Suleiman Frangieh

Suleiman Frangieh سليمان فرنجية
Suleiman Frangieh's Presidential portrait, 1970.
5th President of Lebanon
In office 22 September 1970 – 22 September 1976
Prime Minister	Saeb Salam, Amin al-Hafez, Takieddin el-Solh, Rachid Solh, Nureddine Rifai, Rashid Karami
Preceded by	Charles Helou
Succeeded by	Elias Sarkis
Personal details
Born	June 15, 1910 Zgharta, Ottoman Empire
Died	July 23, 1992 (aged 82) Beirut, Lebanon
Political party	Kataeb Party (1960–1978) Independent (1978–1991) Marada Movement (1991–1992)
Spouse(s)	Iris Handaly
Children	Antoine (1941–78) Suleiman Jr. (1965) Other three children
Occupation	Politician, entrepreneur
Religion	Maronite Church

Suleiman Kabalan Frangieh, last name also spelled Frangié, Franjieh, or Franjiyeh (15 June 1910 – 23 July 1992) (Arabic: سليمان فرنجية‎), was a Lebanese Maronite politician, President of Lebanon from 1970 to 1976.

A notorious warlord during the Lebanese Civil War,^[1] Frangieh was also reputed an infamous crime lord,^[2][3][4] linked with various criminal organizations like the Rizzuto crime family of Montreal.^[5]

Early life and education

Suleiman Frangieh was a scion of one of the leading Maronite families of Zgharta, near Tripoli; the family's name comes from the Greek Φρὰγκοι (pron. "Franggi"), after the Franks.

Frangieh was born in Zgharta on 15 June 1910.^[6] He was the second son of a politician, Kabalan Suleiman Frangieh. His mother was Lamia Raffoul. Kabalan Frangieh was District Governor of Ehden (1908-1913) and a Member of Parliament (1929-1932). His grandfather, Suleiman Ghnatios Frangieh, was District Governor of Ehden (1904-1908).^[7] Suleiman Frangieh's brother Hamid served as Foreign Minister under the French mandate in 1939.^[8]

Suleiman Kabalan Frangieh received education at Antoura, near Beirut.^[1] He was also educated in Tripoli and Beirut.^[6]

Career and presidency

Suleiman Frangieh dealt with the export-import business in Beirut for a time before his political career.^[1] In 1957, he was accused in the machine-gun slaying of more than a score of members of a competing clan, the Douaihys, in a church not far from Zgharta.^[1] More specifically, he was believed to be responsible for killing around 700 people, 20 of them Christians shot to death during a requiem mass in the north Lebanese town of Miziara.^[8] Therefore, he had to take refuge in the Syrian coastal city of Latakia, where he met with two Syrian army officers, Hafez and Rifaat Assad who would be his friends.^[1] In 1958, he benefited from the amnesty and returned to Lebanon.^[9][10]

In 1960, Frangieh was elected to his elder brother Hamid's old seat in the Lebanese Parliament.^[1][7][11] He also became the head of his clan due to Hamid's illness.^[11] Frangieh was reelected to the Parliament in 1964 and 1968. Until 1970, he held the following ministerial posts: minister of post, telegraph and telephone (1960-1961), minister of agriculture (1961), minister of interior (1968), minister of justice (1968-1969) and minister of economy (1968-1970).^[7][12]

In the closest and possibly most controversial presidential election in Lebanese history, the National Assembly elected Frangieh to the Presidency of the Republic on 23 September 1970. He owed his upset victory over Elias Sarkis, the official candidate of the Chehabi regime to a last minute change of mind by Kamal Jumblatt, whose supporters in the Parliament switched their votes to Frangieh.

Deputy Speaker Michel Sassine declaring Suleiman Franjieh President of Lebanon in 1970

Posing as a consensus candidate, Frangieh drew support from both the right and the left and from all religious factions; his election was a backlash to the administrations of Presidents of Fuad Chehab (1958–1964) and Charles Helou (1964–1970) and the "Deuxième Bureau" (Arabic: المكتب الثاني‎) run by the preceding two administrations of Chehab and Helou, as the opposing candidate Elias Sarkis who was head of the Banque du Liban (Central Bank of Lebanon) was widely seen as a continuation of the earlier Chehabi regime.

There were three rounds of elections that year:
Round 1 - 99 Deputies, 5 candidates - no majority
Round 2 - 99 Deputies, 2 candidates - 50 votes each (1 fake vote found), round was negated.
Round 3 - 99 Deputies, 2 candidates, Kamal Jumblatt assigns one of his deputies to vote for Frangieh. Suleiman Frangieh becomes President legally. The events listed above as per the testimony of the late Kamal Joumblatt of his role in the vote.

Sabri Hamadeh, then Speaker of Parliament, had refused to announce the election of a President on a 1-vote difference. As Hamadeh exited parliament Michel Sassine, Deputy Speaker of Parliament, stepped up and exercised his powers of Deputy to announce Frangieh President.^[13] Frangieh's term lasted until 22 September 1976.^[7]

Frangie's term ended in 1976 when Elias Sarkis was elected as president. However, Sarkis could move to office four months after his election on 23 September 1976, since Frangieh objected at first to leave office.^[14]

The civil war years

Civil war in Lebanon began on 13 April 1975.^[15] Frangieh as the Lebanese President declared the Constitutional Document on 14 February 1976 that was the first serious initiative to end the conflict and reach a consensus.^[15] The document empowered prime minister and suggested a "parity between Christians and Muslims in Parliament", reducing the power of Maronites.^[15][16] Although it was supported by major politicians and religious leaders, it could not achieve its objectives.^[15]

