Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel

RQ-170 Sentinel
Artist's rendering
Role Unmanned aerial vehicle
Manufacturer Lockheed Martin
Introduction 2007
Status In service
Primary user United States Air Force
Number built ≈20[1]


The Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by Lockheed Martin and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). While the USAF has released few details on the UAV's design or capabilities, defense analysts believe that it is a stealth aircraft fitted with aerial reconnaissance equipment.

RQ-170s have been reported to have operated in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. It has been confirmed that the UAVs have operated over Pakistan and Iran; operations over Pakistan included sorties that collected intelligence before and during the operation which led to the death of Osama bin Laden in May 2011.[2]

In December 2011, the Iranian armed forces claimed to have captured an RQ-170 flying over Iran. The U.S. military has acknowledged losing an RQ-170 in the region. United States administration asked Iran to return the UAV. Iran denied the request and lodged a complaint to the UN Security Council over airspace violation by US.[3][4][5]

Development

The RQ-170 Sentinel was developed by Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works as a stealth Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Journalists have noted design similarities between the RQ-170 and previous stealth and UAV programs such as the RQ-3 DarkStar and Polecat.[6][7] It is a tailless flying wing aircraft with pods, presumably for sensors or SATCOMs, built into the upper surface of each wing. Few details of the UAV's characteristics have been released, but estimates of its wingspan range from approximately 65 feet (20 m)[8] to 90 feet (27 m).[9] In a December 2012 report, journalist David Axe stated that "20 or so" RQ-170s had been built.[1]

The "RQ" designation indicates that the RQ-170 Sentinel does not carry weapons.[10] Aviation Week's David A. Fulghum believes that the UAV is probably a "tactical, operations-oriented platform and not a strategic intelligence-gathering design".[8]

The USAF confirmed the "grainy photos of a gray, flying-wing-typed unmanned airplane near Kandahar Airfield."[11] Since then, this aircraft has been known as "The Beast of Kandahar" in relation to the discussion of the RQ-170 Sentinel on 4 December 2009.[8][12] A USAF colonel subsequently commented that RQ-170 is separate from the MQ-X program, which has yet to determine stealth or powerplant requirements, and thus the Sentinel will not replace the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper drones.[13] As of May 2011, the U.S. military had not released any statements concerning the Sentinel since December 2009.[14]

Design

The RQ-170 is a flying wing design containing a single (as yet classified) engine and is estimated by Aviation Week as having a wingspan of approximately 66 feet (20 m).[15] Its takeoff weight is estimated as being greater than the RQ-3 DarkStar's, which was 8,500 pounds (3,900 kg). The design lacks several elements common to stealth engineering such as zig-zag edged landing gear doors and sharp leading edges, and the exhaust is not shielded by the wing.[15] Aviation Week postulates that these elements suggest the designers have avoided 'highly sensitive technologies' due to the near certainty of eventual operational loss inherent with a single engine design and a desire to avoid the risk of compromising leading edge technology.[15] The publication also suggests that the medium-grey color implies a mid-altitude ceiling, unlikely to exceed 50,000 feet (15,000 m) since a higher ceiling would normally be painted darker for best concealment.[15] The postulated weight and ceiling parameters suggests the possible use of a General Electric TF34 engine, or a variant, in the airframe.[15]

On the basis of the few publicly available photographs of the RQ-170, aviation expert Bill Sweetman has assessed that the UAV is equipped with an electro-optical/infrared sensor and possibly an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar mounted in its belly fairing. He has also speculated that the two undercarriage fairings over the UAV's wings may house datalinks and that the belly fairing could be designed for modular payloads, allowing the UAV to be used for strike missions and/or electronic warfare.[16] The New York Times has reported that the RQ-170 is "almost certainly" equipped with communications intercept equipment as well as highly sensitive sensors capable of detecting very small amounts of radioactive isotopes and chemicals which may indicate the existence of nuclear weapons facilities.[17]

Following Iranian claims of downing an RQ-170 near the Afghan border in December 2011, Iranian TV showed video footage of what appears to be an advanced unmanned U.S. aircraft that most closely resembles the RQ-170 UAV. In the footage, a member of the Iranian revolutionary guard released dimensions of the aircraft, including a wingspan of about 26 metres (85 ft), a height of 1.84 metres (6.0 ft), and a length of 4.5 metres (15 ft).[18]

Operational history

The 30th Reconnaissance Squadron operates RQ-170 Sentinels. This squadron, which is based at Tonopah Test Range Airport in Nevada, was activated on 1 September 2005. RQ-170 Sentinels have been deployed to Afghanistan, where one was sighted at Kandahar International Airport in late 2007.[8] This sighting, and the Sentinel's secret status at the time, led Bill Sweetman to dub it the "Beast of Kandahar".[19] The UAV being deployed to Afghanistan, despite the Taliban having no radar, led to speculation that the aircraft was used to spy on Pakistan or Iran: "Phil Finnegan, a UAV analyst at the Teal Group, an aerospace consulting firm, suggests the stealth capabilities are being used to fly in nearby countries. Neighboring Iran has an air force and air defense system that would require stealth technology to penetrate."[20][21]

