Jane Seymour

Jane Seymour
Portrait by Hans Holbein, Kunsthistorisches Museum
Queen consort of England
Tenure	30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537
Proclamation	4 June 1536
Born	c. 1508
Died	24 October 1537 (aged 28) Hampton Court Palace
Burial	12 November 1537 St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse	Henry VIII of England (m. 1536)
Issue	Edward VI of England
Family	Seymour
Father	John Seymour
Mother	Margery Wentworth
Religion	Church of England, previously Roman Catholic
Signature

Jane Seymour (c. 1508 – 24 October 1537) was Queen of England from 1536 to 1537 as the third wife of King Henry VIII. She succeeded Anne Boleyn as queen consort following the latter's execution for high treason, incest and adultery in May 1536. She died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of her only child, a son who reigned as King Edward VI. She was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a queen's funeral, and his only consort to be buried beside him in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. She was the only wife of Henry VIII whose son survived infancy.

Childhood

Jane Seymour was likely born at Wulfhall, Savernake Forest, Wiltshire, the daughter of Sir John Seymour and Margery Wentworth. Through her maternal grandfather, she was a descendant of King Edward III's son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.^[1] Because of this, she and King Henry VIII were fifth cousins. She shared a great-grandmother, Elizabeth Cheney, with his second and fifth wives, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.^[2]

She was not educated as highly as King Henry's previous wives, Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. She could read and write a little, but was much better at needlework and household management, which were considered much more necessary for women.^[3] Jane's needlework was reported to be beautiful and elaborate; some of her work survived as late as 1652, when it is recorded to have been given to the Seymour family. After her death, it was noted that Henry was an "enthusiastic embroiderer."^[4]

She became a maid-of-honour in 1532 to Queen Catherine, but may have served her as early as 1527, and went on to serve Queen Anne. The first report of Henry VIII's interest in Jane Seymour was in early 1536, sometime before Catherine's death.

Jane was highly praised for her gentle, peaceful nature, being referred to as "gentle a lady as ever I knew" by John Russell and being named as "the Pacific" by the Imperial Ambassador Eustace Chapuys for her peacemaking efforts at court.^[5] According to Chapuys, Jane was of middling stature and very pale; he also commented that she was not of much beauty. However, John Russell stated that Jane was "the fairest of all the King's wives."^[6] Polydore Vergil commented that she was "a woman of the utmost charm in both character and appearance."^[7] She was regarded as a meek, gentle, simple, and chaste woman, whose large family made her a suitable candidate to give birth to many children.

Her motto as a queen was "Bound to obey and serve."

Marriage and birth of heir

Henry VIII was betrothed to Jane on 20 May 1536, just one day after Anne Boleyn's execution. The couple married at the Palace of Whitehall, Whitehall, London, in the Queen's closet by Bishop Gardiner^[8] on 30 May 1536. As a wedding gift the King made her a grant of 104 manors in four counties as well as a number of forests and hunting chases for her jointure, the income to support her during their marriage.^[8] She was publicly proclaimed as queen consort on 4 June 1536. Jane’s well-publicised sympathy for the late Queen Catherine and the Lady Mary showed her to be compassionate and made her a popular figure with the common people and most of the courtiers.^[9] She was never crowned because of plague in London, where the coronation was to take place. Henry may have been reluctant to crown Jane before she had fulfilled her duty as a queen consort by bearing him a son and a male heir.^[10] As queen, Jane Seymour was said to be strict and formal. She was close to her female relations, Anne Stanhope (her brother's wife) and her sister, Elizabeth. Jane was also close to the Lady Lisle along with her sister-in-law the Lady Beauchamp. Jane considered Lisle's daughters as maids-of-honour, and she left many of her possessions to Beauchamp. Jane would form a very close relationship with Mary Tudor. The lavish entertainments, gaiety, and extravagance of the Queen's household, which had reached its peak during the time of Anne Boleyn, was replaced by a strict enforcement of decorum. For example, she banned the French fashions that Anne Boleyn had introduced. Politically, Seymour appears to have been conservative.^[11] Her only reported involvement in national affairs, in 1536, was when she asked for pardons for participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace. Henry is said to have rejected this, reminding her of the fate her predecessor met with when she "meddled in his affairs".^[12]

