Rankings of universities in the United States

College and university rankings in the United States are rankings of US colleges and universities ordered by various combinations of various contributing factors which vary greatly depending on the organization performing the ranking. Rankings have most often been conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, or academics. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, and schools. Various rankings consider combinations of measures of wealth, research excellence and/or influence, selectivity, student options, eventual success, demographics, and other criteria. There is much debate about rankings' interpretation, accuracy, usefulness, and appropriateness. The expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field.

Rankings

Acceptance rate (selectivity)

Selectivity—the percentage of applicants admitted (the lower the percentage, the more selective the college)—reflects both desirability (increasing the number of applicants), and competitiveness (how difficult it is to be accepted), although competitiveness also depends on the strength of fellow applicants instead of the number of people to be accepted alone. For the third year in a row, Stanford has been the most selective undergraduate institution.[1]

Institution [1] Acceptance rate, 2015
Stanford University 5.0%
Harvard College 5.3%
Columbia University 6.1%
Yale College 6.5%
Princeton University 7.0%
University of Chicago 7.8%
MIT 8.0%
Brown University 8.5%
Pomona College 9.8%
Claremont McKenna College 9.8%
University of Pennsylvania 9.9%
Dartmouth College 10.3%
Duke University 11.3%
Vanderbilt University 11.7%
Swarthmore College 12.2%
Johns Hopkins University 12.4%
Amherst College 13.7%
Cornell University 14.9%
Bowdoin College 14.9%
Tufts University 15.8%

    Admissions yield

    Yield—the percentage of admitted students who accept the offer and attend (the higher the better)—reflects the desirability of the school among those admitted to the school. Yield thus may reflect the academic prestige or reputation of the school, and/or other characteristics of the school that admitted students view as positive or attractive attributes. The following table lists some of the universities with the highest yields in the nation, for students entering in the fall of 2015 (yield figures with asterisk are 2014 figures, the latest available).[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

    University Admissions yield 2015
    Stanford University 81.1%
    Harvard University 80.0%
    MIT 72.4%*
    Yale University 71.7%*
    Princeton University 68.6%
    University of Pennsylvania 66%
    Columbia University 62.2%*
    University of Chicago 60%
    Brown University 59.9%*
    Dartmouth College 54.5%*
    Cornell University 53.4%*
    Pomona College 51%
    Georgetown University 47.6%

      Business Insider

      Business Insider asks professionals which college they believe best prepares its students for success in life. The top three colleges in the 2014 survey were Stanford, MIT, and Caltech.[14]

      University Score
      Stanford University 4.15
      MIT 4.12
      Caltech 3.96
      Princeton University 3.88
      Harvard University 3.80

        Council for Aid to Education

        The Council for Aid to Education publishes a list of the top universities in terms of annual fundraising. Fundraising ability reflects, among other things, alumni and outside donor's views of the quality of a university, as well as the ability of that university to expend funds on top faculty and facilities. Most recent 2015 rankings put Stanford at the top, ahead of Harvard, USC, UCSF, and Cornell.[15]

        University 2015 Fundraising Total in $Millions
        Stanford University 1630
        Harvard University 1050
        University of Southern California 653.03
        University of California - San Francisco 608.58
        Cornell University 590.64

          The Daily Beast's Guide to the Best Colleges

          The Daily Beast's college rankings take into account nine factors, with academics, future earnings, and affordability weighted most heavily. The other criteria include graduation rates, diversity, athletics, nightlife, activities, and campus quality. Data comes from The National Center for Education Statistics, as well as private organizations like PayScale, for salary data, and Niche, for student opinions. The Daily Beast's college rankings report the top 250 scoring schools, with Stanford University at the top, followed by Harvard University, Yale University, MIT, and Columbia University.[16]

          University College ranking
          Stanford University 1
          Harvard College 2
          Yale University 3
          MIT 4
          Columbia University 5
          Princeton University 6
          Cornell University 7
          University of Pennsylvania 8