Then Frangieh invited Syrian troops into Lebanon in May 1976 in the early stages of the Lebanese civil war.^[17][18][19] He had full support of the Lebanese Christians in this regard, since they thought that Syria would able to force a cease-fire and protect Christians.^[20] He is regarded as in large part being responsible for Lebanon's descent into war in the mid-1970s.^[6]

When the Lebanese Civil War began, Frangieh maintained a militia, the Marada Brigade, under the command of his son Tony Frangieh. He initially participated in the Lebanese Front, a right-wing, mainly Christian, coalition of politicians and militia leaders, but in early 1978 he broke with them because of his own pro-Syrian leanings. In June 1978, Tony, together with his wife and infant daughter, was assassinated by militiamen with Phalangist militia being accused of the plot. The killings are known as Ehden massacre after which the power of the Frangiehs decreased.^[6] Ever since then, Suleiman Frangieh was reported to have been depressed. He swore to take revenge, declaring in an interview "the family will exact its retribution."^[1] By some accounts, he went on to engineer the killing of hundreds of Phalange members.^[1]

Later years

Frangieh remained an ally of Syria. In July 1983, after Amine Gemayel became president, Frangieh along with Rashid Karami and Walid Jumblatt formed a Syrian-backed National Salvation Front to challenge Gemayel's rule and the pact between Lebanon and Israel that was financially supported by the US.^[21] Later Syria tried to make Frangieh president for second term after the end of Amine Gemayel's term in 1988, but the National Assembly failed to achieve a quorum owing to a boycott by some Christian parliamentarians enforced by the Lebanese Forces militia.^[15] In fact, Frangieh announced his candicacy on 17 August 1988.^[22]

Personal life

Suleiman Frangieh had five children with his Egypt-born wife, Iris Handaly: two sons, Tony and Robert, and three daughters, Lamia, Sonia and Maya.^[1]

In June 1978, Suleiman Frangieh's son Tony Frangieh, himself then a Member of Parliament, was killed together with his wife, Vera, three-year-old daughter, Jihane, and thirty other Marada partisans in the Ehden Massacre.^[23] Suleiman Frangieh, Jr., the son of the murdered MP, first became the Minister of Public Health at the age of 22, and he served as the Ministry of Interior from 2004 to 2005. He is known to have served with the Marada Brigade in the 1980s.

Frangieh was called in Lebanon as "the tough man" due to his harsh tongue, volatile temper and ruthless approach to some of his opponents.^[1] Robert Fisk describes Frangieh as a "Christian warlord, mafioso, militia strongman, grief- stricken father, corrupt president, mountain baron and, eventually, a thoughtful, intelligent, rather frightening old man, living out his last years beside the lions of Ehden."^[8]

Death

Suleiman Frangieh died at age 82 in the hospital of the American University in Beirut, after three weeks of hospitalization, on 23 July 1992.^[7][1] He reportedly died of acute pneumonia and had heart and stomach ailments.^[1] He was buried in Ehden next to his son Tony.^[1]

References

1. Pace, Eric (24 July 1992). "Suleiman Franjieh, Lebanese Ex-Chief, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
2. R. Hrair Dekmejian (1975). Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon. SUNY Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-87395-291-0. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
3. "Obituary: Suleiman Franjieh". The Independent. July 24, 1992.
4. Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men: The Social Origins of War in Lebanon. I.B.Tauris. p. 118.
5. Lamothe, Lee; Humphreys, Adrian (2006). The Sixth Family. John Wiley & Sons.
6. "Suleiman Franjiyah". Wars of Lebanon. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
7. "Requiem Mass for President Sleiman Kabalan Frangieh (1910-1992)". The Marada News. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
8. Fisk, Robert (24 July 1002). "Obituary: Suleiman Frangieh". The Independent. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
9. Mugraby, Muhamad (July 2008). "The syndrome of one-time exceptions and the drive to establish the proposed Hariri court". Mediterranean Politics, special issue: The Politics of Violence, Truth and Reconciliation in the Arab Middle East (Taylor and Francis) 13 (2): 171–194. doi:10.1080/13629390802127513. Pdf.
10. "Feuds rampant in Lebanon". The Spokesman Review (Beirut). AP. 16 September 1982. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
11. "Minister Hamid Frangieh: (1907-1981)". Zgharta-Ehden. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
12. "Franjieh, Suleiman (Kabalan)". Rulers. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
13. Akouri, George (18 September 2007). "Talking To: Edmund Rizk". Now Lebanon. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
14. "Elias Sarkis". Rulers. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
15. El Khazen, Farid (2004). "Ending conflict in wartime Lebanon: Reform, sovereignty and power, 1976–88". Middle Eastern Studies 40 (1): 65–84. doi:10.1080/00263200412331301897.
16. Rabil, Robert G. (1 September 2001). "The Maronites and Syrian withdrawal: from "isolationists" to "traitors"?". Middle East Policy. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
17. "Mehlis Report" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
18. "Syria's Influence in Lebanon". PBS. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
19. Hunter, Catherine (2006). "The South Lebanon Army (SLA) and child recruitment Putting the pressure on whom?" (PDF). Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
20. Eyal Zisser (26 December 2006). Commanding Syria: Bashar al-Asad and the First Years in Power. I.B.Tauris. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84511-153-3. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
21. "Anti-Gemayel 'front' formed in Lebanon". The Milwaukee Journal. 23 July 1983. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
22. Hijazi, Ihsan A. (17 August 1988). "Syrian-Backed Ex-President To Seek Lebanon Post Again". The New York Times. p. 10. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
23. Nisan, Mordechai (Spring 2012). "Of Wars and Woes. A Chronicle of Lebanese Violence". The Levantine Review 1 (1). Retrieved 10 June 2012.