In December 2009, South Korea's JoongAng Daily newspaper reported that the RQ-170 Sentinel had been test-flown in South Korea for the past few months and that it was expected that they would be permanently deployed in 2010 to replace Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft operating from Osan Air Base.[22] In response to this report, Bill Sweetman argued that the Sentinel's deployments to Afghanistan and South Korea were probably undertaken to monitor Pakistan and North Korea's ballistic missile programs.[23]

In August 2010, Aviation Week reported that RQ-170s either had been or were about to be redeployed to Afghanistan and that the UAVs had been fitted with a full motion video capability.[24] The missions performed by these aircraft included flying dozens of high-altitude sorties over Pakistan to monitor a compound in the town of Abbottabad where Osama bin Laden was believed to be living. On the night of 1/2 May 2011, at least one RQ-170 monitored the area while elements of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group launched an assault on the compound which resulted in bin Laden's death. The aircraft provided footage of the attack which was watched live by President Barack Obama and his senior national security advisors. The RQ-170 also monitored Pakistani military radio transmissions in the area to provide warning of the response to the attack.[25] On 27 May the Los Angeles Times reported that Pakistani officials were "alarmed" by the use of the RQ-170 over their country as the drones are "designed to evade radar and other surveillance systems, and can be used as a spy plane".[26]

In October 2012 a RQ-170 was used to conduct bomb damage assessment for a test drop of a Massive Ordnance Penetrator bomb from a Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit stealth bomber.[27]

Iranian capture and reverse engineering claims

Four months prior to December 2011, there were reports that RQ-170s had been flying missions over Iran during 2011.[17][28] On 4 December, media reports stated that the Iranian Army's electronic warfare unit[29][30][31][32] had downed an RQ-170 that violated Iranian airspace along its eastern border through overriding its controls, and had captured the lightly damaged UAV.[33] The United States Department of Defense released a statement acknowledging that it had lost control of a UAV during the previous week, claiming that it was "flying a mission over western Afghanistan" when control was lost. The statement did not specify the model of the aircraft. The U.S. government also stated that it was still investigating the cause of the loss.[34] On 6 December, U.S. officials acknowledged that a drone crashed in or near Iranian airspace and that it belonged to the CIA and not to ISAF as was earlier stated.[35]

The Iranian government released footage of a captured RQ-170 on 8 December.[36] The captured drone appeared to be largely intact, except for minor damage on its left wing. Dan Goure, an analyst at the Lexington Institute, stated the largely intact airframe ruled out the possibility of an engine or navigational malfunction: "Either this was a cyber/electronic warfare attack system that brought the system down or it was a glitch in the command-and-control system".[37] On 8 December, a senior U.S. official, speaking on condition of anonymity, told the Washington Post that the U.S. cannot be certain the drone shown was real because the U.S. does not have access to it, but also stated that "We have no indication that it was brought down by hostile fire."[34] A second senior U.S. military official said that a major question is how the drone could have remained "virtually intact," given the high altitude from which it is thought to have crashed. After examining the video on 8 Dec, US officials confirmed that the drone was genuine,[38][39] even though some civilians had initially expressed doubt.[38] Bill Sweetman, an author with an interest in military planes, speculated that the Iranians did not shoot down the plane (citing the lack of burn marks, holes, or outward damage) or hack into the system, postulating that a system failure downed the plane, and that the plane could be intact from what is known as a "flat spin" or "falling leaf departure".[38]

In April 2012, General Amir Ali Hajizadeh, the commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards aerospace division, claimed that Iran had reversed-engineered the RQ-170, and was building a copy of the UAV. He also stated that data was being recovered from the captured RQ-170.[40][41][42] On 6 February 2013, Iranian State Television released footage purported to have been downloaded from the RQ-170.[43] U.S. Officials say that there is no evidence that these claims are true. In September 2013, Iran claimed that it had completed a copy of the drone and that all of its surveillance data and software had been decoded.[44]

On 12 May 2014, the Iranian government showed on national television an aircraft that it claimed was reverse-engineered from the captured RQ-170.[45] They claimed their version could be armed to attack U.S. warships. Sources familiar with the RQ-170's design say that the Iranian RQ-170 is merely a static mockup rather than a flyable aircraft.[46] In November 2014 Iran claimed to have carried out a successful test flight of reverse engineered RQ-170.[47]

Operators

United States

Specifications (RQ-170)