            The Economist's "Best Colleges. The Value of University"

            The Economist's college rankings The Economist Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges focuses on comparable economical advantages defined as 'the economic value of a university is equal to the gap between how much its students subsequently earn, and how much they might have made had they studied elsewhere'. Based on set of strict criteria sourced from U.S. Department of Education ('College Scorecard") with relevant 'expected earnings' and multiple statistics applied in calculation of 'median earnings' conclusive evaluation method has been applied to run the scorecard’s earnings data through a multiple regression analysis, a common method of measuring the relationships between variables.[17]

            Rank [18] Name
            Washington and Lee University 1
            Babson College 2
            Villanova University 3
            Harvard University 4
            Bentley University 5
            Otis College of Art and Design 6
            Lehigh University 7
            Alderson Broaddus University 8
            Texas A&M International University 9
            California State University 10

            Faculty Scholarly Productivity rankings

            The Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index by Academic Analytics ranks 354 institutions based on faculty publications, citations, research grants and awards.[19][20]

            Forbes college rankings

            In 2008, Forbes.com began publishing an annual list, prepared by the Center for College Affordability and Productivity[21] of "America's Best Colleges". Student satisfaction (evaluations from RateMyProfessors.com, retention rates and targeted student satisfaction surveys on Facebook) constitutes 75% of the score. Post-graduate success (self-reported salaries of alumni from PayScale, alumni appearing on the CCAP's America’s Leaders List) constitutes 32.5% of the score. Student debt loads constitute 25% of the score. The graduation rate (the proportion of students who complete four-year degrees in four years) constitutes 7.5% of the score. Academic success (the proportion of students receiving nationally competitive awards) constitutes 10% of the score. Public reputation is not considered, which causes some colleges to score lower than in other lists. A three-year moving average is used to smooth out the scoring. The 2015 ranking puts Pomona College at the top, followed by Williams, Stanford, Princeton, Yale, Harvard, and Swarthmore.

            Money's "Best Colleges"

            Money's college rankings take into account 21 factors that it categorizes as measures of educational quality, affordability, and alumni earnings. The rankings considered 1500 four-year colleges and reported the top ranking 736. In 2015, according to Money, the top five colleges are Stanford, Babson, MIT, Princeton, and CalTech.[22]

            College College ranking
            Stanford University 1
            Babson College 2
            MIT 3
            Princeton University 4
            Caltech 5
            Harvey Mudd College 6
            Harvard University 6

              Niche rankings

              Niche provides rankings and reviews of colleges in the U.S. Their Best Colleges ranking focuses on academics, diversity, affordability, and student satisfaction. Their most recent ranking places Stanford at the top, followed by MIT, Harvard, Yale, and Rice.[23]

              University College Ranking
              Stanford University 1
              MIT 2
              Harvard University 3
              Yale University 4
              Rice University 5
              University of Pennsylvania 6
              Princeton University 7
              Washington University in St. Louis 8
              University of Southern California 9
              Vanderbilt University 10

                The Princeton Review Dream Colleges

                The Princeton Review annually asks students and parents what their dream college is, if cost and ability to get in were not factors. Over 12,000 students and parents responded in 2015. The top dream school for students is Stanford, for the third year in a row. The top dream school for parents is also Stanford, for the fourth year in a row. Stanford won out over Harvard and NYU among students, and led Harvard and Princeton among parents.[24]

                University Students' Dream
                College Ranking
                Stanford University 1
                Harvard College 2
                New York University 3
                Columbia University 4
                UCLA 5
                  University Parents' Dream
                  College Ranking
                  Stanford University 1
                  Harvard College 2
                  Princeton University 3
                  Yale University 4
                  MIT 5

