Croatian Democratic Union
Croatian Democratic Union Hrvatska demokratska zajednica | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President | Tomislav Karamarko |
| Secretary | Milijan Brkić |
| Founder | Franjo Tuđman |
| Founded | 17 June 1989 |
| Headquarters | Zagreb, Croatia |
| Youth wing | Youth of the Croatian Democratic Union |
| Membership (2013) | 210,000[1] |
| Ideology |
Conservatism[2] National conservatism Christian democracy[2] Pro-Europeanism |
| Political position |
Centre-right[3] to Right-wing[4][5][6] |
| National affiliation | Patriotic Coalition |
| European affiliation | European People's Party |
| International affiliation |
Centrist Democrat International, International Democrat Union |
| European Parliament group | European People's Party |
| Colours | Blue |
| Sabor |
50 / 151 |
| European Parliament |
4 / 11 |
| County Prefects |
11 / 21 |
| Mayors |
62 / 128 |
| Website | |
|
www | |
The Croatian Democratic Union (Croatian: Hrvatska demokratska zajednica [xř̩ʋaːtskaː demǒkratskaː zâjednit͡sa], commonly known under acronym HDZ) is a conservative political party and the main centre-right political party in Croatia. It is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Croatia, along with the centre-left Social Democratic Party (SDP). It is currently the largest party in the Sabor with 50 seats. HDZ ruled Croatia from 1990 to 2000 and, in coalition with junior partners, from 2003 to 2011. The party is a member of the European People's Party (EPP). HDZ was in favor of joining the European Union.
History
Origins
The HDZ was founded on 17 June 1989 by Croatian dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman. It was officially registered on 25 January 1990. The HDZ held its first convention on 24–25 February 1990, when Franjo Tuđman was elected its president. When the party was founded, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia just introduced a multi-party system in Croatia and scheduled elections for the Croatian Parliament.[7]
President Tuđman and other HDZ officials traveled abroad and gathered large financial contributions from Croatian expatriates. On the eve of the 1990 parliamentary elections, the ruling League of Communists of Croatia saw such tendencies within the HDZ as an opportunity to remain in power. At the beginning of democracy the communists called HDZ "the party of dangerous intentions". At the elections this proved to be miscalculation, because 41.9% of Croatian voters saw the chance to be free from communism and Yugoslavia, but also as the proper answer to Serb nationalism, embodied in part by Slobodan Milošević. The HDZ won a majority in the Croatian Parliament, and Croatia became one of the few countries of Eastern Europe where Communist single party rule was replaced by anti-Communist single party rule. May 30, 1990 - the day the HDZ formally took power - was later celebrated as Statehood Day, a public holiday in Croatia.
Tuđman presidency
The presidential elections followed in 1992 and Tuđman, who would remain as undisputed party leader until his death in 1999, was elected president.
The party ruled Croatia throughout the 1990s and under its leadership, Croatia became independent (1991), was internationally recognised (1992), and consolidated all of its pre-war territory (by 1998). During that period, the HDZ won both the 1992 and 1995 parliamentary elections.
As it strongly advocated Croatian independence, the HDZ was quite unpopular with the Serb minority, and others who preferred to see Croatia remain inside the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This was one of the factors contributing to the creation of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the subsequent armed conflict in neighbouring Bosnia-Herzegovina. The role of the HDZ in those events is matter of controversy, even in Croatia, where some tend to view HDZ policy in the early stages of the conflict as extremist and a contributing factor in the escalation of violence, while others (such as Marko Veselica's Croatian Democratic Party) see the HDZ as having appeased Serbia and the Yugoslav People's Army, and therefore, being responsible for Croatia being unprepared for defence.[8] However, the policies of Tuđman and the HDZ shifted according to the circumstances.
Transition to capitalism
The HDZ also began to lead Croatia toward political and economic transition from communism to capitalism. Notably, HDZ governments implemented privatization in the country, in a manner that critics consider sub-optimal, and at times possibly illegal, due to the selective nature of the nationalizations (see Croatian privatization controversy). According to the HDZ, this process proved a useful distraction from dealing with the baggage of post World War II communist nationalizations. In fact it was the HDZ in 1992 which enacted into law the right of corporations (the vast majority of which were under state ownership) the right to finally formally register themselves as the owners of nationalized property, thus completing their own version of a process of quasi-nationalization started by the communist regime after WWII, in different targeted areas for their own gain.
