Raimund Abraham

Raimund Johann Abraham
Born (1933-07-23)July 23, 1933
Lienz, Tyrol, Austria
Died March 4, 2010(2010-03-04)
Nationality Austrian
Alma mater Technical University, Graz
Occupation architect

Raimund Johann Abraham (July 23, 1933 [1] – March 4, 2010 [2]) was an Austrian architect.[3]


Austrian Cultural Forum New York
Neues Bild 4
Anthology Film Archives
Oberwart Haus Dellacher

Early life and formal education

Raimund Johann Abraham was born in 1933, in the town of Lienz, Tyrol in Austria, and he died on March 4, 2010, in Los Angeles, California. [4] Throughout a 40-year career, Abraham created visionary projects and built works of architecture, in Europe and the United States. [5] From 1952-1958, Abraham studied at the Technical University of Graz, and in 1959, he established a studio in Vienna, where he explored the depths and boundaries of architecture through building, drawing, and montage. [6] Abraham's first book, the 1965 publication “Elementare Architektur” was made at a time of transition between architecture studies and practice. [7] In this early volume on elemental structures, Abraham explores the built environment, absent aesthetic speculation, and determinations about design instead coming from the relative level of knowledge and also the desires of the builder. In 1964, Abraham emigrated to the United States.

Architecture career

Abraham was an influential architect in his native Austria and the New York avant-garde. Abraham's poetic architectural vision was influenced by the Viennese tradition to align architecture with sculpture, and also by the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernest Mach. Abraham theorized architecture on a collision course with the needs of humans, yet striving for coexistence, in a constant state of creative tension. [8] Beginning in the late 1950s, his enigmatic architecture placed Abraham among the avant-garde, such as Hans Hollein, Walter Pichler and Günther Domenig. In 1958, Abraham collaborated with Friedrich St. Florian, placing 3rd in an international competition to design the Pan Arabian University of Saudi Arabia, and in 1959, placing 2nd, for the design of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Cultural Center in Léopoldville. [9] Abraham criticized mainstream architecture's preoccupation with style, it's indifference to history, and the rigid definition of Modernism at that time. [10] Abraham went on to influence generations of professional architects through architectural drawings, projects, and teaching.

A self-described incurable formalist, Abraham's notable built architecture includes House Dellacher (1963–67), in the Oberwart District of Burgenland, Austria, and a Public Housing Complex, (1968–69) and Experimental Kindergarten (1969-70) in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1973, Abraham was awarded the commission for Rainbow Plaza in Niagara Falls, New York, which he co-designed with Giuliano Fiorenzoli. That same year, Abraham was asked to transform the New Essex Market Courthouse building, located at 32 Second Avenue, New York City, for reuse as the Anthology Film Archives (1980–89), with collaborator-architects Kevin Bone and Joseph Levin. [11] A portfolio Untitled marked the occasion. [12]

In the mid-1980s, Abraham won the architecture competition to build a mixed-use residential and commercial complex, IBABERLIN, in Friedrichstraße 32-33 (1985-88), a major street in central Berlin, which forms the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. The area was originally constructed to extend the city center, during the first half of the 18th century, in the Baroque style, and after significant damage during World War II, and then partly rebuilt before the division of the Berlin Wall. Abraham explained the work as a tribute to "a city of memories, hope and despair. A City mutilated and fragmented by war, offended through reconstruction and isolated by political manipulations. Historical fragments remain, monuments of the past, elements for a new architectural beginning. New elements are suggested. First independent, then connected to form a dialectical topography of urban Architecture."