                    Revealed Preference Rankings

                    Avery et al. pioneered the use of choice modelling to rank colleges. Their methodology used a statistical analysis of the decisions of 3,240 students who applied to college in 1999.[25] MyChances.net adopted a similar approach starting in 2009,[26] stating that its method is based on this approach.[27] The study analysed students admitted to multiple colleges. The college they attended became the winner, and the others became the losers. An Elo rating system was used to assign points based on each win or loss, and the colleges were ranked based on their Elo points. A useful consequence of the use of Elo points is that they can be used to estimate the frequency with which students, upon being admitted to two schools, will choose one over the other. Most recent preference ranking by Parchment placed Stanford at the top, followed by MIT, Harvard, and Yale.[28]

                    University Total Points
                    Stanford University 2419
                    MIT 2370
                    Harvard University 2363
                    Yale University 2307
                    Princeton University 2306

                      Social Mobility Index (SMI) rankings

                      The SMI rankings are a collaborative publication from CollegeNet and PayScale. The rankings aim to provide a measure of the extent to which colleges provide upward economic mobility to those that attend. The rankings were created in response to the finding in Science magazine which showed that among developed nations, the United States now provides the least economic opportunity and mobility for its citizens. The rankings were also created to combat the rising costs of tuition, much of which is attributed to the efforts of some colleges to increase their own fame and wealth in ways that increase their rank in media periodicals that put an emphasis on such measures. In 2014, according to the SMI, the top five colleges are Montana Tech, Rowan University, Florida A&M, Cal Poly Pomona, and Cal State Northridge.[29]

                      The Top American Research Universities

                      The Center for Measuring University Performance has ranked American research universities in the Top American Research Universities since 2000. The methodology is based on data such as research publications, citations, recognitions and funding, as well as undergraduate quality such as SAT scores. The information used can be found in publicly accessible materials, reducing possibilities for manipulation. The methodology is generally consistent from year to year and changes are explained in the publication along with references from other studies.[30]

                      TrendTopper MediaBuzz College Guide

                      TrendTopper MediaBuzz College Guide is an American-college guide based on what it calls "Internet brand equity" based on data collected from the Internet and global media sources. It ranks the Top 300 United States colleges and universities. The guide includes specialty and for profit schools including Art, Business, Design, Music, and Online Education. The TrendTopper MediaBuzz College Rankings are produced twice a year by the Global Language Monitor of Austin, Texas.

                      Time Magazine described internet brand equity as "a measure of who's talking about you online, based on Internet data, social media, blogs and the top 75,000 print and electronic media outlets.[31][32]

                      GLM ranks the schools "according to their online presence -- or internet brand equity ... By focusing on online presence, the Monitor hopes to avoid the biases that characterize other rankings, which commonly rely on the opinions of university officials and college counselors rather than that of the greater public.[33]" GLM believes the rankings provide an up-to-date perspective on which schools have the most popular brand. The resulting rankings gauge the relative value of the various institutions and how they change over time.

                      The Global Language Monitor publishes other lists relating to the English language including: the TrendTopper MediaBuzz College Guide rankings of the top 425 U.S. colleges and universities according to their internet brand equity.[34]

                      Top Universities (January 2016): Rank/University/Previous Ranking

                      Top Universities Last

                      1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1
                      2. University of California at Los Angeles 6
                      3. University of California, Berkeley 3
                      4. University of California, Davis 7
                      5. University of California, San Diego 12
                      6. University of Chicago 4
                      7. University of Texas, Austin 5
                      8. Harvard University 2
                      9. University of Washington 13
                      10. University of Southern California 27
                      11. Stanford University 8
                      12. University of Wisconsin, Madison 15
                      13. Yale University 21
                      14. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 16
                      15. University of California, Irvine 37
                      16. University of Virginia 19
                      17. University of California, Santa Barbara 36
                      18. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 20
                      19. University of Minnesota 22
                      20. Ohio State University, Columbus 28

