Quinaldine red

Quinaldine red
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
4-[(E)-2-(1-ethylquinolin-1-ium-2-yl)ethenyl]-N,N-dimethylaniline;iodide[1]
Other names
1-Ethyl-2-p-dimethylaminostyrylquinoline iodide; 2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl)quinoline ethiodide; alpha-(p-Dimethylaminophenylethylene)quinolineethiodide; 2-(-(4-Dimethylamino)styryl)-1-ethylquinolinium iodide; 2-(2-(4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl)ethenyl)-1-ethylquinolinium, iodide; Quinolinium, 2-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)ethenyl)-1-ethyl-, iodide; Quinolinium, 2-(p-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1-ethyl-, iodide (8CI); 2-(p-(Dimethylamino)styryl)-1-ethylquinolinium iodide [2]
Identifiers
117-92-0 YesY
ChemSpider 4643031
Jmol interactive 3D Image
MeSH Red Quinaldine Red
PubChem 5702759
Properties
C21H23IN2
Molar mass 430.33 g·mol−1
Appearance dark green to black solid
Density 4.61 g/cm3
Melting point 240 °C (464 °F; 513 K)
Acidity (pKa) 2.63
UV-vis (λmax) 528 nm
Hazards
NFPA 704
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil Health code 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g., turpentine Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
1
1
0
Flash point 93.3 °C (199.9 °F; 366.4 K)
Not available
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Quinaldine red (pronounced kwin′al-dēn red)[3] is a dark green/red or black solid that doesn't dissolve easily in water (it is partly miscible).[4] In addition to being used as colored indicator, quinaldine red (abbreviated as QR) is also used as fluorescent probe and an agent in bleaching.

Properties

Quinaldine red is an indicator that turns from colorless to red between a pH of 1.0-2.2.[5] The image below shows what color quinaldine red would appear as in a given pH.

It is a cationic molecule that undergoes oxidation at different levels of pH.[3] The rate of oxidation of Quinaldine red is in the first order with respect to the concentration of the oxidizing agent.[3] Other factors that increases the rate of oxidation includes increasing pH and increased sodium carbonate concentration. The reaction rate eventually levels off due to the maximum formation of the product within the oxidation process.

Quinaldine red also has the ability to fluoresce. Free quinaldine red does not fluoresce in solution when it is not bound to anything, making quinaldine red only visible by fluorescence when it is bound to something. Quinaldine red can exhibit fluorescence when it is bound to nucleic acids, which then emit radiation between 580-650 nm. [6] Maximum fluorescence of QR is detected from 557 nm to 607 nm. QR and the nucleic acids react quickly under room temperature, and the resulting QR-nucleic acid complex is able to fluorescence. However, fluorescent activity decrease as time goes on. Maximum fluorescence between QR and DNA is found within the pH range of 3.2-3.6, with the optimum being a pH 3.5. The amount of fluorescence seen with the use of QR is linearly related to the concentrations of DNA or RNA.

Synthesis

QR is synthesized by a condensation reaction between the methyl group of 1-ethyl-2-methylquinolinium iodide and the carbonyl of para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde.[7]

Uses

QR has many uses as a fluorescent probe. The use of QR as a probe is relatively safe, inexpensive, and a sensitive method compared with other fluorescence probes like ethidium bromide or dimeric cyanine dyes.[6] QR is also an ideal fluorescent probe because substrates of interest, such as antibodies, can be detected within a 0.3nM detection limit without the use of radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides, which are the DNA components. In other words, quinaldine red is preferred tag since its binding increases the fluorescence without extra tags being needed.[8]

The dye's ability to bind to proteins makes it a great tag. Once bound to a protein, fluorescent signals are emitted which allow the strength of QR binding to the protein to be determined. Using this technique allows for many dynamic interactions to be understood.[9] Another variation to detecting the QR probes is by measuring the fluorescence via a spectrofluorometer. This allows the concentration of the QR-substance (could be a protein or nucleic acids) to be measured. This also indirectly allows the binding ability of QR to the substance to be measured. Using this technique gives an emission wavelength of 520/160 nm.[10]

QR's ability to bind to substrates and fluoresce can be further utilized to determine the location of a substrate with the use of Raman spectroscopy and the electronic absorption spectra. For example, when a cell is not energized, a cell will not take up QR. When a cell is energized, aggregations of red substrate can be found within a cell, and this can be detected with Raman spectroscopy[11]

