Outline of economics
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The following hierarchical outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economics:
Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.
Description of Economics
Economics can be described as all of the following:
- Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to, or received by, a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in.
- Field of science – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer reviewed research is published. There are many economics-related scientific journals.
- Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.
Branches of economics
- Macroeconomics – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets.
- Microeconomics – branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources.
Subdisciplines of economics
- Attention economics
- Behavioral economics
- Bioeconomics
- Classical Economics
- Comparative economic systems
- Contract theory
- Development economics
- Econometrics
- Economic geography
- Economic history
- Economic sociology
- Education economics
- Energy economics
- Entrepreneurial economics
- Environmental economics
- Feminist economics
- Financial economics
- Georgism
- Green economics
- Industrial organization
- Information economics
- International economics
- Institutional economics
- Islamic economics
- Labor economics
- Law and economics
- Managerial economics
- Mathematical economics
- Monetary economics
- Public finance
- Public economics
- Real estate economics
- Regional science
- Resource economics
- Socialist economics
- Welfare economics
Methodologies or approaches
- Behavioural economics
- Classical Economics
- Computational economics
- Econometrics
- Evolutionary economics
- Experimental economics
- Praxeology - (used by the Austrian School)
- Social psychology
Multidisciplinary fields involving economics
- Bioeconomics
- Constitutional economics
- Econophysics
- Neuroeconomics
- Political economy
- Socioeconomics
- Thermoeconomics
- Transport economics
Types of economies
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Main articles: Economy and Economic system
Economy – system of human activities related to the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area.
Economies, by political & social ideological structure
See also: Schools of economic thought
Economies, by scope
- Anglo-Saxon economy
- American School
- Hunter-gatherer economy
- Information economy
- New industrial economy
- Palace economy
- Plantation economy
- Token economy
- Traditional economy
- Transition economy
- World economy
Economies, by regulation
- Closed economy
- Dual economy
- Gift economy
- Informal economy
- Market economy
- Mixed economy
- Open economy
- Participatory economy
- Planned economy
- Subsistence economy
- Underground economy
- Virtual economy
Economic elements
Economic activities
- Business
- Collective action
- Commerce
- Competition
- Consumption
- Distribution
- Employment
- Entrepreneurship
- Export
- Government spending
- Finance
- Import
- Investment
- Mergers and acquisitions
- Pricing
- Production
- Trade
Economic forces
- Aggregate demand
- Aggregate supply
- Deflation
- Economic activity (see above)
- Economies of agglomeration
- Economies of scale
- Economies of scope
- Incentive
- Inflation
- Invisible hand
- Preference
- Profit motive
Economic problems
Trends and influences
Economic measures
- Consumer price index
- Economic indicator
- Human Development Index
- Measures of national income and output
- Poverty level
- Standard of living
- UN Human Development Index
- Value
- Measuring well-being
Economic participants
Economic politics
Economic policy
- Agricultural policy
- Fiscal policy
- Incomes policy
- Industrial policy
- Infrastructure-based development
- Investment policy
- Monetary policy
- Policy mix – combination of a country's monetary policy and fiscal policy. These two channels influence growth and employment, and are generally determined by the central bank and the government (e.g., the United States Congress) respectively.
- Stabilization policy
- Tax policy
Infrastructure
Markets
Types of markets
- Black market
- Commodity markets
- Financial market
- Free market
- Labor market
- Mass market
- Media market
- Regulated market
Aspects of markets
- Market failure
- Market power
- Market share
- Market structure
- Market system
- Market transparency
- Market trend
- Market dominance
Market forms
Main article: Market form
- Perfect competition, in which the market consists of a very large number of firms producing a homogeneous product.
- Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market, where there are a large number of independent firms which have a very small proportion of the market share.
- Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service.
- Monopsony, when there is only one buyer in a market.
- Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
- Oligopoly, in which a market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
- Oligopsony, a market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.