                      Top 20 US Colleges by TrendTopper MediaBuzz 2016

                      Rank/College/Previous Ranking

                      1. Wesleyan University 54
                      2. School of the Art Institute of Chicago 27
                      3. College of the Holy Cross 58
                      4. Williams College 6
                      5. University of Richmond 2
                      6. United States Military Academy 1
                      7. Smith College 47
                      8. United States Naval Academy 20
                      9. Middlebury College 7
                      10. Pratt Institute 10
                      11. Wellesley College 4
                      12. University of the Arts, PA 69
                      13. Berklee College of Music 72
                      14. Babson College 9
                      15. Oberlin College 19
                      16. Rhode Island School of Design 22
                      17. Bucknell University 11
                      18. Vassar College 8
                      19. Barnard College 21
                      20. Colgate University 14

                      Top US Colleges by Category

                      University Entrepreneur Report

                      The University Entrepreneur Report lists the top six American universities in terms of venture capital investments in businesses started by a university's alumni. According to a CB Insights study of deals from 2007-2011, Stanford alumni secured 203 venture capital or angel investments, totaling $4.1 billion, more than any other university studied. Harvard was second with 112 deals, totaling $3.8 billion. Excluding the Facebook deal, Harvard alumni secured $1.8 billion, less than half of Stanford’s total. UC Berkeley, NYU, UPenn and MIT each brought in over $1.0 billion.[35]

                      University Total Value of Venture Capital
                      or Angel Investments
                      from 2007 - 2011 in $Billions                      		 Number of Venture Capital
                      or Angel Investment Deals
                      from 2007 - 2011
                      Stanford University 4.1 203
                      Harvard University 3.8 112
                      University of California at Berkeley 1.3 90
                      New York University 1.2 48
                      University of Pennsylvania 1.2 46

                      U.S. News & World Report College and University rankings

                      The magazine U.S. News & World Report's rankings are based upon information they collect from educational institutions via an annual survey and school websites. It also considers opinion surveys of university faculty and administrators outside the school.[36] Their college rankings were first published in 1983 and have been published in all years thereafter, except 1984.

                      The US News listings have gained such influence that some Universities have made it a specific goal to reach a particular level in the US News rankings.[37] Belmont University president Bob Fisher stated in 2010, "Rising to the Top 5 in U.S. News represents a key element of Belmont’s Vision 2015 plan."[38] Clemson University made it a public goal to rise to the Top 20 in the US News rankings, and made specific changes, including reducing class size and altering the presentation of teacher salaries, so as to perform better in the statistical analysis by US News.[39] At least one university, Arizona State, has actually tied the university president's pay to an increase in the school's placement in the US News rankings.[40]

                      The following are elements in the US News rankings.

                      U.S. News determined the relative weights of these factors and changed them over time. The National Opinion Research Center reviewed the methodology and stated that the weights "lack any defensible empirical or theoretical basis". The first four of the listed factors account for the great majority of the U.S. News ranking (80%, according to U.S. News's 2005 methodology), and the "reputational measure" (which surveys high-level administrators at similar institutions about their perceived quality ranking of each college and university) is especially important to the final ranking (accounting by itself for 25% of the ranking according to the 2005 methodology).[41]

                      A New York Times article reported that, given the U.S. News weighting methodology, "it's easy to guess who's going to end up on top: the Big Three, Harvard, Yale and Princeton round out the first three essentially every year. When asked how he knew his system was sound, Mel Elfin, the rankings' founder, often answered that he knew it because those three schools always landed on top. When a new lead statistician, Amy Graham, changed the formula in 1999 to one she considered more statistically valid, the California Institute of Technology jumped to first place. Ms. Graham soon left, and a modified system pushed Princeton back to No. 1 the next year."[42]

                      A 2010 study by the University of Michigan found that university rankings in the United States significantly affect institutions' applications and admissions.[43] The research analyzed the effects of the U.S. News & World Report rankings, showing a lasting effect on college applications and admissions by students in the top 10% of their class.[43] In addition, they found that rankings influence survey assessments of reputation by college presidents at peer institutions, such that rankings and reputation are becoming much more similar over time.[44]

