Lockheed Model 10 Electra

Model 10 Electra

Amelia Earhart's modified Electra 10E
Role	Light airliner
Manufacturer	Lockheed
Designer	Hall Hibbard
First flight	23 February 1934
Introduction	1935
Number built	149
Developed from	Lockheed Model 9 Orion
Variants	Lockheed XC-35
Developed into	Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra

The Lockheed Model 10 Electra was a twin-engine, all-metal monoplane airliner developed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in the 1930s to compete with the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2. The type gained considerable fame as one was flown by Amelia Earhart on her ill-fated around-the-world expedition in 1937.

Design and development

Clarence "Kelly" Johnson testing an Electra model with single vertical tail in the University of Michigan's wind tunnel.

Some of Lockheed's wooden designs, such as the Orion, had been built by Detroit Aircraft Corporation with metal fuselages. However, the Electra was Lockheed's first all-metal and twin-engine design by Lloyd Stearman^[1]^[2] and Hall Hibbard. The name Electra came from a star in the Pleiades. The prototype made its first flight on February 23, 1934 with Marshall Headle at the controls.^[3]

Wind tunnel work on the Electra was undertaken at the University of Michigan. Much of the work was performed by a student assistant, Clarence Johnson. He suggested two changes be made to the design: changing the single tail to double tails (later a Lockheed trademark), and deleting oversized wing fillets. Both of these suggestions were incorporated into production aircraft. Upon receiving his master's degree, Johnson joined Lockheed as a regular employee, ultimately leading the Skunk Works in developing advanced aircraft such as the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.

The Lockheed Electra was one of the first commercial passenger aircraft to come equipped with mudguards as standard equipment. Before the Electra, only aircraft with fixed landing gear had mudguards.^[4]

Operational history

Lockheed 10B of Marshall Airways (Australia) in 1970, had been initially delivered to Ansett Airways in 1937

After October 1934 when the US government banned single-engined aircraft for use in carrying passengers or in night flying, Lockheed was perfectly placed in the market with its new Model 10 Electra. In addition to deliveries to US based airlines, several European operators added Electras to their prewar fleets. In Latin America, the first airline to use Electras was Cubana de Aviación, starting in 1935, for its domestic routes.

Flight deck

Besides airline orders, a number of non-commercial civil operators also purchased the new Model 10.^[5] In May 1937, H.T. "Dick" Merrill and J.S. Lambie accomplished a round-trip crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. The feat was declared the first round-trip commercial crossing of that ocean by any aircraft. It won them the Harmon Trophy. On the eastbound trip, they carried newsreels of the crash of the Hindenburg, and on the return trip from the United Kingdom, they brought photographs of the coronation of King George VI. Bata Shoes operated the Model 10 to ferry their executives between their European factories.

Probably the most famous use of the Electra was the highly modified Model 10E flown by aviatrix Amelia Earhart. In July 1937, she disappeared in her Electra during an attempted round-the-world flight.^[5]

Many Electras and their design descendants (the Model 12 Electra Junior and Model 14 Super Electra) were pressed into military service during World War II, for instance the USAAF's C-36. By the end of the war, the Electra design was obsolete, although many smaller airlines and charter services continued to operate Electras into the 1970s.^[5]

Electras were popular as private planes for royalty in Asia and Europe. In India, the Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir and the Maharaja of Jodhpur both purchased them for their personal use in 1937.^[6]

Variants

Lockheed Y1C-36

Lockheed Y1C-37

Lockheed XC-35

The Electra was produced in several variants, for both civilian and military customers. Lockheed built a total of 149 Electras.

Electra 10-A

Three built for the U.S. Army Air Corps as Y1C-36, redesignated as C-36 in 1938 and as UC-36 in 1943.
Fifteen impressed by the U.S. Army Air Forces as C-36A, redesignated as UC-36A in 1943.
One built as XR2O-1 for the U.S. Secretary of the Navy.
One built as Y1C-37 for the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, redesignated as C-37 in 1938 and as UC-37 in 1943.

Electra 10-B

Seven impressed by the U.S. Army Air Forces as C-36C, redesignated as UC-36C in 1943.
One built as XR3O-1 for the U.S. Coast Guard for use by the Secretary of the Treasury.

Electra 10-C

Electra 10-D

Proposed military transport version; none built.

Electra 10-E

Five impressed by the U.S. Army Air Forces as C-36B, redesignated as UC-36B in 1943.