As a result of these, and other, schemes, that had been planned before the break-up of Yugoslavia, many "tycoons" emerged in a pattern of state-sponsored loans brokered with HDZ influence, with the purpose of dissolving state ownership. This model was widely abused, not only by the HDZ, but also by other political parties.
Not all of the nationalized property was dealt with in this way. The property of those who could lobby the HDZ, or who had substantial influence in Croatian politics, was returned without much delay, while others had to wait for justice. Property returned included possessions nationalized from the Catholic Church or from widely known individuals such as Gavrilović, the owner of a major meat-producing factory in Petrinja, south of Zagreb. Restitution for land seized during the break-up of Yugoslavia is still of great public concern.
HDZ after Tuđman's death
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All this, together with Tuđman's death in December 1999, had an impact on the 2000 parliamentary elections. Although the HDZ remained the largest single party, it was defeated by a left-centre coalition of six opposition parties and many saw the large turnout as a referendum against the HDZ, just as the 1990 elections had been seen as a referendum on Communism and Yugoslavia. This impression was underlined at the subsequent presidential election, when the HDZ candidate Mate Granić, heavily favoured to win, finished third and therefore failed to enter the second round of voting, won by Stipe Mesić.
In the period from 2000 and 2003, several businessmen who became tycoons under the initial HDZ rule were trialed and convicted for alleged abuses, though in general the privatization process implemented by the HDZ remained unaltered.
This period proved to be a low point for the HDZ and many thought that party could not recover. Those included Mate Granić, who, together with Vesna Škare-Ožbolt, left to form the centre-right Democratic Centre (DC).
The HDZ began to recover when the International Criminal Tribunal began to prosecute Croatian Army commanders, thus provoking a major backlash among the Croatian public. Popular discontent manifested itself in mass rallies as the public came to terms with the changes in the party and its policies. Although the HDZ, and its new leader Ivo Sanader, took part in those events and supported the protests, they gradually began to distance themselves from the more extreme rhetoric, becoming perceived as moderates. This tendency continued when the Croatian Social Liberal Party shifted rightwards, making Sanader's HDZ appear centrist in comparison. This process was completed in 2002 when Ivić Pašalić, leader of the HDZ hardliners and perceived to be associated with the worst excesses of Tuđman's era, challenged Sanader for the party leadership, accusing him of betraying Tuđman's nationalist legacy. At first it looked that Sanader would lose, but with the help of Branimir Glavaš and the tacit support of liberal sections of Croatian public opinion, he won at the party convention. Pašalić then left the HDZ to form the Croatian Bloc party.
This allowed Sanader to present the HDZ as a "reforming" party, one that would completely face what they had created, purged of some of the more controversial aspects of the Tuđman legacy, and to convince the public that returning the HDZ to power would not jeopardise democratic standards in Croatia. As such, the HDZ started to be perceived as a credible democratic alternative to the government of Ivica Račan, then plagued by the same indecision, inefficiency, corruption and factional struggles, though it was the tip of the iceberg with much more to come.
First Sanader government 2003–2008
At the legislative elections of November 2003, the party won 33.9% of the popular vote and 66 out of 151 seats. Although it failed to win a clear majority in the Croatian Parliament, even with the help of the allied DC and HSLS, it formed a government with the nominally left-wing Independent Democratic Serb Party and the Croatian Party of Pensioners.
With such a broad and diverse mandate, the Sanader-led government vigorously pursued policies that amounted to the implementation of the basic criteria for joining the European Union, such as the return of refugees to their homes, rebuilding houses damaged in the war, improving minority rights by including minority representatives in the government, cooperating with the ICTY, and continuing to consolidate the Croatian economy. Despite this, the EU's Council of Ministers postponed Croatia's membership negotiations with the union on the grounds of its non-cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia over the case of indicted general Ante Gotovina.
