List of prehistoric insects

Cordulagomphus, a dragonfly from the Cretaceous

Prehistoric insects are various groups of insects that lived before recorded history. Their study is the field of paleoentomology. Insects inhabited Earth since before the time of the dinosaurs. The earliest identifiable insect is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, estimated at 407 to 396 million years ago. Forms similar to many modern insects had already evolved before the dawning of the dinosaur and lived alongside them and beyond up to the present day. Like today, prehistoric insects were an important part of the food chain in their time.

The differences between modern and prehistoric varieties can be essential, and, like many other creatures of prehistory, the latter tended to be much larger than their contemporary equivalents. This size difference is thought to be due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels (allowing diffusion through spiracles over greater distances), higher temperatures (enhancing metabolism), and the absence of birds as key predators of insect life.^[1]

Since insects have chitin exoskeletons rather than mineralized bones, their burial processes differ compared to the fossils of much larger vertebrates such as dinosaurs. Many insect remains are found preserved in the hardened sap of ancient trees (amber).

A weevil caught in Baltic amber

Selected taxa

Incomplete list of prehistoric insects arranged by extinction date:

Devonian

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Rhyniognatha	Tillyard, 1928	Rhynie Chert	Scotland	oldest described insect

Carboniferous

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Meganeura	Brongniart, 1885	Europe	Europe	three described species
Bohemiatupus[2]	Prokop & Nel, 2010	Kladno Formation	Czech Republic	A griffenfly
Sinomeganeura[3]	Ren, Nel & Prokop, 2008	Tupo Formation	China	A griffenfly

Permian

• Palaeodictyopteroidea

Jurassic

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Formosibittacus[4]	Li, Ren & Shih, 2008	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A hangingfly
Jurahylobittacus[4]	Li, Ren & Shih, 2008	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A hangingfly
Mongolbittacus[5]	Petrulevicius, Huang & Ren, 2007	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A hangingfly
Ororaphidia[6]	Engel & Ren, 2008	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A snakefly

Cretaceous

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Afromyrma[7]	Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn, 2004		Botswana	A myrmicin ant
Afropone[7]	Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn, 2004		Botswana	A ponerin ant, 2 species
Alavaraphidia[8]	Pérez-de la Fuente, et al, 2012	Spanish amber	Spain	A snakefly	Alavaraphidia imperterrita
Amarantoraphidia[8]	Pérez-de la Fuente, et al, 2012	Spanish amber	Spain	A snakefly	Amarantoraphidia ventolina
Armaniidae	Dlussky, 1983	Asia and Africa		A family of "ant like wasps"
Astreptolabis[9]	Engel, 2011	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An earwig	Astreptolabis ethirosomatia
Burmomyrma[10]	Dlussky, 1996	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A possible aneuretin ant, one species	Burmomyrma rossi
Cantabroraphidia[8]	Pérez-de la Fuente, et al, 2010	Spanish amber	Spain	A snakefly	Cantabroraphidia marcanoi
Deinodryinus? aptianus[11]	Olmi, Rasnitsyn & Guglielmino, 2010	Khurilt rock unit	Mongolia	An earwig	Deinodryinus? aptianus
Ektatotricha[12]	Chatzimanolis et al, 2010	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A rove beetle
Haidomyrmex[13]	Dlussky, 1996	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A sphecomyrmin ant, three species	Haidomyrmex zigrasi
Haidomyrmodes[14]	Perrichot et al, 2008	Charentese amber	France	A sphecomyrmin ant	Haidomyrmodes mammuthus
Haidoterminus[15]	McKellar, Glasier, & Engel, 2013	Canadian amber	Canada	A sphecomyrmin ant	Haidoterminus cippus
Iberoraphidia[16]	Jepson, Ansorge & Jarzembowski, 2011	Serra del Montsec	Spain	A snakefly
Kachinus[12]	Chatzimanolis et al, 2010	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A rove beetle
Lebanoraphidia[17]	Bechly & Wolf-Schwenninger, 2011	Lebanese amber	Lebanon	A snakefly
Mesojassoides[18]	Oman, 1937	Fox Hills Formation	USA	A leafhopper
Nanoraphidia[19]	Engel, 2002	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A snakefly
Necroraphidia[8]	Pérez-de la Fuente, et al, 2010	Spanish amber	Spain	A snakefly	Necroraphidia arcuata
Plumalexius[20]	Brothers, 2011	New Jersey Amber	USA	A wasp of the extinct family Plumalexiidae	Plumalexius rasnitsyni
Principiala[21]	Makarkin & Menon, 2007	Crato Formation, Weald Clay	Brazil,  England	An Ithonidae lacewing.
Proraphidia[22]	Martynova, 1941	Europe & Asia		A Jurassic - Cretaceous snakefly genus; three species
Styporaphidia[8]	Engel & Ren, 2008	Europe & Asia		A Jurassic - Cretaceous snakefly genus; two species	Styporaphidia? hispanica
Toxolabis[23]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2014	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An earwig
Tytthodiplatys[9]	Engel, 2011	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An earwig	Tytthodiplatys mecynocercus
Undulopsychopsis[24]	Peng, Makarkin, Wang, & Ren, 2011	Yixian Formation	China	A silky lacewing	Undulopsychopsis alexi
Zigrasimecia[25]	Barden & Grimaldi, 2013	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A sphecomyrmin ant	Zigrasimecia tonsora
Zigrasolabis[23]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2014	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An earwig