XC-35

Experimental pressurized research model powered by turbocharged Pratt & Whitney XR-1340-43, 550 hp (410 kW) each. The one production model was tested for the War Department by Lieutenant Benjamin S. Kelsey. For this work, the Army Air Corps was awarded the 1937 Collier Trophy.^[7]

Lockheed KXL1

A single Lockheed Model 10 Electra supplied to the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for evaluation.

Operators

Civil operators

Australia

Ansett Airways
Guinea Airways, an Australian airline serving New Guinea.
MacRobertson-Miller Aviation
Marshall Airways
Qantas Empire Airways

Brazil

Canada

Chile

LAN Chile

Cuba

Compañia Cubana de Aviación

Czech Republic

Bata Shoes Corporation

Mexico

Compañía Mexicana de Aviación

Netherlands

KLM West Indies Section

New Zealand

Poland

LOT Polish Airlines operated ten aircraft between 1936 and 1939.

Romania

LARES

United Kingdom

British Airways Ltd. (not to be confused with the present-day British Airways)

United States

Braniff Airways
Chicago and Southern Air Lines
Continental Air Lines
Delta Air Lines
Eastern Air Lines
Mid-Continent Airlines (formerly Hanford Airlines)
Midwest Airways
National Airlines
Northeast Airlines (formerly Boston-Maine/Central Vermont Airways)
Northwest Airlines
Pacific Alaska Airways, which became the Alaska division of Pan American Airways
Provincetown-Boston Airlines
Wisconsin Central Airlines

Venezuela

Aerotecnica S.A. ATSA
Línea Aeropostal Venezolana

Yugoslavia

Aeroput

Military operators

Lockheed 10A restored in wartime RCAF markings

Lockheed Electra 10A in Royal Air Force service

U.S. Navy XR2O-1

Argentina

Argentine Air Force

Brazil

Brazilian Air Force

Canada

Royal Canadian Air Force

Honduras

Honduran Air Force

Spain

Spanish Republican Air Force

United Kingdom

Royal Air Force

United States

Venezuela

Survivors

Electra 10A "CF-TCC" in Trans-Canada Air Lines livery at the Western Canada Aviation Museum.

Lockheed Electra at the Science Museum (London)

Canada is the home of two Model 10As. The first aircraft in the Air Canada (then called Trans-Canada Air Lines) fleet was an Electra 10A, "TCA." Two Electras were delivered to Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) in 1937. They were based in Winnipeg and used for pilot training. Trans-Canada Air Lines ordered three more for transcontinental service; "CF-TCC" was one of those three. These former TCA machines and other 10As were acquired by the RCAF during Second World War, and later sold to private operators.

TCA survived into the 1960s when Ann Pellegreno between June 7 and July 10, 1967 flew TCA on a round-the-world flight to commemorate Amelia Earhart’s last flight in 1937. The Canada Aviation Museum acquired this aircraft after the commemorative flight. Manufactured in 1937, the Museum example was the first new aircraft purchased by Trans-Canada Air Lines and served with the company until transferred to the RCAF in 1939. Sold in 1941 to a private operator, it was flown until 1967 by various owners. Air Canada restored the aircraft in 1968 and donated it to the Museum.
TCC was another former Trans-Canada Air Lines original. CF-TCC was found in Florida by a vacationing Air Canada employee in the early 1980s. Arrangements were made for it to be brought back to Winnipeg where it was restored. It was flown across Canada in 1987 to commemorate Air Canada's 50th Anniversary. Air Canada maintains the aircraft and uses it to promote the airline. The aircraft was placed on display at Expo 86 after recreating the original TCA cross-country flight in 1937 and continues to be displayed at air shows and conferences. In 2006, it was flown from Toronto to Washington DC for the annual "Airliners International" Show.^[8] For most of the year, TCC resides at the Western Canada Aviation Museum where it is one of the feature aircraft displayed.

Believed that TCC was formerly N239PB operated by Provincetown-Boston Airlines.

Two Model 10 Electras are also preserved in New Zealand's Museum of Transport and Technology at Auckland. Another Auckland-based Electra, owned by Kaipara Aviation Trust, is under restoration to flying condition.

A military version designated as UC-36A Electra (s/n 43-56638, civilian registration N4963C) is on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. Another military version designated AC-35 Electra is on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.

Electra 10A, Serial no. 1037, built in 1935, is on display in the Science Museum (London) in the "Making the Modern World Gallery."

