RALGDS

Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator
PDB rendering based on 1lfd.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1RAX​, 2B3A​, 2RGF​, 3KH0​
Identifiers
Symbols	RALGDS ; RGDS; RGF; RalGEF
External IDs	OMIM: 601619 MGI: 107485 HomoloGene: 4562 GeneCards: RALGDS Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity • protein binding • GTPase regulator activity Cellular component • nucleus • cytosol • brush border Biological process • Ras protein signal transduction • positive regulation of GTPase activity • neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway • regulation of catalytic activity Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5900	19730
Ensembl	ENSG00000160271	ENSMUSG00000026821
UniProt	Q12967	Q03385
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001042368	NM_001145834
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001035827	NP_001139306
Location (UCSC)	Chr 9: 133.1 – 133.15 Mb	Chr 2: 28.51 – 28.55 Mb
PubMed search

Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALGDS gene.^[1][2]

Interactions

RALGDS has been shown to interact with:

• Arrestin beta 1,^[3]
• Arrestin beta 2,^[3]
• HRAS,^{[1][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]}
• KRAS,^[4][6]
• MRAS,^[11][12]
• RAP1A,^[5][13]
• RAP2A,^[13]
• RAPGEF2,^[4] and
• RRAS.^[4]

References

1. Hofer F, Fields S, Schneider C, Martin GS (December 1994). "Activated Ras interacts with the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 (23): 11089–93. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.11089. PMC 45172. PMID 7972015.
2. "Entrez Gene: RALGDS ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator".
3. Bhattacharya M, Anborgh PH, Babwah AV, Dale LB, Dobransky T, Benovic JL, Feldman RD, Verdi JM, Rylett RJ, Ferguson SS (August 2002). "Beta-arrestins regulate a Ral-GDS Ral effector pathway that mediates cytoskeletal reorganization". Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (8): 547–55. doi:10.1038/ncb821. PMID 12105416.
4. Spaargaren M, Bischoff JR (December 1994). "Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras, and Rap". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (26): 12609–13. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12609. PMC 45488. PMID 7809086.
5. Boettner B, Govek EE, Cross J, Van Aelst L (August 2000). "The junctional multidomain protein AF-6 is a binding partner of the Rap1A GTPase and associates with the actin cytoskeletal regulator profilin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (16): 9064–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.16.9064. PMC 16822. PMID 10922060.
6. Li W, Han M, Guan KL (April 2000). "The leucine-rich repeat protein SUR-8 enhances MAP kinase activation and forms a complex with Ras and Raf". Genes Dev. 14 (8): 895–900. PMC 316541. PMID 10783161.
7. Mitin NY, Ramocki MB, Zullo AJ, Der CJ, Konieczny SF, Taparowsky EJ (May 2004). "Identification and characterization of rain, a novel Ras-interacting protein with a unique subcellular localization". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (21): 22353–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M312867200. PMID 15031288.
8. Miller MJ, Prigent S, Kupperman E, Rioux L, Park SH, Feramisco JR, White MA, Rutkowski JL, Meinkoth JL (February 1997). "RalGDS functions in Ras- and cAMP-mediated growth stimulation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (9): 5600–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.9.5600. PMID 9038168.
9. Rodriguez-Viciana P, Warne PH, Khwaja A, Marte BM, Pappin D, Das P, Waterfield MD, Ridley A, Downward J (May 1997). "Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras". Cell 89 (3): 457–67. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80226-3. PMID 9150145.
10. Stang S, Bottorff D, Stone JC (June 1997). "Interaction of activated Ras with Raf-1 alone may be sufficient for transformation of rat2 cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (6): 3047–55. PMC 232157. PMID 9154803.
11. Kimmelman A, Tolkacheva T, Lorenzi MV, Osada M, Chan AM (November 1997). "Identification and characterization of R-ras3: a novel member of the RAS gene family with a non-ubiquitous pattern of tissue distribution". Oncogene 15 (22): 2675–85. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201674. PMID 9400994.
12. Ehrhardt GR, Leslie KB, Lee F, Wieler JS, Schrader JW (October 1999). "M-Ras, a widely expressed 29-kD homologue of p21 Ras: expression of a constitutively active mutant results in factor-independent growth of an interleukin-3-dependent cell line". Blood 94 (7): 2433–44. PMID 10498616.
13. Nancy V, Wolthuis RM, de Tand MF, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Bos JL, de Gunzburg J (March 1999). "Identification and characterization of potential effector molecules of the Ras-related GTPase Rap2". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8737–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.8737. PMID 10085114.