This setback brought an increase in Eurosceptic views among the Croatian public, which also affected support for the HDZ. Since accession to the EU was a key part of Sanader's reformist course, opposition to his leadership within and outside HDZ was on the rise. This opposition manifested itself at the 2005 local elections and the defection of Glavaš, who not only successfully challenged Sanader's authority but also managed to nominally deprive Sanader of his parliamentary majority.
Second Sanader government 2008–2009
Despite this defeat, the first Sanader led government was able to survive until the end of the legislature. The subsequent parliamentary election in late November 2007 saw the HDZ hard-pressed both by the SDP-led leftist coalition and by the extreme right wing Croatian Party of Rights and Croatian Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and Baranja.
During the electoral campaign a vigorous and sometimes ruthless reaction from the party and Sanader himself, together with some capital errors from SDP, convinced part of the far right electorate to support the HDZ in order to prevent what they perceived as the heirs of the former communist party to return to power.[9][10] The party won a majority of both seats and votes in the election, and the first session of the newly elected parliament was called for 11 January 2008. However, the SDP repeatedly refused to acknowledge defeat, claiming that they had the most votes if the Diaspora ballot was not taken into account. The HDZ gained the support of the "yellow green coalition" (HSS-HSLS) and of the HSU and national minorities representatives, and so a second government, still led by Ivo Sanader, was formed.
Although that government had a larger majority than the former one, its existence remained troubled, because of the worsening of the previously good economic situation and a weariness of Croatian public opinion about what was felt to be an overly long HDZ rule. Another major drawback was the Slovenian blocking of several chapters of Croatia's EU accession terms, until border disputes between the two countries had been settled. Although this ultimately lead to an indefinite suspension of the Croatian EU accession negotiations, it had no impact on the government's popularity. In this case, as would be expected, considering Croatian staunch patriotism and national self-consciousness, all parties and nearly every Croatian citizen were absolutely adamant in refusing at any cost any concessions over matters of national interest.
In the general local elections held in May 2009, the HDZ, against all expectations, managed to grow again, coming ahead of the SDP.[11] However, HDZ support did weaken in the larger cities.
On 1 July 2009, Ivo Sanader abruptly announced his resignation from politics and appointed Jadranka Kosor as his successor. She was confirmed as the new leader of the party on 4 July, and was appointed by president Stipe Mesic as the prime minister-designate. Two days later the Sabor confirmed Kosor as the new prime minister, the first woman to hold the position.
In the same resignation speech, Sanader also appointed Andrija Hebrang, who had formerly held the posts of defence minister and health minister, as HDZ candidate for the incoming presidential election, so decreasing any speculation about his own ambitions for that position.
Government of Jadranka Kosor
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The HDZ was faced with bad poll ratings and a large clean-up task that was still underway when Sanader left. The officials used the 2009 convention to elect Jadranka Kosor the party president by acclamation, and proceeded to make various unpopular measures to tackle the economic crisis. Andrija Hebrang accepted his designation as the presidential candidate only at the end of July, after he underwent a thorough medical examination, to exclude any remaining trace of a previous carcinoma.
The Kosor government remained mostly unchanged from the previous Sanader government, but the HDZ suffered some internal turmoil as ministers Berislav Rončević and Damir Polančec left their posts after allegations of corruption.
In the next presidential elections, Croatia was looking for a replacement for Stipe Mesić who had held the position for ten years. But Hebrang finished third, failing to reach the second stage in which SDP candidate Ivo Josipović overwhelmingly defeated former SDP member Milan Bandić.
However, many Croatian people were dissatisfied with the government, and protested on the streets against the HDZ government, demanding that new elections be held as soon as possible. The police placed a guard on St. Mark's Square, to prevent civilians from entering.[12]
From 26 October 2011 USKOK expanded its investigation about "Slush Funds" on Croatian Democratic Union as legal entity.[13] Previously, investigation included only Ivo Sanader, treasurers Milan Barišić and Branka Pavošević, general secretaries Branko Vukelić and Ivan Jarnjak and spokesman Ratko Maček.[13] Jadranka Kosor, president of the party, stated that this is one of the most critical moments of Croatian Democratic Union.[13] HDZ became the first political party in Croatia to be convicted of corruption.[14]
In the opposition
After the parliamentary election, held in December 2011, HDZ become the opposition after 8 years spent in government. Since its foundation, HDZ won its smallest number of votes, 563,215.