Abraham contributed the design for Traviatagasse (1987-1991), in Vienna, with Carl Pruscha. Other buildings designed by Abraham include Residential/Commercial Building (1990–93), in Graz, Austria; House Bernard (1985), Hypo-Bank and Hypo-House (1993–96), situated in the historic center of the small town of Tyrol, in Lienz, Austria. In later years, Abraham designed his own home in Mazunte, Mexico. [13][14][15]

Among Abraham's many well known hypothetical projects is Seven Gates to Eden, a bold hand-drawn analysis of the suburban house, exhibited in the 1976 Venice Biennale, curated by Francesco Dal Co, and included in a 1981 show at the Yale School of Architecture, entitled Collisions, curated by New York architect George Ranalli. [16] Abraham's City Of Twofold Vision, Cannaregio West, (1978–80), is sited in Cannaregio, the northernmost of the six historic districts of the historic city of Venice, Italy. [17] Abraham also designed the Les Halles Redevelopment project (1980) for Paris, France, and Interior (2001), and his design for The New Acropolis Museum (2002) in Athens, Greece articulates new ideas about the contextualization of monuments. [18][19] In 2002, Abraham contributed a poetic artistic response to New York's World Trade Center attack on September 11, 2001. Abraham's proposal is a poignant symbol to regain footing while envisioning a new future architecture for the City of New York.

Perhaps Abraham's best known work of architecture is the Austrian Cultural Forum New York (1993-02), at 11 East 52nd Street; a building ingeniously arranged onto a site only 25 feet wide. Architectural historian Kenneth Frampton as recognized the Austrian Cultural Forum as “the most significant modern piece of architecture to be realized in Manhattan since the Seagram Building and Guggenheim Museum in 1959.” [20][21] Another notable project, Musikerhaus or House for Musicians (1999), in in Hombroich, near to Düsseldorf, Germany. The built atop a former NATO missile base. Abraham adapted the site for reuse as an artists’ residence and exhibition gallery. Abraham's Musikerhaus was completed posthumously, under the supervision of Abraham's daughter Una, in 2013. [22][23] In 2015, The German Architecture Museum (DAM) identified Abraham's Musikerhaus as a significant new building constructed in Germany. [24]

Abraham was awarded a Stone Lion (1985), at the 3rd International Architecture Exhibition for "Progetto Venezia," an international competition sponsored by the Venice Biennale, under the directorship of Aldo Rossi. [25] He also earned the Grand Prize of Architecture (1995), and Gold Medal of Honor (2005) for meritorious service to the Province of Vienna. [26]

In 2011, Abraham was part of the ensemble cast in the film "Sleepless nights stories," which included Marina Abramovic, Thomas Boujut, Louise Bourgeois, Simon Bryant, Phong Bui, Pip Chodorov, Louis Garrel, Björk Gudmundsdottir, Flo Jacobs, Ken Jacobs, Harmony Korine, Lefty Korine, Rachel Korine-Simon, Kris Kucinskas, Hopi Lebel, Jean-Jacques Lebel, Diane Lewis, Jonas Lozoraitis, Adolfas Mekas, Oona Mekas, Sebastian Mekas, DoDo Jin Ming, Dalius Naujokaitis, Benn Northover, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Yoko Ono, Nathalie Provosty, Carolee Schneeman, Patti Smith, and Lee Stringer. [27] The 2015 premiere of Scenes from the Life of Raimund Abraham (2013), by film diarist Jonas Menkas, is a cinéma vérité style documentary that carries its subject, visionary architect Raimund Abraham, into the future. [28]

Drawing architecture

Abraham is known for creating visionary architectural hand-drawings. [29] Throughout his career, he asserted the autonomous, fundamental value of a drawing as a manifestation of architecture. [30] Abraham stated, “The drawing is one of the tools we have available for the realization of an architectural idea.” To Abraham, drawing was as much the work of the architect as building. Critics describe Abraham’s drawings as architectural poetry on paper. [31] Many of his visionary drawings have been exhibited as art. [32]

During the 1960s and 70s, Abraham's interest in the typology of the house inspired masterful, visually compelling, imaginative architectural drawings, accompanied by evocative titles and texts, such as Earth-Cloud House, project (1970), The House with Curtains Project, Perspective (1972), The House Without Rooms, project, elevation and plan (1974), and The Cosmology of The House (1974), to explore human dwellings, the ritual of habitation, and the subjectivity of spatial conditions, especially interiority. [33][34] Abraham's shadowy visions, such as Radar Cities, Terza Mostra d' Architettura, (1985), and Metropolitan Core (2010) propose thoughtful architectural prototypes. Glacier City (1964) is an invisible city, between walls, on either side of a wide valley. These works are prescient meditations on architectural scale, not only based upon the scale of the human body, but also inclusive of multi-sensory perception, media, and imagination. [35][36]