Eocene

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Agroecomyrmex[26]	Wheeler, 1910	Baltic amber	Europe	An agroecomyrmecin ant	Agroecomyrmex duisburgi
Agulla protomaculata[27]	Engel, 2011	Green River Formation	USA	A snake fly
Ainigmapsychops[28]	Makarkin & Archibald, 2014	Klondike Mountain Formation	USA	A possible psychopsid lacewing	Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus
Allorapisma[29]	Makarkin & Archibald, 2009	Klondike Mountain Formation	USA	An Ithonidae moth lacewing	Allorapisma chuorum
Anonychomyrma constricta[30]	(Mayr, 1868)	Baltic amber	Europe	A dolichoderin ant	Anonychomyrma constricta
Anonychomyrma geinitzi[30]	(Mayr, 1868)	Baltic amber	Europe	A dolichoderin ant	Anonychomyrma geinitzi
Anonychomyrma samlandica[30]	(Wheeler, 1915)	Baltic amber	Europe	A dolichoderin ant	Anonychomyrma samlandica
Anthidium exhumatum[31]	Cockerell, 1906	Florissant Formation	USA	A mason bee
Anthidium scudderi[31]	Cockerell, 1906	Florissant Formation	USA	A mason bee
Aphaenogaster donisthorpei[32][32]	Carpenter, 1930	Florissant Formation	USA	A myrmicin ant
Aphaenogaster mayri[32]	Carpenter, 1930	Florissant Formation	USA	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster mayri
Aphaenogaster mersa[26]	Wheeler, 1915	Baltic amber	Europe	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster mersa
Aphaenogaster oligocenica[26]	Wheeler, 1915	Baltic amber	Europe	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster oligocenica
Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti[26]	Mayr, 1868	Baltic amber	Europe	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti
Archiinocellia[33]	Handlirsch, 1910	Horsefly beds	Canada	A snake fly	Archiinocellia oligoneura
Archimyrmex[34]	Cockerell, 1923	Green River Formation, Messel Pit, & Ventana Formation	Europe USA,  Argentina	A myrmeciine ant genus, four species described	Archimyrmex wedmannae
Archiponera[32]	Carpenter, 1930	Florissant Formation	USA	A ponerine ant
Arostropsis[35]	Yunakov & Kirejtshuk, 2011	Baltic Amber	Europe	A broad nosed weevil	Arostropsis groehni
Asymphylomyrmex	Wheeler, 1915	Baltic Amber	Europe	A dolichoderine ant.	Asymphylomyrmex balticus
Avitomyrmex[36]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006	McAbee Fossil Beds	Canada	A bulldog ant genus; three species known
Baltimartyria[37]	Skalski, 1995	Baltic amber	Europe	A metallic moth, two species	Baltimartyria rasnitsyni
Brevivulva[38]	Gibson, 2009	Baltic amber	Europe	A parasitic wasp	Brevivulva electroma
Carmenelectra[39]	Evenhuis, 2002	Baltic amber	Europe	A Mythicomyiidae fly
Deinodryinus areolatus[11]	(Ponomarenko, 1975)	Baltic Amber	Europe	A dryinid wasp	Deinodryinus areolatus
Deinodryinus velteni[11]	Guglielmino & Olmi, 2011	Baltic Amber	Europe	A dryinid wasp	Deinodryinus velteni
Denaeaspis[40]	Chaboo & Engel, 2009	Green River Formation	USA	A tortoise beetle
Dinokanaga[41]	Archibald, 2005	Canada and the United States	Canada  USA	A scorpion fly genus, six species	Dinokanaga andersoni
Dinopanorpa[41]	Cockerell, 1924	Khutsin Formation	Russia	A scorpion fly
Diochus electrus[42]	Chatzimanolis & Engel, 2011	Baltic amber	Europe	a rove beetle	Diochus electrus
Dominickus[43]	Tindale, 1985	Florissant Formation	USA	A butterfly-moth
Electrinocellia[44]	Engel, 1995	Baltic amber	Europe	A snake fly
Electrostephanus[45]	Brues, 1933	Baltic amber	Europe	A crown wasp, 4 species	Electrostephanus petiolatus
Elektrithone[46]	Makarkin, Wedmann, & Weiterschan, 2014	Baltic amber	Europe	An Ithonidae moth lacewing
