Proto-Abazgi language
Proto Abkhaz-Abaza (or Proto-Abazgi) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Abkhaz and Abaza languages.
Phonology
Consonants
The consonant system is reconstructed with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates, and a two-way contrast in fricatives.
Proto | Abkhaz | Cyrillic | Abaza | Cyrillic | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzyb | Abzhui | Tapant | |||
*p | p | Ҧ ҧ | p | ||
*b | b | Б б | b | ||
*pʼ | pʼ | П п | pʼ | ||
*f | f | Ф ф | f | ||
*w | w | У у | w | ||
*m | m | М м | m | ||
*t | t | Ҭ ҭ | t | ||
*d | d | Д д | d | ||
*tʼ | tʼ | Т т | tʼ | ||
*r | r | Р р | r | ||
*l | l | Л л | l | ||
*n | n | Н н | n | ||
*tʷ | tʷ | Ҭә ҭә | tʃʷ | ||
*dʷ | dʷ | Дә дә | dʒʷ | ||
*ts | ts | Ц ц | ts | ||
*dz | dz | Ӡ ӡ | dz | ||
*tsʼ | tsʼ | Ҵ ҵ | tsʼ | ||
*s | s | С с | s | ||
*z | z | З з | z | ||
*tś | tś | ts | Ц ц | ts | |
*dź | dź | dz(~z) | Ӡ ӡ | dz(~z) | |
*tśˀ | tśˀ | tsˀ | Ҵ ҵ | tsˀ | |
*ś | ś | s | С с | s | |
*ź | ź | z | З з | z | |
*tśʰʷ | tśs˞ʰ | ʈʂʰ | tʃʰʷ | ||
*dzʷ | dz˞ | ɖʐ | ʒʷ | ||
*tsʷˀ | ts˞ˀ | ʈʂˀ | tʃʷˀ | ||
*sʷ | s˞ | ʂ | ʃʷ | ||
*zʷ | z˞ | ʐ | ʒʷ | ||
*tʃ | tʃ | tʃ | |||
*dʒ | dʒ | dʒ | |||
*tʃˀ | tʃˀ | tʃˀ | |||
*ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | |||
*ʒ | ʒ | ʒ | |||
*tɕ | tɕ | tɕ | |||
*dʑ | dʑ | dʑ | |||
*tɕˀ | tɕˀ | tɕˀ | |||
*ɕ | ɕ | ɕ | |||
*ʑ | ʑ | ʑ | |||
*j | j | j | |||
*fʰVtsʰV | fʰ | tsʰ | |||
*dzVvV | v | dz | |||
*tsˀVfˀV | pˀ | fˀ | tsˀ | ||
*ʃʷ | ʂ | ʃʷ | |||
*ʒʷ | ʐ | ʒʷ | |||
*k | k | k | |||
*ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | |||
*kˀ | kˀ | kˀ | |||
*χ | χ | χ | |||
*ʁ | ʁ | ʁ | |||
*kʲ | kʲ | kʲ | |||
*ɡʲ | ɡʲ | ɡʲ | |||
*kʲˀ | kʲˀ | kʲˀ | |||
*χʲ | χʲ | χʲ | |||
*ʁʲ | ʁʲ | ʁʲ | |||
*kʷ | kʷ | kʷ | |||
*ɡʷ | ɡʷ | ɡʷ | |||
*kʷˀ | kʷˀ | kʷˀ | |||
*χʷ | χʷ | χʷ | |||
*ʁʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ | |||
*qʰ | χˤ | χ | qʰ | ||
*qˀ | qˀ | qˀ | |||
*qʲˀ | qʲˀ | qʲˀ | |||
*qʷ | χˤʷ | qʷ | |||
*qʷˀ | qʷˀ | qʷˀ | |||
*qˀ | qˀ | qˀ | |||
*ħ | ħ | ħ | |||
*ʕ | ɑɑ | ʕ | |||
*ħʷ | ħʷ | ħʷ | |||
*ʕʷ | ɥ | ʕʷ |
- In some Abaza dialects the Velar consonants turned to Uvular consonants.
The most noticeable changes are:
- The velar consonants become uvular consonants in Abkhaz languages.
Grammar
English | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz (Bzyb) | Abkhaz | Abaza |
---|---|---|---|---|
quail | ač́a | - | áč́a | ač́a |
word | azʷa | áža | áž̌a | ažʷa |
enemy | aɣa | - | a-ʁá | aʁa |
snake | matǝ | - | matǝ | á-mat |
cheese | ašʷǝ | áš̌ | áš̌ | ašʷǝ |
English | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz (Bzyb) | Abkhaz (Abzhui) | Abaza (Tapant) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | za-kʼə | a-kʼə | - | za-kʼə |
2 | ʕʷ-ba | ɥ-ba | - | ʕʷ-ba |
3 | χ-ba | χ-ba | - | χ-ba |
4 | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | - | pɕ-ba |
5 | χʷ-ba | xʷ-ba | χʷ-ba | χʷ-ba |
6 | - | f-ba | - | t͡s-ba |
7 | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | - | bəʑ-ba |
8 | aʕ-ba | aa-ba | - | aʕ-ba |
9 | *ʑʷ-ba | ʑʷ-ba | - | ʒʷ-ba |
10 | *ʑʷa-ba | ʑʷa-ba | - | ʒʷa-ba |
11 | - | ʑʷaj-za | - | ʒʷəj-z |
12 | - | ʑʷaj-ɥa | - | ʒʷə-ʕʷ |
13 | - | ʑʷa-xa | - | ʒʷa-χ |
14 | - | ʑʷaj-pɕ | - | ʒʷəj-pɕ |
15 | - | ʑʷa-xʷ | - | ʒʷə-χʷ |
16 | - | ʑʷa-f | - | ʒʷaj-t͡s |
17 | *ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ | ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ | - | ʒʷaj-bəʑ̩ |
18 | *ʑʷ-ʕ | ʑʷ-aa | - | ʒʷa-ʕ |
19 | *ʒʷaj-ʑʷ | ʒʷaj-ʑʷ | - | ʒʷaj-ʒʷ |
20 | *ʕʷa-ʑʷa | ɥa-ʑʷa | - | ʕʷa-ʒʷa |
100 | - | ɕʷ-kʼə | - | ʃʷ-kʼə |
1000 | z-kʲə | z-kʲə | - | z-kʲə |
See also
References
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.
External links
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