Ecclesiastical province
An ecclesiastical province is a large jurisdiction of religious government, so named by analogy with the secular Roman province. In hierarchical Christian churches that have dioceses, a province is a collection of those dioceses. The Roman Catholic Church (both Latin and Eastern Catholic), the Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion all have provinces. These provinces are led by a metropolitan archbishop.
In the early church and in some modern churches, an ecclesiastical province's principal episcopal see is called the metropolis and its bishop is called the metropolitan bishop or metropolitan.
Diocesan church organisation
Early history
Ecclesiastical provinces first corresponded to the civil provinces of the Roman Empire. From the second half of the second century, the bishops of these provinces were accustomed to assemble on important occasions for common counsel in synods. From the end of that century the summons to attend these increasingly important synods was usually issued by the bishop of the capital or metropolis of the province, who also presided over the assembly, especially in the East. Important communications were also forwarded to the bishop of the provincial capital to be brought to the notice of the other bishops. Thus in the East during the third century the bishop of the provincial metropolis came gradually to occupy a certain superior position, and received the name of metropolitan.
At the First Council of Nicaea (325) this position of the metropolitan was taken for granted, and was made the basis for conceding to him definite rights over the other bishops and dioceses of the state province. In Eastern canon law since the fourth century (cf. also the Synod of Antioch of 341, can. ix), it was a principle that every civil province was likewise a church province under the supreme direction of the metropolitan, i.e. of the bishop of the provincial capital.
This division into ecclesiastical provinces did not develop so early in the Western Empire. In North Africa the first metropolitan appears during the fourth century, the Bishop of Carthage being recognized as primate of the dioceses of Northern Africa; metropolitans of the separate provinces gradually appear, although the boundaries of these provinces did not coincide with the divisions of the empire. A similar development was witnessed in Spain, Gaul, and Italy. The migration of the nations, however, prevented an equally stable formation of ecclesiastical provinces in the Christian West as in the East. It was only after the fifth century that such gradually developed, mostly in accordance with the ancient divisions of the Roman Empire. In Italy alone, on account of the central ecclesiastical position of Rome, this development was slower. However, at the end of Antiquity the existence of church provinces as the basis of ecclesiastical administration was fairly universal in the West. In the Carolingian period they were reorganized, and have retained their place ever since.
Eastern Christian churches
After the East–West Schism the early Christian communities and structures remained. In Eastern Orthodoxy all parishes belong to an eparchy, the equivalent of a diocese, which is governed by a bishop. Eparchies normally follow civil boundaries, but there are exceptions. Eparchies are part of an autonomous church, headed by an archbishop, metropolitan or patriarch depending on the status of the particular autonomous church. Autonomous churches normally follow civil or national boundaries.
Catholic Church
In general
In the Catholic Church, a province consists of a metropolitan archdiocese and one or more of other particular churches, usually dioceses. The archbishop of the metropolitan see is the Metropolitan of the province. The delimitation of church provinces in the Latin Church is reserved to the Holy See.
However, there have always been individual dioceses which do not belong to any province, but are directly subject to the Holy See, such as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg. There are also some archdioceses that are not metropolitan sees and some that are suffragan to another archdiocese; their archbishops do not receive the pallium.
The authority of the metropolitan over the sees within his province is very limited. During a vacancy in a suffragan see, the metropolitan can name a temporary diocesan administrator if the College of Consultors of the diocese fails to elect one within the prescribed period.[1] A metropolitan generally presides at the installation and consecration of new bishops in the province, and serves as the first court of appeal regarding canonical matters of provincial diocesan tribunals. The metropolitan's insignia is the pallium.
In the Eastern Catholic Churches, the term metropolitan is used in a similar way to the Eastern Orthodox churches. In some of the sui iuris Eastern Churches, the head of the Church is a metropolitan. These sui iuris metropolitan churches are generally less populous than patriarchal or major archiepiscopal churches, and are subject to greater oversight by the pope and the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.
The authority exercised by the metropolitan over his suffragan dioceses is as limited today as it ever has been in history. Emphasis is placed on each bishop having a direct relationship with the pope and not dependent on the metropolitan. The metropolitan is supposed to hold a provincial council every three years. Because of restrictions, he probably cannot officially visit dioceses other than his own, that are technically within his jurisdiction. He can nominate candidates for vacancies to the bishopric within his province.[2]
Provincial boundary lines
The borders of provinces have often been inspired, or even determined, by historical and/or present political borders; the same is often true of diocesan borders within a province. The following are some examples:
- In France, where the boundaries partly reflected later Roman provinces, most have been rearranged (2002) to fit new administrative regions.
- A comparable process to that of France occurred earlier in Spain.
- In southern Germany, the diocesan boundaries follow the political boundaries that existed between 1815 and 1945.
- In Ireland, the four ecclesiastical provinces fixed by the Synod of Kells in 1152 reflected the contemporary boundaries of the secular provinces, but the ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses do not coincide with the present civil province and county borders. Since the Partition of Ireland in 1920–2 six dioceses in the province of Armagh straddle the international border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom.