                      A 2014 study published in Research in Higher Education removed the mystique of the U.S. News ranking process by producing a ranking model that faithfully recreated U.S. News outcomes and quantified the inherent “noise” in the rankings for all nationally ranked universities. The model developed provided detailed insight into the U.S. News ranking process. It allowed the impact of changes to U.S. News subfactors to be studied when variation between universities and within subfactors was present. Numerous simulations were run using this model to understand the amount of change required for a university to improve its rank or move into the top 20. Results show that for a university ranked in the mid-30s it would take a significant amount of additional resources, directed in a very focused way, to become a top-ranked national university, and that rank changes of up to +/- 4 points should be considered “noise”.[45]

                      Top national universities[46] Rank Top liberal arts colleges Rank
                      Princeton University 1 Williams College 1
                      Harvard University 2 Amherst College 2
                      Yale University 3 Swarthmore College 3
                      Columbia University 4 Bowdoin College 4
                      Stanford University 4 Middlebury College 4
                      University of Chicago 4 Pomona College 4
                      Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7 Wellesley College 4
                      Duke University 8 Carlton College 8
                      University of Pennsylvania 9 Claremont McKenna College 9
                      California Institute of Technology 10 Davidson College 9
                      Johns Hopkins University 10 United States Naval Academy 9

                      Washington Monthly national universities rankings

                      The Washington Monthly's "National Universities Rankings", most recently published in 2013, began as a research report in 2005, with rankings appearing in the September 2006 issue.[47] It ranks colleges on academic quality, faculty, and alumni outcome. It also offers American university and college rankings based upon "contribution to the public good in numerous categories.

                      The following are elements in the Washington Monthly rankings.

                      Their top national universities are:[48]

                      Top national universities[48] Rank Top liberal arts college[49] Rank
                      University of California, San Diego  1 Bryn Mawr College 1
                      University of California, Riverside 2 Carleton College 2
                      Texas A&M University, College Station 3 Berea College  3
                      University of California, Berkeley  4 Swarthmore College 4
                      Stanford University 5 Harvey Mudd College 5
                      University of California, Los Angeles  6 Reed College 6
                      University of Washington, Seattle  7 Pomona College 7
                      Harvard University  8 Bates College 8
                      Georgia Institute of Technology 9 Haverford College 9
                      University of Texas, El Paso 10 New College of Florida 10

                      "What will they Learn?" Report - American Council of Trustees and Alumni

                      In 2009, the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) began grading colleges and universities based on the strength of their general education requirements. In ACTA's annual What Will They Learn? report, colleges and universities are assigned a letter grade from "A" to "F" based on how many of seven subjects are required of students. The seven subjects are composition, mathematics, foreign language, science, economics, literature and American government or history.[50] The 2011-2012 edition of What Will They Learn? graded 1,007 institutions.[51] In the 2011-2012 edition, 19 schools received an "A" grade for requiring at least six of the subjects the study evaluated.[52] ACTA's rating system has been endorsed by Mel Elfin, founding editor of U.S. News & World Report’s rankings.[53] New York Times higher education blogger Stanley Fish, while agreeing that universities ought to have a strong core curriculum, disagreed with some of the subjects ACTA includes in the core.[54]

                      Other rankings

                      Other rankings include the Fiske Guide to Colleges and College Prowler, now called Niche (see above). Many specialized rankings are available in guidebooks, considering individual student interests, fields of study, geographical location, financial aid and affordability. In addition to best overall colleges ranking shown above, Niche also publishes dozens of specialized rankings such as Best Academics, Best Campus Food, Most Conservative Colleges, and Best Technology.

