Tubenose goby

Proterorhinus
Tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Gobioidei
Family: Gobiidae
Subfamily: Benthophilinae
Genus: Proterorhinus
Smitt, 1900
Type species
Proterorhinus marmoratus
Pallas, 1814

The Tubenose Goby is a part of the genus 'Proterorhinus'. This genus of gobies native to Eurasia where they occur in the region of the Caspian and Black seas, inhabiting marine, brackish and fresh waters. The Proterorhinuus marmoratus was introduced to the St. Clair River in Michigan during the late 1990's.[1] Until recently, the genus was considered monotypic, only comprising of the Tubenose Goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus). Following molecular and further morphological investigations it has been split into several taxa, with distinct distributions in marine vs. fresh waters and in the Black Sea vs. Caspian Sea basins.[2]

Species distinction and description

Tubenose goby Baraboy River
Proterorhinus marmoratus from the Netherlands

There are currently five recognized species in this genus:[3]

The Tubenose Goby has a cylindrical body with a flattened ventral surface. The mouth of the Tubenose Goby is wide and slightly subterminal mouth with large lips and no barbels. The first dorsal fin of the Tubenose Goby has 7 or 8 spines. The caudal fin is rounded and has a triangular black spot at it's base. The ventral fins are fused into a single suction cup shape.[6] The scales of the Tubenose Goby are small and cover the top of the head, behind the eyes, and along the midline. The Tubenose Goby has a back and sides with broad, oblique blochtes on a lighter brown or olive background. The bottom of the Tubenose Goby is cream to white in color.[7] This species lacks scales on it's lateral line. The rows above the lateral line have 45 to 48 scales. The Tubenose Goby is flattened on the ventral surface.[8]

The species average size is 12.7 centimeters. The species is a benthic omnivore (demersal fish). It consumes a large number of benthic invertebrates such as, Chironomidaes, Crustaceans, Copepods, and Ostracods. Gobies will also eat fish Fish larvae, this can negatively impact the ecosystem of the rivers and lakes that Tubenose Gobies inhabit.[9]

The nostril tubes, from which this goby gets it's name, of the Tubenose Goby distinguish it from the Round goby. The Tubenose Goby has tubular nostrils. The Tubenose Goby's nostril tube extend to the upper lip. The tubular nostril of the Tubenose Goby is 2-4 centimeters long. The Round goby lacks these nostril tubes. It can also be distinguished by its long anterior nostrils and lack of a black spot on the posterior base of its dorsal fin.[10]

Habitat

Tubenose Gobies inhabit freshwater areas. They live in regions with lots of plant cover in lakes and rivers. They will inhabit shallow (less than 5 meter depth), slow moving, shore water. They will be found in areas with abundant macrophytes.[11]

Tubenose Gobies in the Detroit River are positively associated with complex macrophytes in the fall. The Tubenose Gobies are negatively associated with the macrophytes int he spring and summer. The Tubenose Gobies can withstand extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen.[12]

The Tubenose Goby will create nests under rocks and logs in shallow water. The Tubenose Goby will defend its nest sites quite aggressively. The Tubenose Gobies preferred nesting areas indicates that they could potentially inhabit the shallow waters of all five Great Lakes. Currently, the species is not spreading rapidly, however, if the species does expand it could be a threat to native species of the Great Lakes.[13]

Eurasian range

Proterorhinus marmoratus dispersal
Proterorhinus marmoratus dispersal map

The maps on the right show the dispersal of the Tubenose Goby in Eurasia. The green regions on the map show where the Tubenose Goby is a native species. The red areas on the map show where the Tubenose Goby was introduced. The image shows that the Tubenose Goby is native to the regions around the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.

The Tubenose Goby is considered an invasive species in North America; however, in certain Eurasian locations, the Tubenose Goby is considered an endangered species. The Tubenose Goby is widely dispersed among drainages within the Black Sea Basin but in Greece the Tubenose Goby is an endangered species. The population of Tubenose Gobies are endangered near the town of Serres, Greece due to pollution and human-induced habitat change.[14]

Introduction to North America

The Tubenose Goby was introduced to the St. Clair River from eastern Europe in Ballast water. It is possible that the Tubenose Goby spread to Canada and the Great Lakes through use of it as live bait. By the early 2000's the Tubenose Goby had spread north to the Minnesota-Wisconsin border and East to the border of New York and Pennsylvania.[15][16]

North American range

Range of the Proterorhinus marmoratus in North America

The file shows the range of the Tubenose Goby in North America after it's introduction into the St. Clair River in Michigan. The Tubenose Goby has spread through 3 of the 5 Great Lakes. The Tubenose Goby is found in Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie. The image was created from a United States Geological Survey in 2016.

