Quality (business)

This article is about quality in a business context. For other uses, see Quality.

In business, engineering and manufacturing, quality has a pragmatic interpretation as the non-inferiority or superiority of something; it is also defined as fitness for purpose. Quality is a perceptual, conditional, and somewhat subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people. Consumers may focus on the specification quality of a product/service, or how it compares to competitors in the marketplace. Producers might measure the conformance quality, or degree to which the product/service was produced correctly.

Support personnel may measure quality in the degree that a product is reliable, maintainable, or sustainable. A quality item (an item that has quality) has the ability to perform satisfactorily in service and is suitable for its intended purpose.

Description

There are five aspects of quality in a business context:

  1. Producing – providing something.
  2. Checking – confirming that something has been done correctly.
  3. Quality Control – controlling a process to ensure that the outcomes are predictable.
  4. Quality Management – directing an organization so that it optimizes its performance through analysis and improvement.
  5. Quality Assurance – obtaining confidence that a product or service will be satisfactory. (Normally performed by a purchaser)

Quality applied in these forms was mainly developed by the procurement directorates of NASA, the military and nuclear industries from the 1960s and this is why so much emphasis was placed on Quality Assurance. The original versions of Quality Management System Standards (eventually merged to ISO 9001) were designed to contract manufacturers to produce better products, consistently and were focused on Producing, Checking and Quality Control.

The subsequent move of the Quality sector towards management systems can be clearly seen by the aggregation of the product quality requirements into one eighth of the current version of ISO 9001. This increased focus on Quality Management has promoted a general perception that quality is about procedures and documentation. Similar experiences can be seen in the areas of Safety Management Systems and Environmental Management Systems.

The emergence of tools like Asset Optimization and 6 sigma is an interesting development in the application of quality principles in business.

Managing quality is fundamental to any activity and having a clear understanding of the five aspects, measuring performance and taking action to improve is essential to an organizations survival and growth.

Notable definitions

The common element of the business definitions is that the quality of a product or service refers to the perception of the degree to which the product or service meets the customer's expectations. Quality has no specific meaning unless related to a specific function and/or object.

The business meanings of quality have developed over time. Various interpretations are given below:

  1. American Society for Quality: "A combination of quantitative and qualitative perspectives for which each person has his or her own definition; examples of which include, "Meeting the requirements and expectations in service or product that were committed to" and "Pursuit of optimal solutions contributing to confirmed successes, fulfilling accountabilities". In technical usage, quality can have two meanings:
    a. The characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs;
    b. A product or service free of deficiencies."[1]
  2. Subir Chowdhury: "Quality combines people power and process power."[2]
  3. Philip B. Crosby: "Conformance to requirements."[1][3] The requirements may not fully represent customer expectations; Crosby treats this as a separate problem.
  4. W. Edwards Deming: concentrating on "the efficient production of the quality that the market expects,"[4] and he linked quality and management: "Costs go down and productivity goes up as improvement of quality is accomplished by better management of design, engineering, testing and by improvement of processes."[5]
  5. Peter Drucker: "Quality in a product or service is not what the supplier puts in. It is what the customer gets out and is willing to pay for."[6]
  6. Victor A. Elias: "Quality is the ability of performance, in each Theme of Performance, to enact a strategy."[7]
  7. ISO 9000: "Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements."[8] The standard defines requirement as need or expectation.
  8. Joseph M. Juran: "Fitness for use."[1] Fitness is defined by the customer.
  9. Noriaki Kano and others, present a two-dimensional model of quality: "must-be quality" and "attractive quality."[9] The former is near to "fitness for use" and the latter is what the customer would love, but has not yet thought about. Supporters characterize this model more succinctly as: "Products and services that meet or exceed customers' expectations."
  10. Robert Pirsig: "The result of care."[10]
  11. Six Sigma: "Number of defects per million opportunities."[11]
  12. Genichi Taguchi, with two definitions:
    a. "Uniformity around a target value."[12] The idea is to lower the standard deviation in outcomes, and to keep the range of outcomes to a certain number of standard deviations, with rare exceptions.
    b. "The loss a product imposes on society after it is shipped."[13] This definition of quality is based on a more comprehensive view of the production system.
  13. Gerald M. Weinberg: "Value to some person".[14]

Market sector perspectives

Operations management

The dimensions of quality refer to the attributes that quality achieves in operations management:

Manufacturing

In the manufacturing industry, it is commonly stated that "Quality drives productivity." Improved productivity is a source of greater revenues, employment opportunities and technological advances. However, this has not been the case historically, and in the early 19th century it was recognized that some markets, such as those in Asia, preferred cheaper products to those of quality.[15] Most discussions of quality refer to a finished part, wherever it is in the process. Inspection, which is what quality insurance usually means, is historical, since the work is done. The best way to think about quality is in process control. If the process is under control, inspection is not necessary.