                      Among the rankings dealing with individual fields of study is the Philosophical Gourmet Report or "Leiter Report",[55] a ranking of philosophy departments. This report has attracted criticism from different viewpoints. Notably, practitioners of continental philosophy, who perceive the Leiter report as unfair to their field, have compiled alternative rankings.

                      The Gourman Report, last published in 1996, ranked the quality of undergraduate majors and graduate programs.

                      The Higher Education Rankings, developed and managed by the New York City consulting company IV Research, is a commercial product that provides both general rankings as well as personalized rankings based on a complicated assessment of 6 criteria and 30 indicators.[56]

                      Gallup polls ask American adults, "All in all, what would you say is the best college or university in the United States?"[57]

                      Global Language Monitor produces a "TrendTopper MediaBuzz" ranking of the Top 300 United States colleges and universities semi-annually.[58] It publishes overall results for both university and college categories. It uses the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching’s classifications to distinguish between universities and liberal arts colleges. The rankings list 125 universities, 100 colleges, the change in the rankings over time, a "Predictive Quantities Indicator" (PQI) Index number (for relative rankings), rankings by Momentum (yearly and 90-day snapshots), and rankings by State. The most recent ranking appeared on November 1, 2009, covering 2008. The PQI index is produced by Global Language Monitor's proprietary PQI algorithm,[59] which has been criticized by some linguists for its use in a counting of the total number of English words.[60][61][62][63] The Global Language Monitor also sells the TrendTopper MediaBuzz Reputation Management solution for higher education for which "colleges and universities can enhance their standings among peers".[64] The Global Language Monitor states that it "does not influence the Higher Education rankings in any way".[65]

                      The Princeton Review, annually publishes a book of Best Colleges. In 2011, this was titled The Best 373 Colleges. Phi Beta Kappa has also sought to establish chapters at the best schools, lately numbering 280.[66]

                      In terms of collegiate sports programs, the annual NACDA Directors' Cup provides a measure of all-around collegiate athletic team achievement. Stanford has won the Division I Directors' cup for the last 20 years in a row.[67]

                      Criticisms

                      American college and university ranking systems have drawn criticism from within and outside higher education in Canada and the United States. Institutions that have objected include Reed College, Alma College, Mount Holyoke College, St. John's College, Earlham College, MIT, Stanford University, University of Western Ontario, and Queen's University.

                      Critics charged that U.S. News intentionally changed its methodology every year so that the rankings change and they can sell more magazines. A San Francisco Chronicle article argues that "almost all of US News factors are redundant and can be boiled down to one characteristic: the size of the college or university's endowment."[68]

                      Some higher education experts, like Kevin Carey of Education Sector, have argued that U.S. News & World Report's college rankings system is merely a list of criteria that mirrors the superficial characteristics of elite colleges and universities. According to Carey, "[The] U.S. News ranking system is deeply flawed. Instead of focusing on the fundamental issues of how well colleges and universities educate their students and how well they prepare them to be successful after college, the magazine's rankings are almost entirely a function of three factors: fame, wealth, and exclusivity." He suggested more important characteristics are how well students are learning and how likely students are to earn a degree.[69]

                      2007 movement

                      On 19 June 2007, during the annual meeting of the Annapolis Group, members discussed a letter to college presidents asking them not to participate in the "reputation survey" section of the U.S. News survey (this section comprises 25% of the ranking). As a result, "a majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the meeting said that they did not intend to participate in the U.S. News reputational rankings in the future."[70] However, the decision to fill out the reputational survey was left to each individual college.[71] The statement stated that its members "have agreed to participate in the development of an alternative common format that presents information about their colleges for students and their families to use in the college search process."[71] This database was outlined and developed in conjunction with higher education organizations including theNational Association of Independent Colleges and Universities and the Council of Independent Colleges.