Reproduction and life cycle

The life span of the female Tubenose Goby can be up to 5 years. Meanwhile, the male Tubenose Goby generally do not live as long. The male Tubenose Goby will guard their nesting sites to defend their eggs and young.[17] The Tubenose Gobies will nest under logs and rocks in the shallow fresh waters of the Great Lakes and their connecting rivers. The gobies will spawn multiple times during the warmer months of the year which makes the species rather prolific. Currenlty, the species is not rapidly spreading but the prolific spawning of the Tubenose Goby could create a threat to the native species of Rainbow Darters and Northern Madtoms.[18]

Ecological impact and importance

The Tubenose Goby has a significant overlap in diet with the rainbow darter, Northern Madtom, and the logperch, which creates competition with these species in their native habitat.[19]

The Tubenose Goby is an invasive species but it has not spread to the extent of the round goby. The Tubenose Goby has the potential to threaten the natural species of the Great Lakes. Many native predatory fish feed on the Tubenose Goby which disrupts the native food webs of the Great Lakes[20]

References

  1. ↑ Dillon, Alison; Stepien, Carol (December 2001). "Genetic and Biogeographic Relationships of the Invasive Round (Neogobius melanostomus) and Tubenose (Proterorhinus Marmoratus) Gobies in the Great Lakes Versus Eurasian Populations" (PDF). Great Lakes Environmental Science. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  2. ↑ Dillon, Alison; Stepien, Carol (December 2001). "Genetic and Biogeographic Relationships of the Invasive Round (Neogobius melanostomus) and Tubenose (Proterorhinus Marmoratus) Gobies in the Great Lakes Versus Eurasian Populations" (PDF). Great Lakes Environmental Science. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  3. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). Species of Proterorhinus in FishBase. June 2013 version.
  4. ↑ Brian W. Coad Freshwater Fishes of Iran (accessed 22 Feb 2015)
  5. ↑ )(Freyhof J., Naseka A.M. (2007)) Proterorhinus tataricus, a new tubenose goby from Crimea, Ukraine (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 18(4): 325–334.
  6. ↑ "Tubenose Goby". Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  7. ↑ "Invasive Species Filed Guide". Invasives Tracking System. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  8. ↑ "Invasive Species Filed Guide: Tubenose Goby". Invasives Tracking System. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  9. ↑ French, JRP; Jude, DJ (2001). "Diets and Diet Overlap of Nonindigenous Gobies and Small Benthic Native Fishes Co-inhabiting the St. Clair River, Michigan". Journal of Great Lakes Research 27 (3): 300–311.
  10. ↑ Dillon, Alison; Stepien, Carol (December 2001). "Genetic and Biogeographic Relationships of the Invasive Round (Neogobius melanostomus) and Tubenose (Proterorhinus Marmoratus) Gobies in the Great Lakes Versus Eurasian Populations" (PDF). Great Lakes Environmental Science. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  11. ↑ Jude, David J.; DeBoe, Scott F. (1996). "Possible impact of gobies and other introduced species on habitat restoration efforts". Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 553: 136–141.
  12. ↑ Invasives Tracking System. "Invasive Species Filed Guide Tubenose Goby". Invasives Tracking System. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  13. ↑ Kocovsky, P.M.; Tallman, J.A.; Jude, D.J.; Murphy, D.M.; Brown, J.E.; Stepien, C.A. (December 2011). "Expansion of tubenose gobies into western Lake Erie and potential effects on native species". Biological Invasion 13 (12): 2775–2784.
  14. ↑ Economidis, P.S. (1995). "Endangered freshwater fishes of Greece". Biological Conservation 72 (2): 201–211.
  15. ↑ Cudmore-Vokey, Becky; Crossman, E.J. (December 2000). "Checklists of the Fish Fauna of the Laurentian Great Lakes and their Connecting Channels" (PDF). Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  16. ↑ Grant, Kelly; Shadle, Matthew; Andraso, Greg (December 2012). "First report of tubenose goby in the eastern basin of Lake Erie". Journal of Great Lakes Research 38 (4): 821–824. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  17. ↑ "Tubenose Goby". Ohio DNR of Wildlife. Ohio DNR. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  18. ↑ Jude, D.J.; Deboe, S.F. (1996). "Possible impact of gobies and other introduced species on habitat restoration efforts". Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 136–141.
  19. ↑ French, John R. P.; Jude, David (2001). "Diets and Diet Overlap of Nonindigenous Gobies and Small Benthic Native Fishes Co-inhabiting the St. Clair River, Michigan". Journal of the Great Lakes 27 (3): 300–311.
  20. ↑ "Western Tubenose Goby". US Fish and Wildlife Service. February 2011.
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