However, there is one characteristic of modern quality that is universal. In the past, when we tried to improve quality, typically defined as producing fewer defective parts, we did so at the expense of increased cost, increased task time, longer cycle time, etc. We could not get fewer defective parts and lower cost and shorter cycle times, and so on. However, when modern quality techniques are applied correctly to business, engineering, manufacturing or assembly processes, all aspects of quality – customer satisfaction and fewer defects/errors and cycle time and task time/productivity and total cost, etc. – must all improve or, if one of these aspects does not improve, it must at least stay stable and not decline. Therefore, modern quality has the characteristic that it creates AND-based benefits, not OR-based benefits.

Quality, especially in manufacturing and diverse industries, is regulated, tested, and certified. Diverse methods, models and standards are provided to test the quality. For instance, the fitness for use (FFU), concept introduced to help test the quality of various types of electrical and electronic equipment, including household appliances and video/audio equipment. All types of equipment are manufactured in accordance to relevant standards, including performance testing requirements. FFU testing means testing products to ensure their ‘fitness for purpose’; that is, to certify their quality as well as durability.

Customers

One view of quality is that it is defined entirely by the customer or end user, and is based upon that person's evaluation of his or her entire customer experience. The customer experience is defined as the aggregate of all the interactions that customers have with the company's products and services. For example, any time one buys a product, one forms an impression based on how it was sold, how it was delivered, how it performed, how well it was supported etc.

Quality management techniques

Quality awards

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 American Society for Quality, Glossary – Entry: Quality, retrieved 2008-07-20
  2. ↑ Chowdhury, Subir (2005). The Ice Cream Maker: An Inspiring Tale About Making Quality The Key Ingredient in Everything You Do. New York: Doubleday, Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-51478-1.
  3. ↑ Crosby, Philip (1979). Quality is Free. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-014512-1.
  4. ↑ Edwards Deming, W. (1986). Out of the Crisis. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Advanced Engineering Study. ISBN 0-911379-01-0.
  5. ↑ Walton, Mary; W. Edwards Deming (1988). The Deming management method. Perigee. p. 88. ISBN 0-399-55000-3.
  6. ↑ Drucker, Peter (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-091360-1.
  7. ↑ Elias, Victor (2015). The Quest for Ascendant Quality: An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy and Methods for Strategically Orchestrating the Transformation Towards & Beyond Quality Excellence in Everything you do. Sparta, NJ U.S.A. p. 51.
  8. ↑ TC 176/SC (2005). ISO 9000:2005, Quality management systems -- Fundamentals and vocabulary. International Organization for Standardization.
  9. ↑ Kano, Noriaki (1984-04-01). "Attractive quality and must-be quality". The Journal of the Japanese Society for Quality Control: 39–48.
  10. ↑ .Pirsig, Robert M. (1974). Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance : an inquiry into values. New York, N.Y.: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-00230-7. Cited by: Jones, D.R. (September 1989). "Exploring quality: what Robert Pirsig's "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance" can teach us about technical communication". IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication (IEEE) 32 (3): 154–158.
  11. ↑ Motorola University. "What is Six Sigma?". Motorola, Inc. Archived from the original on December 6, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  12. ↑ Taguchi, G. (1992). Taguchi on Robust Technology Development. ASME Press. ISBN 978-99929-1-026-9.
  13. ↑ .Ealey, Lance A. (1988). Quality by design: Taguchi methods and U.S. industry. Dearborn, Mich.: ASI Press. ISBN 978-1-55623-970-0. Cited by: Sriraman, Vedaraman, A primer on the Taguchi system of quality engineering (PDF), retrieved 2008-07-20
  14. ↑ Weinberg, Gerald M. (1991). Quality Software Management: Volume 1. Systems Thinking 1. New York, NY.: Dorset House. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-932633-72-9. OCLC 23870230.
  15. ↑ p.169, Rochfort Scott, Hamerton

Bibliography

External links

Look up quality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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