Abraham explained the inspiration for Nine Projects for Venice (1979-80): "the absence of the mechanical scale of land-bound transportation, Venice, as no other City, has been able to retain a physiological morphology which has consistently reversed all known spatial principles of Cartesian origins." Abraham populates the city of Venice with architectural inventions, such as Wall of Lost Journeys, House For Boats, Square of Solitude, and Tower of Wisdom. Abraham's drawn architecture is symbolic of the mythology for collisions and the potential of architectural expression. [37][38]

Architecture education

Abraham explained his role as an educator as follows: “Teaching forces me to engage in a critical dialogue with somebody else, and find a level of objectivity that allows me to have a fair critical argument. My role as a teacher is simply to clarify, although that’s a bit simplistic. When I give a problem to the students, it’s my problem; I am trying to anticipate how I could solve that problem. And my joy is when the students come up with a solution I haven’t thought of.” [39]

After arriving in the United States in the mid-1960s, Abraham taught at Rhode Island School of Design, in Providence, Rhode Island, and then for 31-years, he was a professor of architecture at the Cooper Union School of Art and Architecture, New York, N.Y., and adjunct faculty member at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York. Abraham was also variously a visiting professor in architecture design at the Open Atelier of Design and Architecture (OADA) in New York City; Hines College of Architecture at the University of Houston, Texas; Yale School of Architecture and Environmental Studies; Harvard Graduate School of Design; Architectural Association School of Architecture, London; Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Los Angeles, California; Technical Universities, Graz; and University of Strasbourg. [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]

Exhibitions

The work of Raimund Abraham has been exhibited widely at museums and galleries worldwide, including Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden; Museo Correr, Venice, Italy; Centre Pompidou, Paris, France; Pinacotheca, Athens, Greece; National Gallery (Berlin); Venice Biennale; German Architecture Museum, Frankfurt; Krinzinger Gallery, Innsbruck; Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts of Chicago, Illinois; and the Museum of Modern Art and Architectural League of New York.