Elephantomyia baltica[47]	Alexander, 1931	Baltic amber	Europe	A limoniid crane fly
Emiliana[48]	Shcherbakov, 2006	Green River Formation	USA	A plant-hopper
Epiborkhausenites[49]	Skalski, 1973	Baltic amber	Europe	A concealer moth
Eorpa[50]	Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood, 2013	Okanagan Highlands	Canada  USA	A scorpionfly	Eorpa elverumi
Eosacantha[40]	Chaboo & Engel, 2009	Green River Formation	USA	A tortoise beetle
Eriocampa tulameenensis[51]	Rice, 1968	Allenby Formation	Canada	A tenthredinid sawfly
Eulithomyrmex[32]	Carpenter, 1935	Florissant Formation	USA	An agroecomyrmecin ant
Fibla carpenteri[44]	Engel, 1995	Baltic amber	Europe	A snakefly
Formicium[52]	John O. Westwood, 1854	North America and Europe		A form genus of ants
Glisachaemus[53]	Szwedo, 2007	Baltic amber	Europe	A plant-hopper
Halictus? savenyei[54]	Engel & Archibald, 2003	Princeton Group	Canada	A sweat bee
Holcorpa[55]	Scudder, 1867	Florissant Formation McAbee fossil site	Canada  USA	A scorpionfly
Hydriomena? protrita[56]	Cockerell, 1922	Florissant Formation	USA	A geometrid moth	Hydriomena? protrita
Macabeemyrma[36]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006	McAbee Fossil Beds	Canada	A bulldog ant
Metanephrocerus[57]	Carpenter & Hull, 1939	Klondike Mountain Formation & Baltic amber	USA  Russia	A genus of pipunculids, 4 species	Metanephrocerus belgardeae
Metapelma archetypon[38]	Gibson, 2009	Baltic amber	Europe	A parasitic wasp	Metapelma archetypon
Microberotha[58]	Archibald & Makarkin, 2004	Hat Creek Amber	Canada	A lacewing
Myrmeciities[36]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006	Canada and the United States	Canada  USA	A bulldog ant form genus	Myrmeciities sp.
Nanotermes[27]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2011	Cambay Amber	India	A termite	Nanotermes isaacae
Neanaperiallus[38]	Gibson, 2009	Baltic amber	Europe	A parasitic wasp	Neanaperiallus masneri
Neoephemera antiqua[59]	Sinitchenkova, 1999	Klondike Mountain Formation	USA	A mayfly
Ordralfabetix[60]	Szwedo, 2011	Oise amber	France	A plant-hopper
Palaeovespa[61]	Cockerell, 1906	Baltic amber Florissant Formation	Europe  USA	A vespid wasp; seven described species	Palaeovespa florissantia
Pristomyrmex rasnitsyni[62]	Dlussky & Radchenko, 2011	Scandinavian amber	Denmark	An ant
Prodryas[63]	Scudder, 1878	Florissant Formation	USA	A butterfly	Prodryas persephone
Prostylotermes[27]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2011	Cambay Amber	India	A termite	Prostylotermes kamboja
Protostephanus[45]	Cockerell, 1906	Florissant Formation	USA	A crown wasp
Pseudosiobla campbelli[51]	Rice, 1968	Allenby Formation	Canada	A tenthredinid sawfly
Raphidia funerata[54]	Engel, 2003	Florissant Formation	USA	A snakefly
Tortrix? destructus[64]	Cockerell, 1917	Florissant Formation	USA	A tortricid moth
Tortrix? florissantana[65]	Cockerell, 1917	Florissant Formation	USA	A tortricid moth
Xylolaemus sakhnovi[66]	Alekseev & Lord, 2014	Baltic amber	Russia	A colydiin cylindrical bark beetle
Ypresiomyrma[36]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006	McAbee Fossil Beds Ølst and Fur Formations	Canada  Denmark	A bulldog ant genus	Ypresiomyrma rebekkae
Zophotermes [27]	Engel & Singh, 2011	Cambay Amber	India	A termite	Zophotermes ashoki

Oligocene

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Aphaenogaster longaeva[32]	Scudder, 1877	Fraser Formation?	Canada	myrmicin ant species, generic placement uncertain