                      U.S. News & World Report editor Robert Morse issued a response on 22 June 2007, stating:

                      "in terms of the peer assessment survey, we at U.S. News firmly believe the survey has significant value because it allows us to measure the "intangibles" of a college that we can't measure through statistical data. Plus, the reputation of a school can help get that all-important first job and plays a key part in which grad school someone will be able to get into. The peer survey is by nature subjective, but the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice. The results from the peer survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges."[72]

                      In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group, Morse argued:

                      "It's important to point out that the Annapolis Group's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before [...] U.S. News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already. And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality.U.S. News first collects all these data (using an agreed-upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set). Then we post the data on our website in easily accessible, comparable tables. In other words, the Annapolis Group and the others in the NAICU initiative actually are following the lead of U.S. News."[72]

                      In 1996, according to Gerhard Casper, then-president of Stanford University, U.S. News & World Report changed its formula to calculated financial resources:

                      Knowing that universities—and, in most cases, the statistics they submit—change little from one year to the next, I can only conclude that what are changing are the formulas the magazine's number massagers employ. And, indeed, there is marked evidence of that this year. In the category "Faculty resources," even though few of us had significant changes in our faculty or student numbers, our class sizes, or our finances, the rankings' producers created a mad scramble in rank order [...data...]. Then there is "Financial resources," where Stanford dropped from #6 to #9, Harvard from #5 to #7. Our resources did not fall; did other institutions' rise so sharply? I infer that, in each case, the formulas were simply changed, with notification to no one, not even your readers, who are left to assume that some schools have suddenly soared, others precipitously plummeted.[73]