Solo exhibitions and programs

Group exhibitions

References

  1. ↑ AEIOU profile on Raimund Abraham 4 March 2010
  2. ↑ "Experimental Architect Raimund Abraham Dies in Car Accident" LA Times.com 4 March 2010
  3. ↑ William Grimes, "Raimund Abraham, 76, Dies; Architect Known for Visionary Drawings", The New York Times, March 6, 2010, retrieved 12 March 2010
  4. ↑ Abraham, Raimund. "Raimund Johann AbrahamAustrian-born American architect". Encyclopedia Britinicanna.
  5. ↑ "Tribute to Raimund Abraham". The Austrian Cultural Forum NYC. May 13, 2005.
  6. ↑ Weibel, Peter, ed. (May 17, 2005). Beyond Art: A Third Culture: A Comparative Study in Cultures, Art and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary (1st ed.). Vienna: Springer Vienna Architecture. ISBN 3211245626.
  7. ↑ Abraham, Raimund (1965). Elementare Architektur (1st edition ed.). Salzburg: Pustet. pp. XXXVI, 74 S. : überw. Ill. : 29 cm. ISBN 3702504397.
  8. ↑ Woods, Lebbeus (April 4, 2010). "Tribute> Raimund Abraham". The Architect's Newspaper.
  9. ↑ Morgan, William (March 1, 2014). "Submission Requirements: Design competitions and the creative economy.". AIA Architect.
  10. ↑ Sennott, Stephen, ed. (January 1, 2004). Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 1579584349.
  11. ↑ "About/ History". Anthology Film Archives.
  12. ↑ "Untitled: Artist/ Maker Raimund Abraham". Reynolda House. Reynolda House Museum of American Art.
  13. ↑ Düriegl, Günter, ed. (April 22, 2010). "Architect Raim Abraham has died in an accident". Rotweissenrot: 40.
  14. ↑ "The Architecture of the Austrian Cultural Institute by Raimund Abraham". Architekturzentrum Wien. 1999.
  15. ↑ Hill, John, ed. (December 5, 2011). New York City, Guide to Contemporary New York City Architecture (1 ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393733262.
  16. ↑ Ryan, Raymund. "The life of Raimund Abraham". Architectural Review. The Architectural Review. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
  17. ↑ Abraham, Raimund (1980). "10 immagini per Venezia : mostra dei progetti per Cannaregio Ovest : Venezia, Ala Napoleonica, 1 aprile-30 aprile 1980" 2 (Architettura, Progetto). Rome: Officina: 165 pages : illustrations ; 22 cm. OCLC 7577208.
  18. ↑ "Witness and Response: September 11 Acquisitions at the Library of Congress". The Library of Congress: Prints and Photographs Division.
  19. ↑ Baraona Pohl, Ethel (September 2, 2011). "Reviews: Raimund Abramah [Un]Built: 15 years after its publication, the second edition". Domus.
  20. ↑ "Raimund Abraham (1933 – 2010)". Austrian Information 63 (Spring 2010).
  21. ↑ Lepik, Andres; Stadler, Andreas, eds. (2010). Raimund Abraham & the Austrian Cultural Forum New York (in German and English). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. pp. 128 pages : illustrations (chiefly color) ; 22 cm. ISBN 9783775727259.
  22. ↑ Quirk, Vanessa (July 23, 2012). "Raimund Abraham's Final Work / Photographer Thomas Mayer". Arch Daily.
  23. ↑ Taylor, James (February 7, 2014). "Raimund Abraham's Last Project Realized at Former NATO Missile Base". Arch Daily.
  24. ↑ Cachola Schmal, Peter; Gräwe, Christina; Förster, Yorck (2015). Deutsches Architektur Jahrbuch : German architecture annual 2015/16. Munich: Prestel. pp. 195 p. : il. ; 28 cm. ISBN 9783791354781.
  25. ↑ Walker Art Center (1983). "Site: The Meaning of Place in Art and Architecture". Design Quarterly 122: 35–36. JSTOR 4091084.
  26. ↑ Beaver, Robin; Slessor, Catherine (eds.). Contemporary Architecture CA1, CA1 Series, Volume 1 of CA: Contemporary Architecture. p. 241.
  27. ↑ Mekas,, Jonas; Burchil, Elle (eds.). "Sleepless nights stories". Re:Voir Video: 1 videodisc (114 min.) : DVD video, sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. + accompanying guide (21 pages : illustrations ; 18 cm). OCLC 853626183.
  28. ↑ Taubin, Amy. "Friends With Benefits". ArtForum. Artforum International Magazine. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  29. ↑ Amelar, Sarah (March 9, 2010). "In Memoriam: Raimund Johann Abraham (1933-2010)". Architectural Record.
  30. ↑ Brillembourg, Carlos. "Raimund Abraham". BOMB Magazine. Retrieved 2001.