Jane put forth much effort to restore Henry's first child, Princess Mary, to court and to the royal succession, behind any children that Jane might have with Henry. Jane brought up the issue of Mary's restoration both before and after she became Queen. While Jane was unable to restore Mary to the line of succession, she was able to reconcile her with Henry.^[10] Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V of Jane's compassion and efforts on behalf of Mary's return to favour. A letter from Mary to Jane shows that Mary was grateful to Jane. While it was Jane who first pushed for the restoration, Mary and Elizabeth were not reinstated to the succession until Henry's sixth wife, Queen Catherine Parr, convinced him to do so.^[13]

In late 1536, Jane became pregnant. During her pregnancy, she developed a craving for quail, which Henry ordered for her from Calais and Flanders. During the summer, she took no public engagements and led a relatively quiet life, being attended by the royal physicians and the best midwives in the kingdom.^[14] She went into confinement in September 1537 and gave birth to the coveted male heir, the future King Edward VI, at two o'clock in the morning^[15] on 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace.^[16] Edward was christened on 15 October 1537, without his mother in attendance, as was the custom. Both of the King's daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, were present and carried the infant's train during the ceremony.^[17]

Death and funeral

Shadow Cast Portrait of Queen Jane Seymour. Believed to be painted during her short reign as Queen.

Jane Seymour's labour had been difficult, lasting two nights and three days, probably because the baby was not well positioned.^[18] After the christening, it became clear that she was seriously ill.^[19] Jane Seymour died on 24 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace at Kingston upon Thames. Within a few weeks of the death of Queen Jane there existed conflicting testimonies concerning the cause of her demise. In retrospect from the 21st century, there are various speculations that have been offered. According to King Edward's biographer, Jennifer Loach, Jane Seymour's death may have been due to an infection from a retained placenta. According to Alison Weir, death could have also been caused by puerperal fever due to a bacterial infection contracted during the birth or a tear in her perineum which became infected.^[11]

Jane Seymour's arms as queen consort^[20]

Jane Seymour was buried on 12 November 1537 in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle after the funeral in which her stepdaughter, Mary, acted as chief mourner. A procession of 29 mourners followed Lady Mary, one for every year of Queen Jane’s life.^[21] Jane was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a queen's funeral.^[11]

The following inscription was above her grave for a time:

Here lieth a Phoenix, by whose death
Another Phoenix life gave breath:
It is to be lamented much
The world at once ne'er knew two such.

After her death, Henry wore black for the next three months and did not remarry for three years, although marriage negotiations were tentatively begun soon after her death. Moreover, he put on weight during his long widowerhood, becoming obese and swollen and developing diabetes and gout. Historians have speculated she was Henry's favourite wife because she gave birth to a male heir. When Henry died in 1547, he was buried beside her, on his request, in the grave he had made for her.^[11]

Legacy

The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr

Jane gave the king the son he so desperately needed, helped to restore Lady Mary to the succession and her father’s affections, and used her influence to bring about the advancement of her family.^[22] Two of Jane's brothers, Thomas and Edward, used her memory to improve their own fortunes.^[11] Thomas was rumoured to have been pursuing the future Elizabeth I, but married the queen dowager Catherine Parr instead. In the reign of the young King Edward VI, Edward Seymour set himself up as Lord Protector and de facto ruler of the kingdom. Both brothers eventually fell from power, and were executed.^[11]