In addition to being used as a fluorescent probe, QR can also be used as an agent in bleaching. When exposed to intensive rays such as X-rays, gamma rays, and electron beams, the dye is able to photobleach a substance. In the case of dental bleaching, a laser is the source of intensive rays. QR is dissolved in a mixture of water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, and other solvents and is placed on the teeth. In the presence of oxygen, the QR and carrier particles solution uses its sensitivity to light energy to ultimately bleach teeth, making them whiter.[12]

Quinaldine red is also used as an indicator in experiments. In an assay for inorganic and organic phosphates, QR proved to be a better indicator due to a low blank and its color stability.[13] When being used as an indicator, a color change is involved in order to indicate a change in the pH. For example, in a solution containing inorganic phosphate and ammonium molybdate in sulfuric acid, a reaction could occur where the two substances react forming a phosphomolybdate complex ion, or no reaction could occur. In this case, if pale pink mixture of quinaldine red turns to a colorless solution, this indicates the presence of a free phosphate. If the solution turns a dark red, that indicates the phosphomolybdate complex ion has formed. By using QR as an indicator in this manner, enzymatic activities can be monitored.[14]

References

  1. ↑ "Quinaldine Red". The PubChemProject. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  2. ↑ "Quinaldine Red". Haz-Map. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. 1 2 3 Salem, Ibrahim A.; El-Maazawi, M. (2001). "Kinetics and Mechanism of the Homogeneous Oxidation of Quinaldine Red by Hydrogen Peroxide". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 215 (5): 623–6. doi:10.1524/zpch.2001.215.5.623.
  4. ↑ Guesten, Hans (2006). "Note on the phototropic reaction of quinaldine red" (PDF). Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  5. ↑ General Chemistry Online! (2006). "Acid-Base Indicators". Retrieved March 15, 2013.
  6. 1 2 Li, Wen-You; Miao, Kun; Wu, Hui-Ling; He, Xi-Wen; et al. (2003). "The Fluorescent Reaction Between Quinaldine Red and Nucleic Acids and its Application to Fluorescent Assay of DNA and RNA". Microchimica Acta 143: 33–7. doi:10.1007/s00604-003-0032-2.
  7. ↑ Data Sheets (1981). "Quinaldine Red". Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  8. ↑ Cai, Qihong; Wang, Chunmei; Zhou, Jin; Luo, Fang; et al. (2012). "Terminal protection G-quadruplex-based turn-on fluorescence biosensor for H5N1 antibody". Analytical Methods 4 (10): 3425–8. doi:10.1039/C2AY25775K.
  9. ↑ Imamura, H; Maruyama, T; Otagiri, M (1993). "Evaluation of quinaldine red as a fluorescent probe for studies of drug-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein interaction". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 16 (9): 926–9. doi:10.1248/bpb.16.926. PMID 8268861.
  10. ↑ Ivanov, A. I.; Gavrilov, V. B.; Furmanchuk, D. A.; Aleinikova, O. V.; et al. (2002). "Fluorescent probing of the ligand-binding ability of blood plasma in the acute-phase response". Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2 (3): 147–55. doi:10.1007/s102380200021. PMID 12447613.
  11. ↑ Y Koyama; Carey, PR; Long, RA; Martin, WG; et al. (1979-10-25). "A resonance Raman and electronic absorption probe of membrane energization. Quinaldine red in cells of Streptococcus faecalis". Journal of Biological Chemistry 254 (20): 10276–85. PMID 39936.
  12. ↑ Kutsch, V. (2000). "Dental bleaching compositions, kits & methods". Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  13. ↑ Cogan, Elizabeth B.; Birrell, G.Bruce; Griffith, O.Hayes (1999). "A Robotics-Based Automated Assay for Inorganic and Organic Phosphates". Analytical Biochemistry 271 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1006/abio.1999.4100. PMID 10361001.
  14. ↑ Zuck, Paul; o’Donnell, Gregory T.; Cassaday, Jason; Chase, Peter; et al. (2005). "Miniaturization of absorbance assays using the fluorescent properties of white microplates". Analytical Biochemistry 342 (2): 254–9. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2005.04.029. PMID 15949786.
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