  31. ↑ Miller, Norbert (2011). "Imagination and the calculus of reality. Raimund Abraham [UN]BUILT". Springer.
  32. ↑ Riley, Terrance, ed. (2002). The Changing of the Avant-Garde: Visionary Architectural Drawings from the Howard Gilman Collection. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 116.
  33. ↑ McQuaid, Matilda, ed. (2002). Envisioning Architecture: Drawings from The Museum of Modern Art. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
  34. ↑ Abraham, Raimund (1982). "Negation and reconciliation". Perspecta : the Yale architectural journal (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale School of Architecture) 19: 190 pages : illustrations ; 31 cm. OCLC 35749940.
  35. ↑ Keeney, Gavin (2011). Else-where”: Essays in Art, Architecture, and Cultural Production 2002-2011. Newcatsle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 144383405X.
  36. ↑ Klotz, Heinrich, ed. (1985). "Raimund Abraham". Postmodern visions : drawings, paintings, and models by contemporary architects. New York: Abbeville Press. pp. 357 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 29 cm. ISBN 0896595692.
  37. ↑ Manaugh, Geoff. "I'm exposing matter to the forces of time...". Canadian Center for Architecture (CCA).
  38. ↑ Sky, Alison; Michelle, Stone, eds. (1976). Unbuilt America: Forgotten Architecture in the United States from Thomas Jefferson to the Space Age. New York: McGraw Hill.
  39. ↑ Brillembourg, Carlos (2001). "Raimund Abraham". BOMB, vol 77.
  40. ↑ Abraham, Raimund (1980). "Honors Design Studio, spring 1980". Houston, Texas: University of Houston: 1 v. (unpaged) : chiefly ill. (some col.) ; 22 x 29 cm. OCLC 669626075.
  41. ↑ "Raimund Abraham, former RISD faculty member dies in Los Angeles". RISD Academic Affairs. March 16, 2010.
  42. ↑ Whitten, Theodore; Osman, Michael, eds. (September 19, 1999). Retrospecta, 98/99: The Annual Retrospective of the Yale School of Architecture. ISBN 0967402107.
  43. ↑ "Grenzlinien : eine Odyssee = Borderlines : an odyssey" (in German and English). Graz: Technische Universität. 1989: 119 pages : illustrations ; 28 cm. OCLC 21308500.
  44. ↑ "Raimund Abraham Seven Gates". Architecture Association School of Architecture. January 13, 1977.
  45. ↑ "SCI-Arc NEWS: ARCHITECT RAIMUND ABRAHAM (1933-2010) Dies in Car Accident in Los Angeles". Southern California Institute of Architecture. March 4, 2010.
  46. ↑ The New School Archives & Special Collections. "Diital Collections: Raimund Abraham". The New School.
  47. ↑ Taubin, Amy (December 19, 2015). "Friends With Benefits". ArtForum.
  48. ↑ "Raimund Abraham "Musikerhaus". NY Art Beat. 2011.
  49. ↑ Johnson, Ken (February 1, 2008). "Art Review: Under Pain of Death". The New York Times.
  50. ↑ "RAIMUND ABRAHAM: JingYa Ocean Entertainment Center Beijing". Frederieke Taylor Gallery.
  51. ↑ "Raimund Abraham in mostra a Milano". AR 30 (2): 58. January 2002.
  52. ↑ "Books Celebrating Exhibitions: [UN]BUILT Raimund Abraham". The Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture of the Cooper Union. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  53. ↑ Abraham, R. (1986). Fingerle, Christoph Mayr, ed. "Raimund Abraham : Ungebaut". Bozen: Forum AR/GE Kunst. OCLC 875488333.
  54. ↑ Abraham, Raimund; Campo, B.A, (1983). Raimund Abraham: Obras y proyectos, 1960-1983. Museo Español de Arte Contemporáneo, Escuela T.S. de Arquitectura de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid: Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Madrid, Comisión de Cultura. ISBN 8485572564.
  55. ↑ Abraham, R.J.; Ott, N. (1983). "Raimund Abraham Berlin Projekte [1980 - 1983] ; Kirche an der Mauer, zwei Monumente, IBA Projekt ; Ausstellung vom 27. Mai bis 2. Juli 1983". Berlin: Aedes. OCLC 615123352.
  56. ↑ "Raimund Abraham, collisions : exhibition October 26-December 4, 1981, Art and Architecture Gallery". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale School of Architecture: 24 pages : illustrations ; 28 cm. OCLC 9559117.
  57. ↑ P. Adams Sitney (1976). "Raimund Abraham : Seven Gates to Eden". London: Art Net: 8 unnumbered pages ; 21 cm. OCLC 63169912.