Data from

General characteristics

Performance

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 Axe, David (13 December 2012). "7 Secret Ways America's Stealth Armada Stays Off the Radar". Wired. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  2. ↑ "The Little-Known Agency That Helped Kill Bin Laden". The Atlantic. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  3. ↑ Elisha Maldonado, "Iran Denies U.S. Request for Drone Return, Demands Apology", International Business Times, December 13, 2011.
  4. ↑ Iran sends toy drone to Obama
  5. ↑ "General: Iran won't return U.S. drone it claims to have". CNN. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  6. ↑ Fulghum, David A. (8 December 2009). "RQ-170 Has Links to Intelligence Loss to China". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  7. ↑ "Mystery UAV operation in Afghanistan". UV Online. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Fulghum, David A. (4 December 2009). "U.S. Air Force Reveals Operational Stealth UAV". Aviation Week. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  9. ↑ Sweetman, Bill (11 November 2009). "Another Beast Picture". Aviation Week. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  10. ↑ "RQ-170 Sentinel 'Beast of Kandahar'". Defence Aviation. 26 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  11. ↑ Tirpak, John A. (February 2010). "Washington Watch: Stealth skywriting; Watched by Gorgons; Stopping START? ....". Air Force Magazine (Air Force Association) 93 (2): 6. ISSN 0730-6784. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  12. ↑ Fulghum, David A. (4 December 2009). "USAF Confirms Stealthy UAV Operations". Aviation Week. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  13. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (10 December 2009). "RQ-170 not intended to replace Predators and Reapers". FlightGlobal. The DEW Line blog. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  14. ↑ Drew, Christopher (5 May 2011). "Attack on Bin Laden Used Stealthy Helicopter That Had Been a Secret". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fulghum, David A.; Bill Sweetman (14 December 2009). "Stealth over Afghanistan". Aviation Week (McGraw-Hill): 26–27.
  16. ↑ Sweetman, Bill (25 January 2011). "The Beast is Back". Aviation Week. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  17. 1 2 Shane, Scott; Sanger, David E. (7 December 2011). "Drone Crash in Iran Reveals Secret U.S. Surveillance Effort". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  18. ↑ "Iran shows film of captured US drone". BBC News. 8 December 2011.
  19. ↑ Hambling, David (8 December 2009). "Mysteries Surround Afghanistan's Stealth Drone". Wired. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  20. ↑ "US Air Force confirms 'Beast of Kandahar' drone". Asiaone. Agence France-Presse. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  21. ↑ Hoffman, Michael, "Unveiling the 'Beast of Kandahar'", Military Times, 23 December 2009.
  22. ↑ "U.S. to base new unmanned spy plane in Korea". JoongAng Daily. 19 December 2009.
  23. ↑ Sweetman, Bill (16 February 2010). "Beast Sighted In Korea". Aviation Week. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  24. ↑ Fulghum, David A. (8 December 2009). "Beast of Kandahar Is Back in Action". Aviation Week. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  25. ↑ Miller, Greg (18 May 2011). "CIA flew stealth drones into Pakistan to monitor bin Laden house". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  26. ↑ Paul Richter, David S. Cloud and Alex Rodriguez (27 May 2011). "Angry Pakistan rejects U.S. appeal, plans to review drone campaign". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  27. ↑ Trevithick, Joseph (7 November 2014). "U.S. Stealth Drone Helped Test Huge Bomb". War is Boring. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  28. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (4 December 2011). "Explosion Seen as Big Setback to Iran’s Missile Program". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  29. ↑ "Iran airs footage of downed US drone". Press TV. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  30. ↑ "'Iran military landed US spy drone'". Press TV. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  31. ↑ "US maintains silence on downed drone". Press TV. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  32. ↑ "Iran military downs US spy drone". Press TV. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  33. ↑ "Iran shows film of captured US drone". BBC News. 8 December 2011.
  34. 1 2 Jaffe, Greg; Erdbrink, Thomas (5 December 2011). "Iran says it downed U.S. stealth drone; Pentagon acknowledges aircraft downing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  35. ↑ Miller, Greg (6 December 2011). "After drone was lost, CIA tried a head fake". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  36. ↑ "Iran Captures a U.S. Stealth Drone Intact". 8 December 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  37. ↑ Dave Majumdar (9 December 2011). "Iran's captured RQ-170: How bad is the damage?". Air Force Times.
  38. 1 2 3 "U.S. officials, analysts differ on whether drone in Iran TV video is real". CNN. 8 December 2011.
  39. ↑ Orr, Bob (8 December 2011). "U.S. official: Iran does have our drone". CBS News. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  40. ↑ "Iran Says It Is Building Copy of Captured US Drone". The New York Times. Associated Press. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  41. ↑ "Iranians Say They Took Secret Data From Drone". The New York Times. 22 April 2012.
  42. ↑ . FarsNews, 22 September 2013.
  43. ↑ "Iran releases video 'proof' US drone decoded". RT. 7 February 2013.
  44. ↑ . FarsNews, 22 September 2013
  45. ↑ "Iran says it has copied US drone". Yahoo! News. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  46. ↑ Iranian Copy of U.S. Unmanned Stealth Aircraft is a Fake – U.S. Naval Institute, 12 May 2014
  47. ↑ "Iran carries successful test flight of reverse engineered RQ-170". 10 November 2014.
  48. ↑ Daily Telegraph"Iran shows off captured US drone". The Telegraph (London). 8 December 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.

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