On 20 May 2012, HDZ held a presidential election in which, a day later, Tomislav Karamarko become the winner[15] and thus replaced Kosor as leader of the opposition. Karamarko announced that he would reestablish connections between Croatia and the Croatian diaspora.[15]
Karamarko earlier announced that, after a process of the detudjmanization of the HDZ, he would return to the policies of Franjo Tuđman. He also stated that he would not base his politics on the teachings of Ante Pavelić or Josip Broz Tito, as both of them represented totalitarian systems.[16] On 1 July 2013, HDZ received full member status of the European People's Party (EPP).[17] On 11 March 2014, HDZ and Ivo Sanader were found guilty of corruption.[18]
Ideology
In terms of ideology, HDZ leaders at first described their party as right-wing, and Tuđman himself stated that he was inspired by Thatcherism. Later, the party described itself as centre-right and Christian democrat. However, the only official ideology was nationalism. In practice, this policy saw the powerful defence minister Gojko Šušak, head of the HDZ hardline faction, win Tuđman's favour. Stjepan Mesić and Josip Manolić, Tuđman's associates opposed to such tendencies, left the party in 1994 and formed the Croatian Independent Democrats. These tendencies were toned down after the end of the war and the HDZ, concerned with more mundane aspects of politics, became a mainly social conservative party.
The end of war and reintegration of Croatian territory also switched Croatian people's attention from independence and foreign relations to the more mundane issues of the economy and living standards. In the late 1990s this coincided with Tuđman's illness, which sparked bitter succession struggles between various factions within the HDZ. These factions fought using friendly media and by leaking compromising information about their opponents' roles in the shadier aspects of privatisation. This, as well as Tuđman's mishandling of the Zagreb Crisis, did much to undermine HDZ credibility.
Election history
Legislative
The following is a summary of the party's results in legislative elections for the Croatian Parliament. The "Total votes" and "Percentage" columns include sums of votes won by pre-election coalitions HDZ had been part of. After the preferential votes were included in the election system, the votes column also includes the sum of votes for HDZ's candidates on the coalition lists. The "Total seats" column includes sums of seats won by HDZ in election constituencies plus representatives of ethnic minorities affiliated with HDZ.
| Election | In coalition with | Votes won | Percentage | Seats won | Change | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Coalition totals) | (HDZ only) | |||||
| 1990 (April–May) | None | 1,201,122 | 41.90 (#1) | 205 / 351 |
 |
Government |
| 1992 (August) | None | 1,176,437 | 44.68 (#1) | 85 / 138 |
 120 |
Government |
| 1995 (October) | None | 1,093,403 | 45.23 (#1) | 75 / 127 |
10 |
Government |
| 2000 (January) | None | 790,728 | 26.88 (#2) | 46 / 151 |
29 |
Opposition |
| 2003 (November) | None | 840,692 | 33.90 (#1) | 66 / 151 |
 20 |
Government |
| 2007 (November) | None | 907,743 | 36.60 (#1) | 66 / 153 |
|
Government |
| 2011 (December) | HGS–DC | 563,215 | 23.50 (#2) | 44 / 151 |
22 |
Opposition |
| 2015 (November) | HSS-HSP AS-HSLS-HRAST-BUZ-HDS-ZDS | 771,070 (478,107[19]) | 33.46 (#1) | 51 / 151 |
7 |
Government |
Presidential
The following is a list of presidential candidates endorsed by HDZ in elections for President of Croatia.
