume 1, No. 5. January 1905. p. 167. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
With a view to bringing about a recognized national championship in collegiate gymnastics, Secretary T. H. Burch, Jr., of Columbia, was authorized to correspond with the Western Intercollegiate Gymnastic Association with the view of an affiliation, arranging for the Western champion team to meet the Eastern champion team in some city of the middle West, the winner of this competition to become known as the national champion. This course was heartily indorsed by all of the collegians present, and is one that has been the object of achievement for some years.
- ↑ "The Cap and Gown" XXII. University of Chicago. 1917: 300. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "Athletics". The University of Chicago Magazine 9 (7). May 1917. p. 307. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "CHICAGO GYMNASTS WIN.; Easy Victors in Annual Intercollegiate Title Event.". New York Times. March 31, 1917. p. 13. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ↑ "Navy Gymnasts Beat Chicago; Van Vactor Individual Star". New York Times. March 29, 1925. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
- ↑ Wingate, W Wilson (December 29, 1929). "Ideal Conditions Explain Navy Gymnasts' Success". Baltimore Sun. p. SS1. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ↑ "NAVY TURNS WEST FOR ATHLETIC FOES; Director McCandless Says Teams Have Trouble Arranging Dates With Eastern Rivals.". New York Times. April 12, 1926. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- 1 2 Scott, Bob (1976). Lacrosse Technique and Tradition. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2060-X.
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- ↑ "NAVY SHOOTERS WIN TITLE". Christian Science Monitor. May 19, 1924. p. Sports 1. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "College Rifle Tourney May 17". New York Times. Apr 28, 1924. p. 12.
- ↑ "NAVY RIFLE TEAM RETAINS ITS TITLE; First Team Scores 1,386 Points in the National Collegiate Championships.". New York Times. May 17, 1925. p. S6. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "NAVY HOST TO RIFLE MATCH". Christian Science Monitor. Apr 14, 1926. p. Sports 1. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "George Washington Wins Rifle Tourney; Takes Shoulder-to-Shoulder Team Title in Field-of Nine Contestants". Christian Science Monitor. Apr 18, 1927. p. Sports 1. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "GEORGE WASHINGTON WINS ANNUAL SHOOT; Fourth National Intercollegiate Match Goes to Capital Marksmen With 1,394.". New York Times. Apr 17, 1927. p. S2. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "COLLEGE RIFLE TITLE TAKEN BY NAVY TEAM; Middies and Five Other …". New York Times. Apr 1, 1934. p. S3. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Tech Rifle Shooters Win National Toga". Pittsburgh Press. Apr 5, 1936. p. Sports-4.
- ↑ "… NAVY TEAM TALLIES 1,364 Titleholders Top 12 Rivals in Small-Bore Rifle Test at Annapolis.". New York Times. Apr 5, 1936. p. S4. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "IOWA SWEEPS RIFLE MEET; Wins Team and Individual High in National Intercollegiate Event". New York Times. Jun 12, 1946. p. Sports 20.
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- ↑ "WEST VIRGINIA TO MEET HARVARD". Christian Science Monitor. Apr 22, 1913. p. Sports 1. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Rifle Title Goes to West Virginia". San Francisco Call. May 7, 1913. p. 11. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
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- ↑ "Perfect Scores on Range.; Three Teams Score 1,000 in Intercollegiate Rifle Match". New York Times. Jan 30, 1916. p. S3. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- ↑ "Penn wins rifle shooting contest". New York Tribune. May 24, 1919. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Rifle Team Wins Championship". The Pennsylvania Gazette ...: Weekly Magazine of the University of Pennsylvania 17. May 23, 1919. pp. 797–798. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "NORWICH CAPTURES SHOOT.; Wins Intercollegiate Rifle Championship …". New York Times. May 7, 1920. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "NORWICH MARKSMEN IN SEARCH OF NEW HONORS". Boston Daily Globe. Jan 6, 1922. p. 19. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Rifle Shooting in Colleges". Eugene Register-Guard. Nov 25, 1922. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "COLLEGE MEN IN BIG RIFLE SHOOT; March 15 to 27 Set as Time for the Annual Competition on Local Targets.". New York Times. Jan 31, 1909. p. S3. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Sports at Columbia". New York Tribune. Feb 19, 1909. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Colleges Begin Firing, Intercollegiate Match for Rifle Championship Starts Today". Norfolk (Neb.) Weekly News-Journal. Mar 3, 1909. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "COLUMBIA TEAM SECOND; State College of Washington Wins First Honors in National Shooting.". New York Times. Apr 10, 1909. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "SHOOT FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE PRIZE. Nearly a Score of Colleges Will Take Part in Gallery Championship.". New York Tribune. Mar 14, 1909. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "ODDS AND ENDS OF SPORT". New York Times. Mar 16, 1909. p. 7. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ Michigan State Board of Agriculture (July 1, 1909). 48th Annual Report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan. p. 91. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "G W U MAKES BID FOR RIFLE HONORS, Crack Shots Will Try for Intercollegiate Championship This Winter.". Washington Times. Oct 16, 1908. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Amherst Aggies Won Rifle Shoot". The Day (New London, CT). Apr 8, 1910. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- 1 2 "Massachusetts Wins Rifle Shoot". The Ogden Standard. Apr 8, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Georgetown's Rifle Team Is Intercollegiate Winner". New York Times. Mar 11, 1923. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "GEORGE WASHINGTON WINS.; Captures Intercollegiate Rifle Team Gallery Championship.". New York Times. Mar 30, 1924. p. S1. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "NORWICH WINS RIFLE TITLE.; Gains Seventh Straight League Victory". New York Times. Mar 29, 1927. p. Sports 20. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "NORWICH WINS IN SECTION A, MISSOURI IN SECTION B". Christian Science Monitor. Apr 29, 1927. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Norwich Riflemen Score.". New York Times. May 3, 1927. p. Sports 33. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "WASHINGTON WINS FOUR RIFLE TITLES". Christian Science Monitor. May 20, 1932. p. Sports 4. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- 1 2 "Cougar Shooters Busy". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Mar 17, 1934. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "Ripon Rifle Champs Receive Hearst Trophy". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 24, 1955. p. 7.
- 1 2 3 "COLLEGE SHOOT PROVED FROST". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Jul 6, 1908. p. 7. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Intercollegiate Shoot on June 19. Rifle Match for Championship to be Decided at Sea Girt – George Washington Holder". New York Tribune. May 23, 1909. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- 1 2 3 "G.W.U. LOSES TROPHY Rifle Championship Won by Massachusetts College". Washington Herald. Jun 19, 1910. p. Sporting 3. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "RECORD SHOOTING SCORE. Massachusetts Agricultural College Wins First in Collegiate Rifle Tournament.". Boston Daily Globe. Jun 22, 1913. p. 9. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ Brooklyn daily eagle almanac 1915. p. 575. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ↑ "TECH RIFLE TEAM WINS CHAMPIONSHIP. Best in the Country in the College Division. Score of 838 Out of 900 Convincing Testimony of Preparedeness.". Boston Daily Globe. Nov 2, 1915. p. 7. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "NORWICH UNIVERSITY WINS RIFLE TOURNEY". Hartford Courant. Jun 28, 1916. p. 19. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year-book for 1917, Volume 33. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ "TITLE SHOOT POSTPONED.; NRA Rifle Championship Not to Start Until Aug. 27.". New York Times. Jun 24, 1921. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "NAVY WINS ANOTHER TITLE.; Takes All Three Places in Intercollegiate Rifle Match.". New York Times. Sep 30, 1921. p. Sports 21. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "SUDS IN BAD SHAPE". Los Angeles Times. Apr 8, 1921. p. III 1. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ↑ "UNDERWOOD'S CLOUTS TRIP UP DARTMOUTH". Boston Daily Globe. Apr 8, 1921. p. 17. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- 1 2 3 "More than 100 Colleges Now have Rifle Teams". Maryland Conservationist 2 (4). 1924. p. 16. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- 1 2 "THE NORTH; Holiday Week Races At Lake Placid FRANCONIA SKI TESTS PLANS AT SUN VALLEY". New York Times. December 18, 1938. p. Travel 168. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- 1 2 "Ice Carnival in San Francisco; Barbara Ann Gingg Coast Star". Christian Science Monitor. December 28, 1938. p. Sports 7. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- 1 2 "DARTMOUTH'S TEAM SWEEPS SKIING MEET; Adds Downhill Victory to Other Triumphs Against Washington at Sun Valley". New York Times. January 2, 1938. p. Sports 66. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- 1 2 "Dartmouth Skiers Swamp Washington U". The Deseret News. January 3, 1938. p. 11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- 1 2 3 Elkins, Frank (December 8, 1946). "OLYMPIC TRYOUTS FEATURE SKI SEASON; Snow Planes Will Carry The Winter-Sport Fan To Distant Slopes". New York Times. p. Winter 241. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- 1 2 "Spokane Scene of College Ski". The (Spokane) Spokesman-Review. November 27, 1947. p. 13. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- 1 2 "Nation's Colleges Set at Aspen for Ski Tourney". The Deseret News. December 27, 1948. p. B-2. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- 1 2 "SKI TITLE TO MIDDLEBURY; Vermont College Takes 4-Way Meet -- Perry-Smith Victor". New York Times. December 31, 1948. p. Sports 20. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- 1 2 "DENVER SKIERS TAKE LEAD; Western State College Second in Two-Day Meet at Aspen". New York Times. December 28, 1947. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ↑ "Indians En Route To Aspen For National Ski Title Meet". The Deseret News. December 25, 1948. p. B2. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- 1 2 "DARTMOUTH SKI TEAM CAPTURES NATIONAL MEET". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 3, 1950. p. C2. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- 1 2 "NCAA Should get into Ski Sports". Lewiston Evening Journal. March 30, 1950. p. 25. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- 1 2 "Heavy Schedule of Competitive Events Awaits Winter Sports Enthusiasts". New York Times. December 7, 1947. p. Travel 339. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ↑ "United States College Meet Attracts Large Ottawa Entry". Ottawa Citizen. Dec 26, 1933. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "WINTER CARNIVAL TODAY.; Nine Colleges to Compete for Harding Cup at Lake Placid.". New York Times. December 31, 1923. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- 1 2 3 "Lake Placid Meet Opens Wednesday. 14 Colleges in Canada and U.S. to Compete in Winter Sports Events.". The Montreal Gazette. Dec 26, 1932. p. 11. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
Dartmouth has won the Harding Trophy five of the 11 years the competition has been staged.
