Rashid Karami

Rashid Karami رشيد كرامي
Prime Minister of Lebanon
In office 30 April 1984 – 1 June 1987
President	Amine Gemayel
Preceded by	Shafik Wazzan
Succeeded by	Selim Hoss
In office 1 July 1975 – 8 December 1976
President	Elias Sarkis Suleiman Frangieh
Preceded by	Nureddin Rifai
Succeeded by	Selim Hoss
In office 15 January 1969 – 13 October 1970
President	Suleiman Frangieh Charles Helou
Preceded by	Abdallah El-Yafi
Succeeded by	Saeb Salam
In office 7 December 1966 – 8 February 1968
President	Charles Helou
Preceded by	Abdallah El-Yafi
Succeeded by	Abdallah El-Yafi
In office 25 July 1965 – 2 December 1966
President	Charles Helou
Preceded by	Hussein Al Oweini
Succeeded by	Abdallah El-Yafi
In office 31 October 1961 – 20 February 1964
President	Fuad Chehab
Preceded by	Saeb Salam
Succeeded by	Hussein Al Oweini
In office 24 September 1958 – 14 May 1960
President	Fuad Chehab
Preceded by	Khalil al-Hibri
Succeeded by	Ahmed Daouk
In office 19 September 1955 – 20 March 1956
President	Camille Chamoun
Preceded by	Sami as-Solh
Succeeded by	Abdallah El-Yafi
Personal details
Born	30 December 1921 Mityata, Tripoli, State of Greater Lebanon
Died	1 June 1987 (aged 65) Beirut, Lebanon
Nationality	Lebanese
Political party	Progressive Socialist Party[1]
Alma mater	Cairo University
Religion	Sunni Islam

Rashid Abdul Hamid Karami (30 December 1921 –1 June 1987) (Arabic: رشيد كرامي‎) was a Lebanese statesman. He was one of the most important political figures in Lebanon for more than 30 years, including during much of Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), and he served as prime minister eight times.

Early life and education

Rashid Karami was born in Miryata, a village about 15 miles north of Tripoli, on 30 December 1921 into one of Lebanon's most prominent Sunni political families.^[2][3] He was the eldest son of Abdul Hamid Karami, an architect of Lebanese independence from France.^[4] His father was also the Grand Mufti, or supreme religious judge, of Tripoli, and served as Prime Minister in 1945.^[3] His younger brother, Omar Karami, served as prime minister two times, most recently from 2004 to 2005. Rashid Karami graduated from Cairo University with a law degree in the 1942.^[4]

Career

Karami established a legal practice in Tripoli. He was first elected to the National Assembly in 1951 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of his father.^[4][5] He retained this seat until his death in 1987.^[5] In the same year, he became minister of justice in the government led by Prime Minister Hussein Al Oweini.^[4] In 1953, he was also appointed minister of the economy and social affairs in Abdallah El-Yafi's government.

From 1955 to 1987 Karami held office eight times as prime minister, under every President. These terms were from 1955 to 1956, 1958 to 1960, 1961 to 1964, 1965 to 1966, 1966 to 1968, 1969 to 1970, 1975 to 1976, and from 1984 until his death. Karami was thirty-four years-old when he firstly became prime minister in 1955.^[2] He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs several times.

He had a stormy relationship with Lebanon's Presidents, who appointed him because of his political connections, despite substantial political differences. He was popularly known as a man for all crises because of a penchant of Lebanon's presidents to turn to him in times of major national strife or political upheaval.^[3]

Personality

What made the lawyer from the northern port city of Tripoli so often the man of the hour was a talent for leading the opposition without burning his bridges with the Lebanese president. Mr. Karami enjoyed political prominence, and an unparalleled popularity. Unlike Nabih Berri of the Shiite Moslems and Walid Jumblat, the Druse leader, he had no militia. While his public statements were often in the florid style common among Arab politicians, he was a skillful practitioner of the intricacies of Lebanese politics. He repeatedly strove to remain as leader of the Government until he decided it was useless to carry on amid the turmoil and violence of Lebanese politics. While he was fluent in French and had a good command of English, he was always accompanied by an interpreter in interviews with foreign correspondents, because he insisted on speaking Arabic. He was celebrated for being a Statesman with courtly manners, soft-spokenness and taste in clothes. He [..] was often described in the Lebanese press as al effendi - the gentleman.^[3]

Policies

Karami (left) with Egyptian (United Arab Republic) President Gamal Abdel Nasser, June 1959

Karami was a strong proponent of increasing political power of Lebanon's Muslim community, which in his time increased to outnumber the Christian population for the first time in Lebanese history, causing major ripples in the social fabric of the country. He attempted, without success, to gain greater representation for Muslims in the National Assembly, where they were allocated 45 percent of the seats, a figure that was not adjusted to take account of changing demographics. In 1976, Karami helped broker an agreement to provide for equal parliamentary representation of Christians and Muslims, but this agreement was never implemented. One concession that was made by Christian politicians was to allow legislation signed by the President to be countersigned by the Prime Minister, from 1974 onward, giving the Prime Minister (always a Sunni Muslim) an effective veto.