                      See also

                      References

                      1. 1 2 "Class of 2019 admit rates: From selective to ultra-ultra-selective". Retrieved 16 July 2015.
                      2. ↑ "Record 81.1 percent yield rate reported for Class of 2019".
                      3. ↑ "Harvard Admitted Students Profile".
                      4. ↑ "Waitlist sees use again, 3 years later".
                      5. ↑ "Next freshman class already one for the record books".
                      6. ↑ "U. revises yield, expects to draw from wait list".
                      7. ↑ "Admissions yield rate holds steady at 66 percent".
                      8. ↑ "Columbia College and School of Engineering Fall Admissions Statistics, 2000-2014".
                      9. ↑ "UChicago to welcome more first-generation students".
                      10. ↑ "Yield rate holds steady at 59.9 percent".
                      11. ↑ "1,210 Accept Offer to Join Class of 2018".
                      12. ↑ "Class of 2018 is most selective in Cornell history".
                      13. ↑ "Admission Yield Steady At 47.6%".
                      14. ↑ "The 50 Best Colleges in America".
                      15. ↑ "Top Fundraisers" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2016.
                      16. ↑ The Daily Beast (2014). "The Daily Beast: College Rankings 2014". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
                      17. ↑ The Economist (2015). "The Economist: List of America's Best Colleges". The Economist. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
                      18. ↑ The Economist (2015). "The Economist: Value of University: Rankings Details". The Economist. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
                      19. ↑ "FSP Index Top Performing Schools". Academic Analytics, LLC. 2008-08-22. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
                      20. ↑ "The Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index, a means of assessing doctoral programs". Office of the President.
                      21. ↑ Center for College Affordability and Productivity
                      22. ↑ "MONEY's Best Colleges". Time. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
                      23. ↑ "Niche Best Colleges".
                      24. ↑ "Top 10 "Dream Colleges"". Retrieved 24 July 2015.
                      25. ↑ "A Revealed Preference Ranking of U.S. Colleges and Universities". SSRN 601105.
                      26. ↑ "2009–2010 College Rankings: National Universities". Retrieved 2010-07-17.
                      27. ↑ "New College Rankings". Retrieved 2010-07-17.
                      28. ↑ "Parchment Rankings".
                      29. ↑ "Social Mobility Index". CollegeNet and Payscale. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
                      30. ↑ "The Top American Research Universities". The Center for Measuring University Performance. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
                      31. ↑ The Most Buzzed-About University?
                      32. ↑ Harvard, Yale Beaten
                      33. ↑ The Most Buzz Worthy Schools
                      34. ↑ Trendtopper MediaBuzz 2016 University Rankings
                      35. ↑ The University Entrepreneur Report
                      36. ↑ "America's Best Colleges". U.S. News and World Report. 2007.
                      37. ↑ Time.com
                      38. ↑ Bizjournals.com
                      39. ↑ Insidehighered.com
                      40. ↑ Insidehighered.com
                      41. ↑ A review of US News ranking by NORC
                      42. ↑ Thompson, Nicholas (2003): "The Best, The Top, The Most"; The New York Times, August 3, 2003, Education Life Supplement, p. 24
                      43. 1 2 Bowman, Nicholas and Michael Bastedo,"Getting on the Front Page: Organizational Reputation, Status Signals, and the Impact of U.S. News & World Report Rankings on Student Decisions." personal.umich.edu Retrieved June 29, 2010.
                      44. ↑ Bastedo, Michael N. and Nicholas A. Bowman. "The U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: Modeling Institutional Effects on Organizational Reputation." personal.umich.edu Retrieved June 29, 2010.
                      45. ↑ Gnolek et al. (2014): "Modeling Change and Variation in U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: What would it really take to be in the Top 20?"; Research In Higher Education, May 18, 2014.
                      46. ↑ http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities?int=9ff208
                      47. ↑ "The Washington Monthly's Annual College Guide"
                      48. 1 2 "Washington Monthly's National Universities Rankings". The Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
                      49. ↑ "Washington Monthly's Liberal Arts College Rankings". The Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
                      50. ↑ ACTA. "What Will They Learn?". Retrieved 14 September 2010.
                      51. ↑ "ACTA Gives College Highest Possible Academic Ranking". Thomas Aquinas College. September 1, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
                      52. ↑ McGurn, William (November 1, 2011). "What's Your Kid Getting From College?". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
                      53. ↑ Daniel L. Bennett (19 August 2009). "What Will They Learn?". Center for College Affordability and Productivity. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
                      54. ↑ Stanley Fish (24 August 2009). "What Should Colleges Teach?". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
                      55. ↑ Founded by Brian Leiter then of the University of Texas at Austin, now University of Chicago
                      56. ↑ IVRI. "Overview & Methodology". Retrieved 10 September 2012.
                      57. ↑ "Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public". Gallup.com. 2003-08-26. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
                      58. ↑ "College Rankings". Global Language Monitor. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
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                      61. ↑ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009-01-03). "The "million word" hoax rolls along". Language Log, Linguistic Data Consortium. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
                      62. ↑ Walker, Ruth (2009-01-02). "Save the date: English nears a milestone". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
                      63. ↑ Sutter, John D. (2009-06-10). "English gets millionth word on Wednesday, site says". CNN. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
                      64. ↑ "TrendTopper enhances college reputation". Global Language Monitor. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
                      65. ↑ "College Rankings". The Global Language Monitor. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
                      66. ↑ PBK.org
                      67. ↑ "2014 Directors' Cup". Retrieved 19 December 2014.
                      68. ↑ Rojstaczer, Stuart (2001-09-03). "College rankings are mostly about money". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
                      69. ↑ Carey, Kevin. "College Rankings Reformed". educationsector.org Retrieved July 28, 2009.
                      70. ↑ Jaschik, Scott (20 June 2007). "More Momentum Against ‘U.S. News’". Inside Higher Ed.
                      71. 1 2 "Annapolis group statement on rankings and ratings". Annapolis Group. 19 June 2007.
                      72. 1 2 Morse, Robert (22 June 2007). "About the Annapolis Group's Statement". U.S. News and World Report.
                      73. ↑ "Criticism of College Rankings – September 23, 1996". Stanford.edu. 1996-09-23. Retrieved 2010-06-08.

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