- ↑ "Williams Outing Club". Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "WILLIAMS IS WINNER OF HARDING TROPHY; Captures Winter Sports Feature of College Week at Lake Placid With 30 Points". New York Times. January 2, 1925. p. 11. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "WISCONSIN GETS TIE FOR HARDING TROPHY; Takes Ski Jumping in Lake Placid Sports, Evening New Hampshire Score. FINAL OF 7 EVENTS DECIDES Victory of Dahl in Leap Also Helps to Win Foch and Team Prize for Mid-Westerners". New York Times. January 2, 1926. p. 17. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "HARDING PRIZE WON BY NEW HAMPSHIRE; Pederson of Victors Takes Foch Trophy at Lake Placid Winter Sports Carnival. LEAPS 122 AND 132 FEET Ski Performances Break Tie With Dartmouth -- The Green Again Beats Williams Six". New York Times. January 1, 1927. p. Sports 16. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ↑ "Wisconsin adds permanent unit to annual card". The Daily Illini. Jan 11, 1928. p. 9.
- ↑ "HARDING TROPHY TO NEW HAMPSHIRE; Beats McGill by Three Points When Pederson Is Victor in Ski Jumping Event. WINS WITH 158-FOOT LEAP Intercollegiate Champion Captures Foch Trophy--Williams Takes Hockey Series.". New York Times. January 2, 1929. p. 36. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- 1 2 "DARTMOUTH WINS HARDING TROPHY; Clinches Honors at Lake Placid Second Year in Row--Leads McGill by 23 Points. SHEA STARS AT SKATING Captures the 440 and Two-Mile Events--Wakefield Triumphs in Figure Skating. Dartmouth Star Shines. Perley Leads Blood.". New York Times. January 1, 1931. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "HARDING TROPHY TO NEW HAMPSHIRE; Winter Sports Team Victor at Lake Placid Club With 29 Points -- Dartmouth Next. BLOOD WINS FOCH AWARD His Impressive Triumph in Ski-Jumping Event Boosts Total of the Winners.". New York Times. January 3, 1932. p. S1. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "New Hampshire wins Annual Winter Card". The Palm Beach Post. Jan 3, 1933. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "14 COLLEGE TEAMS ENTER WINTER MEET; Annual Competition at Lake Placid Club to Get Under Way on Wednesday.". New York Times. December 25, 1932. p. S2. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ Elkins, Frank (January 2, 1935). "President Harding Trophy Is Retained by Dartmouth as Ski Tourney Ends; DARTMOUTH TEAM KEEPS SKI LAURELS Finishes With 552.7 Points at Lake Placid -- McGill Is Runner-Up With 492.4. CHIVERS AGAIN THE STAR Wins the Foch Trophy Jump -- LaFleur, Ottawa Ace, Is in Second Place.". New York Times. p. 19. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ "Upstate New York Winter Sports Card Starts, Lake Placid". Lewiston Daily Sun. December 29, 1936. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
- ↑ Elkins, Frank (January 3, 1937). "Paul Bietila and Sorensen Show Fine Form To Triumph in Ski Jumping at Lake Placid; PAUL BIETILA WINS LAKE PLACID JUMP Looms as Olympic Hope Jumpers Show Courage Prizes for Each Team Miss Froman Named Queen". New York Times. p. Sports 73. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
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- 1 2 Elkins, Frank (January 1, 1945). "Stewart Is Cross-Country Victor As Dartmouth Keeps Skiing Lead; Norwegian Jack Takes Open Class Contest in Fast Time at the Lake Placid Meet-- Hovey-Hewitt Slalom Tie Announced". New York Times. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
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