In popular culture

In film and on stage

• In 1933, Wendy Barrie played Seymour opposite Charles Laughton's Henry VIII in Alexander Korda's highly acclaimed film The Private Life of Henry VIII.
• As part of the 1970 BBC series The Six Wives of Henry VIII, the episode entitled "Jane Seymour" presented her as a shy but honest introvert, devoted to her husband. Henry was played by Keith Michell, and Seymour by Anne Stallybrass. The previous episode "Anne Boleyn" displayed Jane as fully knowing the damage her relationship with King Henry was doing.
• In 1972, this interpretation was repeated in the film Henry VIII and his Six Wives, adapted from the BBC series, in which Keith Michell reprised his role as Henry; on this occasion Seymour was played by Jane Asher.
• Seymour was played by Charlotte Roach in David Starkey's documentary series on Henry's Queens in 2001.
• Seymour is a supporting character in the 2003 BBC television drama The Other Boleyn Girl, played by Naomi Benson opposite Jared Harris as Henry VIII and Jodhi May as Anne Boleyn.
• In October 2003, in the two-part ITV drama Henry VIII, Ray Winstone starred as the King. Jane Seymour was played by Emilia Fox.
• In The Simpsons 2004 episode "Margical History Tour," Seymour is portrayed by the shrill Miss Springfield during Marge's retelling of Henry's reign. Henry (portrayed by Homer) quickly orders Seymour's beheading after hearing her annoying voice.
• Anita Briem portrayed Seymour as lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn in the second (2008) season of the television series The Tudors, produced for Showtime. In the third season of the same series, when Jane Seymour becomes Queen and later dies, the part is played by Annabelle Wallis.
• Seymour was played by actress Corinne Galloway in the 2008 film The Other Boleyn Girl.
• Kate Phillips, at her first professional role, plays Jane Seymour in the BBC2 adaptation of Wolf Hall.
• Jane Seymour is portrayed in the stage adaptation of Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall parts I and II, adapted by Mike Poulton. It was presented by the Royal Shakespeare Company in London's West End (2014) and on Broadway (2015).^[23]

In books

• Is the main character in Carolly Erickson's novel The Favoured Queen, which follows her from her appointment as lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon right up to the time she herself becomes Henry's consort.
• Is the subject of the novel Plain Jane: A Novel of Jane Seymour (Tudor Women Series) by Laurien Gardner (Sarah Hoyt).
• Appears as a lady serving both Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn in Wolf Hall by Hilary Mantel, which ends with hints of her coming prominence. The second novel in Mantel's series, Bring Up the Bodies focuses on the machinations that led to the execution of Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII's growing determination to replace her with Jane Seymour and the Seymour family's strategems to gain from the King's attraction to Jane. A planned third volume, The Mirror and the Light, is expected to tell Jane Seymour's story.^[24]
• The book " I, Jane," by Diane Heager, tells of her growing up and, before catching the eye of King Henry, meeting a young man whose parents are well placed in court and look down on Jane and her family. Despite this, Jane and the son become close, and over the years she never forgets him.

In music

• As Giovanna Seymour, she appears in Gaetano Donizetti's opera Anna Bolena.
• Rick Wakeman recorded the piece "Jane Seymour" for his 1973 album The Six Wives of Henry VIII.
• The English ballad "The Death of Queen Jane" (Child No. 170) is about the death of Jane Seymour following the birth of Prince Edward. The story as related in the ballad is historically inaccurate, but apparently reflects the popular view at the time of the events surrounding her death. The historical fact is that Prince Edward was born naturally, and that his mother succumbed to infection and died 12 days later. Most versions of the song end with the contrast between the joy of the birth of the Prince and the grief of the death of the Queen.

A setting of the ballad to a tune by Irish musician Dáithí Sproule was included on the Bothy Band's 1979 album After Hours (Live in Paris) and their 2008 album Best of the Bothy Band. The song also appears on Loreena McKennitt's 2010 album Barley, and on Sproul's 2011 album Lost River: Vol. 1; and it was performed by Oscar Isaac in the Coen brothers' 2013 film Inside Llewyn Davis.