Further reading

• Spaargaren M, Bischoff JR (1995). "Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras, and Rap". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (26): 12609–13. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12609. PMC 45488. PMID 7809086.
• Albright CF, Giddings BW, Liu J, Vito M, Weinberg RA (1993). "Characterization of a guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for a ras-related GTPase". EMBO J. 12 (1): 339–47. PMC 413211. PMID 8094051.
• Urano T, Emkey R, Feig LA (1996). "Ral-GTPases mediate a distinct downstream signaling pathway from Ras that facilitates cellular transformation". EMBO J. 15 (4): 810–6. PMC 450279. PMID 8631302.
• Miller MJ, Prigent S, Kupperman E, Rioux L, Park SH, Feramisco JR, White MA, Rutkowski JL, Meinkoth JL (1997). "RalGDS functions in Ras- and cAMP-mediated growth stimulation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (9): 5600–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.9.5600. PMID 9038168.
• Fukunaga R, Hunter T (1997). "MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates". EMBO J. 16 (8): 1921–33. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.8.1921. PMC 1169795. PMID 9155018.
• Geyer M, Herrmann C, Wohlgemuth S, Wittinghofer A, Kalbitzer HR (1997). "Structure of the Ras-binding domain of RalGEF and implications for Ras binding and signalling". Nat. Struct. Biol. 4 (9): 694–9. doi:10.1038/nsb0997-694. PMID 9302994.
• Humphrey D, Kwiatkowska J, Henske EP, Haines JL, Halley D, van Slegtenhorst M, Kwiatkowski DJ (1997). "Cloning and evaluation of RALGDS as a candidate for the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1". Ann. Hum. Genet. 61 (Pt 4): 299–305. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1997.6140299.x. PMID 9365783.
• Kimmelman A, Tolkacheva T, Lorenzi MV, Osada M, Chan AM (1998). "Identification and characterization of R-ras3: a novel member of the RAS gene family with a non-ubiquitous pattern of tissue distribution". Oncogene 15 (22): 2675–85. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201674. PMID 9400994.
• Shirouzu M, Morinaka K, Koyama S, Hu CD, Hori-Tamura N, Okada T, Kariya K, Kataoka T, Kikuchi A, Yokoyama S (1998). "Interactions of the amino acid residue at position 31 of the c-Ha-Ras protein with Raf-1 and RalGDS". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (13): 7737–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.13.7737. PMID 9516482.
• Okada S, Matsuda M, Anafi M, Pawson T, Pessin JE (1998). "Insulin regulates the dynamic balance between Ras and Rap1 signaling by coordinating the assembly states of the Grb2-SOS and CrkII-C3G complexes". EMBO J. 17 (9): 2554–65. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.9.2554. PMC 1170597. PMID 9564038.
• Nancy V, Wolthuis RM, de Tand MF, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Bos JL, de Gunzburg J (1999). "Identification and characterization of potential effector molecules of the Ras-related GTPase Rap2". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8737–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.8737. PMID 10085114.
• Ehrhardt GR, Leslie KB, Lee F, Wieler JS, Schrader JW (1999). "M-Ras, a widely expressed 29-kD homologue of p21 Ras: expression of a constitutively active mutant results in factor-independent growth of an interleukin-3-dependent cell line". Blood 94 (7): 2433–44. PMID 10498616.
• Shao H, Kadono-Okuda K, Finlin BS, Andres DA (1999). "Biochemical characterization of the Ras-related GTPases Rit and Rin". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 371 (2): 207–19. doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1448. PMID 10545207.
• Zheng Q, Yu L, Zhao Y, Sun X, Dai F, Hu P, Fu Q, Geng Z (2000). "[Refined chromosome assignment of human novel H-RalGDS gene on chromosome 9q34.1 by using radiation hybrid genebridge 4 panel]". Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 17 (1): 1–5. PMID 10653898.
• Nagase T, Kikuno R, Ishikawa KI, Hirosawa M, Ohara O (2000). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XVI. The complete sequences of 150 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Res. 7 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1093/dnares/7.1.65. PMID 10718198.
• Zheng Q, Yu L, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Fu Q, Mao N, Hu P, Geng Z, Zhao S (2001). "Structure characterization of human RalGDS gene, and the identification of its novel variant". Mol. Biol. Rep. 27 (4): 209–16. doi:10.1023/A:1011043122220. PMID 11455956.
• Murphy GA, Graham SM, Morita S, Reks SE, Rogers-Graham K, Vojtek A, Kelley GG, Der CJ (2002). "Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, but not RalGDS, in TC21/R-Ras2-mediated transformation". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (12): 9966–75. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109059200. PMID 11788587.
• Ramírez de Molina A, Penalva V, Lucas L, Lacal JC (2002). "Regulation of choline kinase activity by Ras proteins involves Ral-GDS and PI3K". Oncogene 21 (6): 937–46. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205144. PMID 11840339.
• Tian X, Rusanescu G, Hou W, Schaffhausen B, Feig LA (2002). "PDK1 mediates growth factor-induced Ral-GEF activation by a kinase-independent mechanism". EMBO J. 21 (6): 1327–38. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.6.1327. PMC 125928. PMID 11889038.