  58. ↑ Abraham, Raimund (1975). "Raimund Abraham : la casa, universo del hombre". Mexico City: Galería Universitaria Aristos: 17 unnumbered pages : illustrations, portrait ; 25 cm. OCLC 174570958.
  59. ↑ Karl, Kurt, ed. (1973). "Raimund Abraham : works 1960-73.". Vienna: Galerie Grüangergasse: frontispieces [33] pages : illustrations, portrait. OCLC 80536320.
  60. ↑ Khachiyan, Anna (2015). "Bleak House: A MoMA exhibition on the single-family home and its archetypes tells us a lot without saying anything at all". The Museum of Modern Art.
  61. ↑ Pettena, Gianni (2013). "Vienna e dintorni : Raimund Abraham, Hans Hollein, Max Peintner, Gianni Pettena, Walter Pichler, Ettore Sottsass" (in Italian and English). Milan, Italy: Galleria G. Bonelli. OCLC 847553191.
  62. ↑ Gardner, James (July 24, 2008). "Chaos and Danger in Architectural Design". Arts. The New York Sun.
  63. ↑ Ex. Position : Avantgarde Tirol 1960/75. Innsbruck: Tiroler Landesmuseum. 2004. ISBN 3900083061.
  64. ↑ "Hombroich spaceplacelab : laboratory for other modes of living, 9:1=landscape:building". La Biennale di Venezia. 2004. OCLC 888762634.
  65. ↑ Aquin, Stéphane, ed. (2003). Global village : the 1960s. Montreal, Canada: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, in association with Snoeck Publishers. ISBN 2891922670.
  66. ↑ Rizzi, Roberto (2003). Civilization of living : the evolution of European domestic interiors. Milan, Italy: Edizione Lybra Immagine. ISBN 8882230635.
  67. ↑ A new World Trade Center : design proposals from leading architects worldwide (1st ed.). New York, N.Y.: ReganBooks. 2002. p. xi. ISBN 0060520167.
  68. ↑ Abraham, Raimund (1999). The Architecture of The Austrian Cultural Forum. Saltzburg: Verlag Anton Pustet.
  69. ↑ Heerich, Erwin, ed. (1996). "Museum Insel Hombroich : architecture, launching area, sculpture". Neuss, Germany: Museum Insel Hombroich. OCLC 40887015.
  70. ↑ Oron, Ran (1996). Planes. New York: ebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. ISBN 1884300022.
  71. ↑ "13 Austrian positions : [Austrian Exhibition "13 Austrian Positions"] ; September 8 - October 10, 1991" (in English and Italian). Biennale di Venezia: Fifth International Exhibition of Architecture. 1991. OCLC 633116065.
  72. ↑ "Follies : arquitectura para el paisaje de finales del siglo XX : [una exposición de Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, James Corcoran Gallery, Los Angeles y MOPU Arquitectura, Madrid, mayo-junio 1984" (in Spanish). Madrid: MOPU D.L. 1984. OCLC 434867764.
  73. ↑ "Taseis stē synchronē architektonikē" [Trends in contemporary archtecture] (in Greek and English). Athens: National Gallery Alexander Soutzos Museum. 1982. OCLC 54187112.
  74. ↑ "Inventionen : Piranesi und Architekturphantasien in der Gegenwart ; 13. Dezember 1981 - 10 February 1982" (in German). Hanover: Dt. Werkbund Niedersachsen und Bremen. 1981. OCLC 831076716.
  75. ↑ Dal Co, Francesco (ed.). "Dieci immagini per Venezia : Raimund Abraham, Carlo Aymonino, Peter Eisenman, John Hejduk, Bernhard Hoesli, Rafael Moneo, Valeriano Pastor, Gianugo Polesello, Aldo Rossi, Luciano Semerani ; nostra dei progetti per Cannaregio Ovest, Venezia Ala Napoleonica, 1. aprile - 30. aprile 1980" (in Italian). Venice: Officina Edizioni. OCLC 630366233.
  76. ↑ Visionary drawings of architecture and planning : 20th century through the 1960s : developed for travel and circulated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) (1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 1979. ISBN 0262030705.
  77. ↑ "Architecture: Seven Architects". Institute of Contemporary Art University of Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  78. ↑ Apraxine, Pierre; Castelli Gallery, Leo; University of Pennsylvania (1977). "Architecture I : Raimund Abraham, Emilio Ambasz, Richard Meier, Walter Pichler, Aldo Rossi, James Stirling, Venturi and Rauch". New York: Leo Castelli. OCLC 4155863.
  79. ↑ Sitney, P. Adam. "Seven gates to Eden". London: Art Net. OCLC 63169912.
  80. ↑ "The Collection: Raimund Abraham: Glacier City, from the Linear City Series Project, Sectional perspective 1964". Museum of Modern Art.

Further reading

External links

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