- In Scotland, the dioceses, and subsequently the 2 provinces, follow both civil and geographical boundaries such as rivers.
- In geographically large nations with a sizeable Catholic population, such as the United States, ecclesiastical provinces typically follow state lines, with less populous states being grouped into provinces. In the United States, there are five exceptions:
- California has two metropolitan archdioceses and provinces: Los Angeles and San Francisco.
- Texas has two metropolitan archdioceses and provinces: Galveston-Houston and San Antonio.
- Maryland is unusual in that fourteen of its 23 counties belong to dioceses whose see cities are outside Maryland: (1) the nine counties of Maryland's Eastern Shore (Delmarva Peninsula) are part of the Diocese of Wilmington, Delaware and (2) the five counties adjacent to the District of Columbia and in southern Maryland are part of the Archdiocese of Washington, which is a different province. Only the remaining nine counties and the City of Baltimore are part of the Archdiocese of Baltimore.
- Fishers Island, a part of Suffolk County, New York, and north of Long Island, is part of the Diocese of Norwich, Connecticut, which is in a different province.
- Those parts of Idaho and Montana that are within Yellowstone National Park are part of the Diocese of Cheyenne, Wyoming, which is in a different province.
- In addition, the Diocese of Gallup (New Mexico) contains two Arizona counties — Apache County and Navajo County — and part of a third county, i.e., those parts of the Navajo and Hopi reservations that are in Coconino County (Arizona). New Mexico and Arizona, however, together form one province.
- Many countries contain more than one province, except those with a small population or few Catholics.
Anglican Communion
Member churches of the Anglican Communion are often referred to as provinces. Some provinces are coterminous with the boundaries of political states, some include multiple nations while others include only parts of a nation. Some, such as the Church of the Province of West Africa, have the word "province" in their names. These member churches are known as "provinces of the Anglican Communion," and are headed by a primate, who may also be referred to as a primus (for example, the Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church), presiding bishop, or moderator.
The word "province" is also used to refer to groupings of dioceses within a member church. The Church of England is divided into two provinces: Canterbury and York. The Anglican Church of Australia has five provinces: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia, and an extraprovincial diocese. The Anglican Church of Canada has four: British Columbia and Yukon, Canada, Ontario, and Rupert's Land. The Church of Ireland has two: Armagh and Dublin. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America numbers, rather than names, its nine provinces.
Evangelical State Church in Prussia
The Evangelical State Church in Prussia, formed in 1821 (renamed: Evangelical State Church in Prussia's older Provinces in 1875, Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union in 1922), had ecclesiastical provinces (Kirchenprovinz[en]) as administrative subsections mostly following the boundaries of those political Provinces of Prussia which formed part of the state before 1866, with some border changes after 1920 following WWI territorial cessions.
| Name | Congregations comprised were located in | Seat | Leading bodies (legislation, executive) and persons | Status as eccl. province | Successor organisation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecclesiastical Province of Brandenburg (1821–1926) German: Kirchenprovinz Brandenburg Ecclesiastical Province of the March of Brandenburg (1926–1948) German: Kirchenprovinz Mark Brandenburg |
Province of Brandenburg and Berlin (politically separate since 1881) |
Berlin, Züllichau (1944–1945) |
provincial synod (Provinzialsynode), consistory, 1829–1933: general superintendents for (1) Berlin inner city, (2) Berlin suburbia (1911–1933), (3) Kurmark and (4) Lusatia and New March 1933–1935: provincial bishops of Berlin and of Brandenburg, provosts of Kurmark and of New March-Lower Lusatia |
1821–1948 | Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg |
| Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig German: Landessynodalverband der Freien Stadt Danzig |
Free City of Danzig | Danzig | regional synod (Landessynode), consistory, 1922-1933: general supintendent 1933–1940: provincial bishop of Danzig |
1922–1940 | Ecclesiastical Region of Danzig-West Prussia |
| Ecclesiastical Region of Danzig-West Prussia German: Kirchengebiet Danzig-Westpreußen |
Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia | Danzig | no synod, consistory, bishop of Danzig |
1940–1945 | de facto dissolved by flight, murder and expulsion of parishioners |
| Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia German: Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen |
Province of East Prussia plus West Prussia governorate in 1922 minus Memel Territory in 1925 plus Memel Territory March 1939 minus West Prussia governorate in 1940 |
Königsberg in Prussia | provincial synod, consistory, 1886–1933: general superintendent, 1933–1945: provincial bishop and general superintendent for Memel (1939–1944) |
1886–1945 | de facto dissolved by flight, murder and expulsion of parishioners |
| Regional Synodal Federation of the Memel Territory German: Landessynodalverband Memelgebiet |
Klaipėda Region | Memel | regional synod, consistory (est. 1927), general superintendent (as of 1926) |
1925–1939 | Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia |
| United Evangelical Church in Polish Upper Silesia German: Unierte Evangelische Kirche in Polnisch Oberschlesien Polish: Ewangelicki Kościół Unijny na polskim Górnym Śląsku |
East Upper Silesia | Katowice | regional synod, regional ecclesiastical council (Landeskirchenrat), church president |
1923–1937 | church body continued without status as ecclesiastical province till 1939, then merged in the Ecclesiastical Province of Silesia |
| Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania German: Kirchenprovinz Pommern |
Province of Pomerania | Stettin (till 1945), Greifswald (since 1945) |
provincial synod, consistory, 1883–1933: general superintendents (east and west region), 1933–1945: provincial bishop |
1821–1950 | Pomeranian Evangelical Church |
| Ecclesiastical Province of Posen German: Kirchenprovinz Posen |
Province of Posen | Posen | provincial synod, consistory, general superintendent |
1821–1920 | Ecclesiastical Province of Posen-West Prussia (west), United Evangelical Church in Poland (centre; German: Unierte Evangelische Kirche in Polen, Polish: Ewangelicki Kościół Unijny w Polsce) |
| Ecclesiastical Province of Posen-West Prussia German: Kirchenprovinz Posen-Westpreußen |
Province of the Frontier March of Posen-West Prussia | Schneidemühl | provincial synod, consistory, 1923–1933: general superintendent, 1933–1939: provost |
1921–1939 | Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania |
| Ecclesiastical Province of Prussia German: Kirchenprovinz Preußen |
Province of Prussia | Königsberg in Prussia | provincial synod, consistory, general superintendent |
1821–1886 | Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia (east), Ecclesiastical Province of West Prussia (west) |
| Ecclesiastical Province of the Rhineland German: Kirchenprovinz Rheinland |
Rhine Province, western parts of the Saar Protectorate (1920–1935), Hohenzollern Province (since 1899) | Coblence (till 1934), Düsseldorf (since) | provincial synod, consistory, general superintendents |
1821–1947 | Evangelical Church in the Rhineland |
| Ecclesiastical Province of Saxony German: Kirchenprovinz Sachsen |
Province of Saxony | Magdeburg | provincial synod, 4 consistories in Magdeburg (1815–2008), Roßla (1719–1947), Stolberg at the Harz (1553–2005) and Wernigerode (1658–1930; the latter three with regional competences), 1815–1933: 3 general superintendents, 1933–1950: provincial bishops |
1821–1950 | Evangelical Church of the Ecclesiastical Province of Saxony |
| Ecclesiastical Province of Silesia German: Kirchenprovinz Schlesien |
Province of Silesia (1821–1919, 1938–1941) Province of Lower Silesia and Province of Upper Silesia (1919—1938, and 1941—1945) |
Breslau (till end of 1946), Görlitz (1947–2003) |
provincial synod, consistory, 1829–1933: 2 general superintendents, 1933–2003: (provincial) bishop |
1821–1947 | Evangelical Church of Silesia |
| Ecclesiastical Province of Westphalia German: Kirchenprovinz Westfalen |
Province of Westphalia | Münster in Westphalia | provincial synod, consistory, general superintendent |
1821–1945 | Evangelical Church of Westphalia |
| Ecclesiastical Province of West Prussia German: Kirchenprovinz Westpreußen |
Province of West Prussia | Danzig | provincial synod, consistory, 1883–1920: general superintendent |
1886–1921 | Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig (north), Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia (east), Ecclesiastical Province of Posen-West Prussia (southwest), United Evangelical Church in Poland (centre) |
Religious institutes
The term province, or occasionally religious province, also refers to a geographical and administrative subdivision in a number of orders and congregations. This is true of most, though not all, religious communities founded after the year AD 1000, as well as the Augustinians, who date from earlier.
A province of a religious institute is typically headed by a provincial superior. The title differs by each institute's tradition (provincial minister for Franciscans; provincial prior for Dominicans; provincial for the Augustinians, simply "provincial" or "provincial father" for the Jesuits and many others, for instance).
The borders of a religious institute's provinces are determined independently of any diocesan structure, and so the borders often differ from the 'secular', or diocesan, ecclesiastical provinces. The orders' provinces are usually far larger than a diocese, a secular province, or even a country, though sometimes they are smaller in an institute's heartland.
Most monastic orders are not organized by provinces. In general, they organise their administration through autonomous houses, in some cases grouped in larger families. For example, each Benedictine abbey is an independent foundation, but will often choose to group themselves into congregations based on historical connections.
See also
- List of Roman Catholic archdioceses (by country and continent)
- List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) (including archdioceses)
- List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view) (including archdioceses)
- Global organisation of the Catholic Church
- Catholic Church by country
Footnotes
- ↑ Code of Canon Law: Canon 421
- ↑ "Metropolitan". Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
References
-
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ecclesiastical Province". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. - List of Metropolitan Archdioceses, including all Catholic ecclesiastical provinces GCatholic.org
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ecclesiastical Province". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.