Electra 10A, Serial no. 1130, is on display in the National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida.

Electra 10A, serial no. 1052 is undergoing final restoration while on display at the New England Air Museum^[9] in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. Although originally the U.S. Navy's XR2O-1 (BuNo 0267), it is painted in Northwest Airlines colors. At one point it was intended to use this machine for a recreation of the Earhart flight but it required too much work.^[10]

N38BB is on display at Oakland Aviation Museum in Oakland, CA and is scheduled for restoration in the near future. This aircraft was originally supposed to be restored and cast for a role in the new Amelia Earhart movie but a deal could not be made with producers and a Lockheed 12 was used instead. N38BB was formerly N38PB operated by Provincetown-Boston Airlines.

Electra 10-A serial no. 1091, OK-CTB, was one of two owned by Bata Shoe Co. in Prague, Czechoslovakia before WWII. At the outbreak of WWII it was evacuated to England, and onward to Canada where it served with the RCAF. After a succession of US owners, it was eventually reacquired by Bata Shoe, and fully restored by Wichita Air Services in Newton, KS. Wearing its original colors and registration marks, it was ferried back to Prague in May 2015.^[11]

Electra 10-E Special serial no. 3501, the XC-35 is currently in storage in the collection of the National Air and Space Museum.

Specifications (Electra 10A)

General characteristics

Crew: two
Capacity: ten passengers
Length: 38 ft 7 in (11.8 m)
Wingspan: 55 ft 0 in (16.8 m)
Height: 10 ft 1 in (3.1 m)
Wing area: 458 ft² (42.6 m²)
Empty weight: 6,454 lb (2,930 kg)
Loaded weight: 10,500 lb (4,760 kg)
Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior SB, 450 hp (340 kW) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 202 mph (325 km/h)
Cruise speed: 190 mph (306 km/h)
Range: 713 mi (1,150 km)
Service ceiling: 19,400 ft (5,910 m)
Rate of climb: 1,000 ft/min (300 m/min)
Wing loading: 22.9 lb/ft² (111.7 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 11.7 lb/hp (142 W/kg)

References

Notes

↑ "Lloyd Stearman". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
↑ Phillips, Edward H (2006). Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History. Specialty PressPub & Wholesalers. p. 26.
↑ Gunston 1998, p. 8.
↑ "Mud Guards on Plane Wheels Protect Landing Gear." Popular Mechanics, April 1935, p. 523, (bottom-right).
1 2 3 Winchester 2004, p. 188.
↑ Straits Times, 30 December 1937, Page 10.
↑ "New Plane Ready For Stratosphere Test Flights." Popular Mechanics, August 1937.
↑ "New Horizons." achorizons.ca. Retrieved: February 3, 2010.
↑ http://neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=867
↑ "New England Air Museum." www.neam.org. Retrieved: August 1, 2010.
↑ . Retrieved: May 26, 2015.

Bibliography

Francillon, René J. Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-835-6.
Garrison, Peter. "Head Skunk". Air & Space Magazine, March 2010.
Gunston, Bill. Lockheed Aircraft: The History of Lockheed Martin (Aircraft Cutaways). Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. ISBN 978-1-85532-775-7.
Winchester, Jim, ed. "Lockheed 10 Electra". Civil Aircraft (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-642-1.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lockheed Model 10 Electra.

XC-35 in the collection of the National Air and Space Museum
XC-35 from National Museum of the United States Air Force
"Luxurious Air Yacht Is a Home with Wings" Popular Mechanics, January 1936 Electra converted for business travel.

Lockheed Electra 10A Restoration project, New Zealand:

Lockheed and Lockheed Martin aircraft

Airliners and civil transports	Vega Model 8 Sirius Altair Model 9 Orion Model 10 Electra Model 12 Electra Junior Model 14 Super Electra Model 18 Lodestar Constellation L-049 L-649 L-749 L-1049 Super Constellation L-1249 Super Constellation L-1649 Starliner Saturn L-188 Electra L-402 JetStar L-100 Hercules L-1011 TriStar

Military transports	C-69 Constellation C-121 Constellation C-130 Hercules C-130J Super Hercules HC-130 KC-130 LC-130 MC-130 C-141 Starlifter C-5 Galaxy R6V Constitution Tristar (RAF)

Attack and bombers	YP-24 Hudson XB-30 Ventura AC-130 A-4AR Fightinghawk F-117 Nighthawk Have Blue FB-22