| Election | Candidate | First round result | Second round result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | Result | Votes | Result | |||
| 1992 (Aug) | Franjo Tuđman (HDZ) | 56.7% | Won | — | ||
| 1997 (Jun) | Franjo Tuđman (HDZ) | 61.4% | Won | — | ||
| 2000 (Jan–Feb) | Mate Granić (HDZ) | 22.5% | Third | — | ||
| 2005 (Jan) | Jadranka Kosor (HDZ) | 20.3% | Runner-up | 34.1% | Runner-up | |
| 2009–10 (Dec–Jan) | Andrija Hebrang (HDZ) | 12.0% | Third | — | ||
| 2014–15 (Dec–Jan) | Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (HDZ) | 37.2% | Runner-up | 50.7% | Won | |
European parliament
| Election | In coalition with | Votes won (Coalition totals) | Percentage | Total seats won (HDZ only) | Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| April 2013[20] | Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević, Bloc of United Pensioners | 243,654 | 32,86% | 5 / 12 |
|
| May 2014[21] | Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević, Bloc of United Pensioners, Croatian Peasant Party, Croatian Christian Democratic Party, Zagorska democratic party | 381.844 | 41,42% | 4 / 11 |
1 |
Party presidents since 1989
The chart below shows a timeline of the Croatian Democratic Union presidents and the Prime Ministers of Croatia. The left bar shows all the president of the HDZ, and the right bar shows the corresponding make-up of the Croatian government at that time. The red (HDZ) and blue (SDP) colours correspond to which party led the government. The last names of the respective prime ministers are shown, the Roman numeral stands for the cabinets.
See also
References
- ↑ "HNS Vesne Pusić ima više članova od Milanovićeva SDP-a". Večernji list (in Croatian). 10 October 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- 1 2 Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ↑ Jansen, Thomas; Van Hecke, Steven (2011), At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party, Springer, p. 79, retrieved 2012-07-26
- ↑ Pavelic, Boris (18 March 2014), Croatia PM Accuses Right-Wingers of Ethnic Hate, Balkan Transitional Justice, retrieved 2014-01-19
- ↑ "Croatian Democratic Union", Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014, retrieved 2014-01-19
- ↑ "HDZ Croatia: Communist totalitarianism should be clearly condemned". Oslobođenje - Bosanskohercegovačke nezavisne novine. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ↑ Šime Dunatov (December 2010). "Začetci višestranačja u Hrvatskoj 1989. godine" [The Origins of the Multi-Party System in Croatia in 1989]. Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru (in Croatian) (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) (52): 381–397. ISSN 1330-0474. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ↑ Špegelj, Martin (2001). Sjećanja vojnika (1. izd. ed.). Zagreb: Znanje. ISBN 953-195-190-X.
- ↑ "Vote for HSP Is Vote for SDP – Sanader". Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ↑ "PM: Nobody Will Take Away Votes from Diaspora". Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ↑ Croatia's local elections head to second round (SETimes.com)
- ↑ Hrvatska ključa - spremaju se novi prosvjedi - Danas.hr
- 1 2 3 Capar, Luka; Toma, Ivanka. J. Kosor: Neću dati ostavku i nećemo dopustiti da se HDZ uruši. Večernji list. 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2011-10-27 (Croatian)
- ↑ E., A. (16 April 2012). "Kosor: Ne postoje tajni dogovori o nagodbi s DORH-om" (in Croatian). Dnevnik Nove TV. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- 1 2 Grubišić, petar; Ivanković, Davor; Balija, Petra; Kožul, Dijana; Capar Luka (21 May 2012). "'Prošlo je vrijeme komocije i eksperimentiranja s Hrvatskom'". Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 21 May 2012.
- ↑ Opačak-Klobučar, Tamara (8 May 2012). "Karamarko: Ni za Pavelića ni za Tita, moramo se vratiti Tuđmanu". Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 21 May 2012.
- ↑ "Croatia’s EU accession brings stability to the region; HDZ becomes full member party of the EPP". 1 July 2013.
- ↑ "Former Croatia PM Ivo Sanader convicted of corruption". 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Suzana Barilar (13 November 2015). "Preferencijalni glasovi". Jutarnji list (in Croatian).
- ↑ European Parliament election, 2013 (Croatia)#Results
- ↑ "Prebrojani svi glasovi: DIP službeno objavio imena 11 europarlamentaraca". Novi list online portal. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
External links
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