Miocene

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Acanthognathus poinari[67]	Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A trap-jaw ant
Acanthostichus hispaniolicus[68]	De Andrade, 1998	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A doryline ant	Acanthostichus hispaniolicus
Acropyga glaesaria[69]	Lapolla, 2005	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	Oldest record of trophophoresy in ants	Acropyga glaesaria
Anochetus ambiguus[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus ambiguus
Anochetus brevidentatus[71]	MacKay, 1991	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant
Anochetus conisquamis[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus conisquamis
Anochetus dubius[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus dubius
Anochetus exstinctus[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus exstinctus
Anochetus intermedius[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus intermedius
Anochetus lucidus[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus lucidus
Anthophorula persephone[72]	Engel, 2012	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A bee
Aphaenogaster amphioceanica[73]	De Andrade, 1995	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster amphioceanica
Aphaenogaster avita[74]	Fujiyama, 1970	Chojabaru Formation	Japan	A myrmicin ant
Aphaenogaster praerelicta[73]	De Andrade, 1995	Mexican amber	Mexico	A myrmicin ant
Apterostigma electropilosum[75]	Schultz, 2007	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicin fungus farming ant
Apterostigma eowilsoni[75]	Schultz, 2007	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicin fungus farming ant
Attopsis longipennis[76]	Heer, 1849	Radoboj	Croatia	A formicine ant.
Augochlora leptoloba[77]	Engel, 1995	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee
Dicromantispa electromexicana[78]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2007	Mexican Amber	Mexico	A mantidfly
Dicromantispa moronei	Engel & Grimaldi, 2007	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A mantidfly
Dryinus grimaldii[79]	Olmi, 1995	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A dryinid wasp	Dryinus grimaldii
Dryinus rasnitsyni[79]	Olmi & Guglielmino, 2011	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A dryinid wasp
Eickwortapis[80]	Michener & Poinar, 1996	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee	Dryinus rasnitsyni
Electromyrmococcus[81]	Williams, 2001	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A mealybug; three described species
Electrotettix[82]	Heads, Thomas, & Wang, 2014	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A tetrigid grasshopper.	Electrotettix attenboroughi
Feroseta[83]	Poinar, 2006	Dominican Amber	Dominican Republic	A mantidfly
Hyptia deansi[84]	Henderickx, 2012	Mexican amber	Mexico	Late Oligocene - Early Miocene; An ensign wasp
Leptofoenus pittfieldae	Engel, 2009	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A pteromalid wasp	Leptofoenus pittfieldae
Lutzomyia adiketis[85]	Poinar, 2008	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A phlebotomid fly	Lutzomyia adiketis
Mastotermes electromexicus[86]	Krishna & Emerson, 1983	Mexican amber	Mexico	Late Oligocene - Early Miocene
Neocorynura electra[87]	Engel, 1995	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee
Nesagapostemon[88]	Engel, 2009	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee	Nesagapostemon moronei
Neurosymploca? oligocenica[89]	Fernández-Rubio & Nel, 2000	paleolake Céreste	France	A zygaenid moth
Oligochlora[90]	Engel, 1996	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee genus, six species	Oligochlora semirugosa
Parastylotermes[27]	Snyder & Emerson, 1949	North America, Europe, India		A termite genus; lived from the Eocene to the Miocene five described species	Parastylotermes krishnai
Pintomyia falcaorum[91]	Brazil & Andrade Filho, 2002	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A phlebotomin fly
Protosialis casca	Engel & Grimaldi, 2007	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	An alderfly
Syndesus ambericus[92]	Woodruff, 2009	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A stag beetle
Schwenckfeldina archoica[93]	Mohrig & Solórzano Kraemer, 2007	Mexican amber	Mexico	Late Oligocene - Early Miocene; A sciarid fly
Tainosia[94]	Szwedo, 2001	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A plant-hopper
Termitaradus avitinquilinus[88]	Grimaldi & Engel, 2008	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A termite bug
Termitaradus dominicanus[95]	Poinar, 2011	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A termite bug
Termitaradus mitnicki[88]	Engel, 2009	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A termite bug	Termitaradus mitnicki
Termitaradus protera[95]	Brongniart, 1885	Mexican amber	Mexico	Late Oligocene - Early Miocene; A termite bug
Triatoma dominicana[96]	Poinar, 2005	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	An assassin bug

See also

• Prehistoric life
• Prehistoric Lepidoptera

References

1. Giant prehistoric insects shrank to escape developing birds, Bloomberg News, 4 June 2012
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• David Penney & James E. Jepson (2014). Fossil Insects: An introduction to palaeoentomology. Siri Scientific Press. ISBN 978-0-9574530-6-7.
• David Grimaldi & Michael S. Engel (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-521-82149-5.
• Alex Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke (2002). History of Insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0026-X.

External links

• Insects in the Age of Reptiles
• Insect Fossils A timechart and evolutionary history
• International Palaeoentomological Society
• Palaeoentomology in Russia in both English and Russian