Drones/UAVs	AQM-60 Kingfisher D-21 Desert Hawk Desert Hawk III MQM-105 Aquila Polecat RQ-3 Darkstar RQ-170 Sentinel DC-130

EW and reconnaissance	YO-3 EC-121 Warning Star EC-130 EC-130H Compass Call WC-130 EP-3 U-2 TR-X A-12 SR-71 Blackbird SR-72

Fighters	XFM-2 YP-24 P-38 Lightning XP-49 XP-58 Chain Lightning P-80 Shooting Star XF-90 F-94 Starfire F-104 Starfighter variants YF-12 F-16 Fighting Falcon F-22 Raptor YF-22 F-35 Lightning II

Helicopters	CL-475 XH-51 AH-56 Cheyenne VH-71 Kestrel

Maritime patrol	P-2 Neptune P-3 Orion P-7 S-3 Viking CP-140 Aurora

Trainers	T-33 T2V SeaStar

Experimental	L-133 NF-104A Senior Peg Senior Prom XC-35 XF-104 XV-4 Hummingbird X-7 X-17 X-26B Frigate CL-1200 Lancer X-33 X-35 X-44 X-55 X-56 XFV QueSST

Other	Air Express Big Dipper Model 44 Excalibur Explorer Little Dipper

United States military transport aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systems

Army/Air Force sequence (1925-1962)	C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-13¹ C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-28 C-29 C-30 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34 C-35 C-36 C-37 C-38 C-39 C-40 C-41/A C-42 C-43 C-44 C-45 C-46 C-47/T C-48 C-49 C-50 C-51 C-52 C-53 C-54 C-55 C-56 C-57 C-58 C-59 C-60 C-61 C-62 C-63 C-64 C-65 C-66 C-67 C-68 C-69 C-70/A/B/C/D C-71 C-72 C-73 C-74 C-75 C-76 C-77/B-D C-78 C-79 C-80 C-81 C-82 C-83 C-84 C-85 C-86 C-87 C-88 C-89 C-90 C-91 C-92 C-93 C-94 C-95 C-96 C-97/KC-97 C-98 C-99 C-100 C-101 C-102 C-103 C-104 C-105 C-106 C-107 C-108 C-109 C-110 C-111 C-112 C-113 C-114 C-115 C-116 C-117 C-118 C-119 C-120 C-121/F C-122 C-123/A C-124 C-125 C-126 C-127 (I) C-127 (II) C-128 C-129 C-130/J C-131 C-132 C-133 C-134 C-135/KC-135 C-136 C-137 C-138¹ C-139¹ C-140 C-141 C-142

Tri-service sequence (1962-present)	C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7/B C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-13¹ C-14 C-15 C-16¹ C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20A-D/F-H C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27/J C-28 C-29 C-30¹ C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34¹ C-35 C-36 C-37A/B C-38 C-39¹ C-40 C-41 C-42¹ C-43¹ C-44¹ C-45 C-46

Revived original sequence (2005-present)	C-143 C-144 C-145 C-146

Non-sequential designations	C-767 C-880

¹ Not assigned See also: AC-47 • AC-119 • AC-130 • DC-130 • EC-130 • HC-130 • KC-130 • LC-130 • MC-130 • WC-130 • CT-39 • CT-43

USN/USMC transport designations 1931–1962

Atlantic Aircraft	RA

Budd	RB

Curtiss	RC R2C⁴ R3C⁴ R4C R5C

Douglas	RD R2D R3D R4D R5D R6D

Bellanca	RE

Kinner	RK

Kreider-Reisner	RK² R2K

Martin	RM

Lockheed	RO R2O R3O R4O R5O R6O R7O-1/-2 to "V"

Stinson	RQ R2Q² R3Q

Fairchild	RQ R2Q R3Q² R4Q

Ford	RR

Sikorsky	RS

Northrop	RT

Lockheed	from "O" R6V R7V-1/-2 R8V

Convair	RY R2Y R3Y R4Y

¹ Not assigned • ² Assigned to a different manufacturer's type • ³ Sequence restarted • ⁴ Assigned to a different class of aircraft

Japanese Navy Trainer Aircraft designations

K1Y K2Y K3M K4Y K5Y K6K/K6M/K6W K7M K8K/K8Ni/K8W K9W K10W K11W KXA KXBu KXC KXJ KXL

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