Karami was a part of the Islamic Leftist faction in Lebanese politics. During the 1950s, he was a political follower of the Pan-Arabism of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. He was first appointed Prime Minister by President Camille Chamoun on 19 September 1955. By the following year, however, he had seriously fallen out with Chamoun over the latter's refusal to sever diplomatic relations with the western powers that had attacked Egypt in the 1956 Suez Crisis of 1956. He again opposed Chamoun in the 1958 Lebanon Crisis, a Nasserist uprising with considerable support in the Muslim community which erupted in May 1958 and attempted to topple the government and join Egypt and Syria in the new United Arab Republic. By September, when Chamoun had quelled the uprising with the aid of United States Marines, Karami formed a government of national unity under the new President, Fuad Chehab.

The Arab-Israeli conflict

Karami served four more times as Prime Minister throughout the 1960s. During this time, he championed the Palestinian cause, and is believed to have argued for Lebanon to play a more active role against Israel in the Six Day War of June 1967, a position which was unpopular with many Christians. Increasing clashes between the Lebanese army and the Palestine Liberation Organization forced his resignation in April 1970, but he soon returned to office after an accord had been signed between Lebanon and the PLO. In August that year, however, Suleiman Frangieh, an enemy of Karami, was elected President. Karami resigned and was succeeded by Saeb Salam.

Civil war

Civil war erupted in Lebanon in April 1975. Multiple factions were involved and the political and military situation was extremely complex, but broadly speaking, the civil war was fought mainly between right-wing, mainly Christian militias (the most prominent of which was the Phalange), and leftist, mainly Muslim militias and their Palestinian allies. Desperate to stabilize the situation, Frangieh dismissed Prime Minister Rashid al-Solh and called on his old adversary Karami to form a government on 1 July. He retreated somewhat from his previous strong support for the Palestinians and supported the Syrian military intervention of June 1976. Despite Karami's political connections many years of experience, he was unable to end the war, however, and on 8 December 1976 he resigned. Elias Sarkis, who had succeeded Frangieh as president in September 1976, appointed Selim Hoss as the new Prime Minister.

Karami had his militia in Tripoli.^[6] He was reconciled to his old enemy, Suleiman Frangieh, in the late 1970s, after Frangieh had fallen out with the Phalangist militia leader, Bachir Gemayel. Together with Frangieh and Walid Jumblatt, Karami founded the National Salvation Front, pro-Syrian coalition of Sunni Muslim, Druze, and some Christians, mainly in the north of Lebanon in July 1983.^[7] The National Salvation Front stood in opposition to the presidency of Amine Gemayel and the pact between Lebanon and Israel that was financially supported by the US.^[7]

In April 1984, following conferences in Switzerland, Karami became Prime Minister for the eighth time, heading government of national reconciliation. This period saw increasing Syrian influence in the wake of the partial Israeli withdrawal following their invasion of Lebanon in 1982, which Karami had strongly opposed. In 1986 he rejected the National Agreement to Solve the Lebanese Crisis, which had been drafted with minimal Sunni Muslim participation. This opposition created a tense relationship with President Amine Gemayel. Continuing problems led Karami to resign on 4 May 1987, but Gemayel, seeing no viable alternative, refused to accept his resignation.

Assassination and burial

On 1 June 1987, Karami was killed after a bomb was placed in his Aérospatiale Puma helicopter en route to Beirut. Karami was the only one killed in the blast. Interior Minister Abdullah Rasi and at least three of a dozen other aides and crew members aboard the helicopter were reported wounded.^[8][9]

Rashid Karami was buried in a cemetery in the Bab al Raml neighborhood of Tripoli.^[10]

Perpetrators

Following the assassination, a man claimed responsibility for the killing on behalf of the previously unknown Lebanese Secret Army, calling to a Western news agency in Beirut.^[11]

In 1999, Samir Geagea and ten other members of the Lebanese Forces were convicted of the assassination. Soon after Syria's withdrawal from Lebanon in 2005, Samir Geagea and the others were provisionally pardoned and released from jail. ^[12]

References

1. Associated to the Lebanese National Movement during the Lebanese Civil War.
2. R. Hrair Dekmejian (1975). Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon. SUNY Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-87395-291-0. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
3. Flint, Peter B. (2 June 1987). "Rashid Karami, Cool persuader in a land of strife". The New York Times. p. 6. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
4. "Rashid Karami". Wars of Lebanon. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
5. Rola el Husseini (15 October 2012). Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon. Syracuse University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8156-3304-4. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
6. Rouleau, Eric (Autumn, 1975 - Winter, 1976). . "Crisis in Lebanon" Check |url= value (help). Journal of Palestine Studies 5 (1/2): 233–243. doi:10.1525/jps.1975.5.1-2.00p0400k. Retrieved 18 March 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
7. "Anti-Gemayel 'front' formed in Lebanon". The Milwaukee Journal. 23 July 1983. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
8. Hijazi, Ihsan: "Lebanese premier is assassinated in copter blast", The New York Times, 2 June 1987
9. "Prime Minister Karami killed". Times Daily. 2 June 1987. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
10. Amrieh, Antoine (2 June 2011). "Rashid Karami remembered as model statesman and patriot". The Daily Star. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
11. "Helicopter Bomb Blast Kills Lebanese Premier". Los Angeles Times. AP. 1 June 1987. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
12. Alagha, Joseph (Winter 2005). "Hizballah after the Syrian Withdrawal". Middle East Report 237: 34–39. doi:10.2307/30042473. Retrieved 11 March 2013.