• The song "Lady Jane" by the Rolling Stones is rumoured to be about Jane Seymour and her relationship with Henry VIII.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Jane Seymour

16. Sir John Seymour of Wulfhall and of Hatch Beauchamp               8. John Seymour of Stapleford                       17. Isabel William or Williams               4. John Seymour of Wulfhall, of Stapleford, of Stitchcombe and of Huish                             18. Sir John Croker of Lineham[25]               9. Elizabeth Coker or Croker                       19. Elizabeth Fortescue               2. Sir John Seymour of Wulfhall                                   20. William Darell or Darrell               10. Sir George Darell or Darrell of Littlecote                       21. Elizabeth Calston               5. Elizabeth Darell or Darrell                             22. John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton (1400-1462)               11. Margaret Stourton of Littlecote                       23. Margery or Marjory Wadham               1. Jane Seymour                                         24. Sir Roger Wentworth, Esq., then Kt., of Parlington and of Nettlestead               12. Sir Philip Wentworth, Kt., of Nettlestead                       25. Margery or Margaret Despenser               6. Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead                             26. Sir John de Clifford, 7th Lord Clifford               13. Mary Clifford                       27. Lady Elizabeth Percy               3. Margery or Margaret Wentworth                                   28. John Say               14. Sir John Say of Baas, of Little Berkhamsted and Sawbridgeworth and of Lawford                       29. Maud ...               7. Anne Say                             30. Sir Laurence or Lawrence Cheney or Cheyne               15. Elizabeth Cheney                       31. Elizabeth Cokayn or Cokayne

Footnotes

1. Norton 2009, p. 8.
2. Norton 2009, p. 9.
3. Brown 2005, p. 244.
4. "Henry VIII – the Embroiderer King". Royal School of Needlework. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
5. David Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII, p.585-586
6. Norton 2009, p. 65.
7. Vergil 1950, p. 337.
8. Weir 2007, p. 344.
9. Weir 2007, p. 340.
10. Wagner 2012, p. 1000.
11. "Jane Seymour: Third Wife of Henry VIII of England". A-london-tourist-guide.com. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
12. "The Six Wives of Henry VIII: Jane Seymour". PBS. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
13. Farquhar 2001, p. 72.
14. Weir 2007, p. 362.
15. Weir 2007, p. 367.
16. Seal 2001, p. 129.
17. Walder 1973, p. 47.
18. Walsh 2009.
19. Norton 2009, p. 145.
20. Boutell 1863, p. 243.
21. Weir 2007, p. 372.
22. Weir 2007, p. 373.
23. http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=498312
24. Mares, Peter (18 June 2009). "Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall". ABC Radio National. Abc.net.au. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
25. or Sir Robert Coker of Lydeard St Lawrence

Sources

• Boutell, Charles (1863). A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor & Newton.
• Brown, Meg Lota; McBride, Kari Boyd. Women's roles in the Renaissance. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313322104.
• Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9.
• Lancelot, Francis (2011). Jane Seymour, Third Wife of Henry the Eighth: A Short Biography. Shamrock Publishing.
• Norton, Elizabeth (2009). Jane Seymour: Henry VIII's True Love (hardback). Chalford: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781848681026.
• Seal, Graham (2001). Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes (hardback). Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 129. ISBN 9781576072165.
• Vergil, Polydore (1950). Hay, Denys, ed. The Anglica historia of Polydore Vergil, A.D. 1485-1537. Edited with a translation by Denys Hay. Camden third series 74. Royal Historical Society. p. 337.
• Wagner, John A. and Schmid, Susan Walters (2012). Encyclopedia of Tudor England (hardback) 3. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598842982.
• Walder, John (1973). All Colour book of Henry VIII. London: Octopus Books. ISBN 0706402324.
• Walsh, Andrew (21 March 2009). "The death of Jane Seymour – a Midwife’s view". Tudor Stuff: Tudor History From the Heart of England. Tudorstuff.wordpress.com. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
• Weir, Alison (2007). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099523628.

External links

• Jane Seymour, Queen of England Family tree
• "Jane Seymour". Find A Grave.
• A quick overview of Jane's life, with a good portrait gallery as well
• A more in-depth historical look at Jane's life and times
• A geo-biography tour of the Six Wives of Henry VIII on Google Earth
• The text of the ballad The Death of Queen Jane
• Photo of Seymour waxwork Flickr
• A 1996 interview with Anne Boleyn's most respected academic biographer, E.W. Ives in which he offers his interpretations of Anne Boleyn but also speculates on the role Jane played in Anne's downfall
• 2015 Irish Examiner article