Market-oriented activities
Money
Resources
Resource management
Factors of production
Land
Capital
- Capital asset
- Capital intensity
- Financial capital
- Human capital
- Individual capital
- Natural capital
- Social capital
- Wealth
Economic theory
- Consumer theory
- Efficiency wage hypothesis
- Efficient market hypothesis
- Marginalism
- Prospect theory
- Public choice theory
- Rational choice theory
Economic ideologies
History of economics
History of economic thought
- Ancient economic thought
- Economics of the Age of Enlightenment
- British Enlightenment
- French Enlightenment: Physiocracy
- François Quesnay
- Tableau économique
- Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune
- Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth
- François Quesnay
- Socialist economics
- Classical economics, Political economy
- Mercantilism
Economic history
- Economic events
- Economic history of the world
- Economics in the Middle Ages: Feudalism and Manorialism
- Economics of the Renaissance: Mercantilism
- Industrial Revolution
- Nixon Shock
- Economic history of the world
- History by subject
General economic concepts
- Keynesian economics
- Classical economics
- Neo-Keynesian Economics
- Neoclassical economics
- New classical economics
- New Keynesian economics
- Participatory economics
- Home economics
- Goods
- isms
- Modern portfolio theory
- Game theory
- Human development theory
- Production theory basics
- Time preference theory of interest
- Agent
- Arbitrage
- Big Mac Index
- Big Push Model
- Cash crop
- Canadian and American economies compared
- Catch-up effect
- Chicago school
- Collusion
- Commodity
- Comparative advantage
- Competitive advantage
- complementarity
- Consumer and producer surplus
- Cost
- Debt
- Devaluation
- Disposable income
- Economic
- Ecosystem services
- Elasticity
- Environmental finance
- Euro
- Event study
- Experience economy
- Externality
- Factor price equalization
- Federal Reserve
- Financial instruments
- Fiscal neutrality
- Full-reserve banking
- General equilibrium
- Gold Standard
- Import substitution
- Income
- Income elasticity of demand
- Income velocity of money
- Induced demand
- Industrial Organization
- Input-output model
- Interest
- Keynes, John Maynard
- Knowledge-based economy
- Laissez-faire
- Land
- Living wage
- Local purchasing
- Lorenz curve
- Marginal Revolution
- Means of production
- Mental accounting
- Menu costs
- Missing market
- Model - economics
- Model - macroeconomics
- Monopoly profit
- Moral hazard
- Moral purchasing
- Multiplier (economics)
- Neo-classical growth model
- Network effect
- Network externality
- Operations research
- Opportunity cost
- Output
- Parable of the broken window
- Pareto efficiency
- Price
- Price discrimination
- Price elasticity of demand
- Price points
- Outline of industrial organization
- Production function
- Productivity
- Profit (economics)
- Profit maximization
- Public bad
- Public debt
- Purchasing power parity
- Rahn curve
- Rate of return pricing
- Rational expectations
- Rational pricing
- Real business cycle
- Real versus nominal in economics
- Regression analysis
- Returns to scale
- Risk premium
- Saving
- Scarcity
- Seven-generation sustainability
- Slavery
- Social cost
- Social credit
- Social welfare
- Specialization
- Stock exchange
- Subsidy
- Subsistence agriculture
- Sunk cost
- Supply and demand
- Supply-side economics
- Sustainable competitive advantage
- Sustainable development
- Sweatshop
- Technostructure
- The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith
- Transaction cost
- Triple bottom line
- Trust
- Utility
- Utility Maximization Problem
- Uneconomic growth
- U.S. public debt
- Virtuous circle and vicious circle
- Wage rate
- X-efficiency
- Yield
- Zero sum game
Economics publications
Persons influential in the field of economics
Nobel Memorial Prize–winning economic historians
- Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".
- Robert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".
- Merton Miller, who started his academic career teaching economic history at the LSE, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1990 with Harry Markowitz and William F. Sharpe.
Other notable economic historians
- Moses Abramovitz
- T. S. Ashton
- Correlli Barnett
- Jörg Baten
- Maxine Berg
- Ben Bernanke
- Fernand Braudel
- Rondo Cameron
- Sydney Checkland
- Carlo M. Cipolla
- Gregory Clark
- Thomas C. Cochran
- Nicholas Crafts
- Louis Cullen
- Peter Davies
- Brad DeLong
- Barry Eichengreen
- Stanley Engerman
- Charles Feinstein
- Niall Ferguson
- Ronald Findlay
- Roderick Floud
- Claudia Goldin
- John Habakkuk
- Earl J. Hamilton
- Eli Heckscher
- Eric Hobsbawm
- Leo Huberman
- Harold James
- Ibn Khaldun
- Charles P. Kindleberger
- John Komlos
- Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
- David Landes
- Tim Leunig
- Friedrich List
- Robert Sabatino Lopez
- Angus Maddison
- Karl Marx
- Peter Mathias
- Ellen McArthur
- Deirdre McCloskey
- Joel Mokyr
- Cormac Ó Gráda
- Henri Pirenne
- Karl Polanyi
- Erik S. Reinert
- Christina Romer
- W. W. Rostow
- Murray Rothbard
- Larry Schweikart
- Ram Sharan Sharma
- Adam Smith
- Anna Jacobson Schwartz
- Robert Skidelsky
- Graeme Snooks
- R. H. Tawney
- Peter Temin
- Adam Tooze
- Eberhard Wächtler
- Jeffrey Williamson
- Tony Wrigley
See also
- Index of accounting articles
- Index of economics articles
- Index of international trade topics
- JEL classification codes
- List of business theorists
- List of economic communities
- List of economics films
- List of free trade agreements
- Outline of business management
- Outline of commercial law
- Outline of community
- Outline of finance
- Outline of marketing
- Outline of production
External links
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Wikiversity has learning materials about School:Economics |
- History of Economic Thought and Critical Perspectives (NSSR)
- The Joy of Economics, chapter 1 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon
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