James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray

James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray Regent of Scotland
The Earl of Moray, a detail from a wedding portrait by Hans Eworth
Born	c. 1531 Scotland
Died	23 January 1570 Linlithgow, Scotland
Cause of death	Assassination by a firearm
Burial place	St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh
Religion	Church of Scotland
Children	Elizabeth Stewart, 2nd Countess of Moray Annabel Stewart Margaret Stewart
Parent(s)	King James V of Scotland Lady Margaret Erskine

James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 23 January 1570)^[1] a member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of King James V, was Regent of Scotland for his half-nephew, the infant King James VI of Scotland, from 1567 until his assassination in 1570.

Life and career

Moray was born in about 1531, the most notable of the many illegitimate children of King James V of Scotland. His mother was the King's favourite mistress, Lady Margaret Erskine, daughter of John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine, and wife of Sir Robert Douglas of Lochleven. On 31 August 1536 he had a charter of the lands of Tantallon and others. James was appointed Prior of St Andrews, Fife, in his youth in 1538.^[2] This position supplied his income. As early as May 1553, the imperial ambassador to England, Jean Scheyfve, heard that Mary of Guise planned to make him Regent of Scotland in place of James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault.^[3]

On 5 August 1557, Moray, his half-brother Lord Robert, and Lord Home led a raiding party from Edinburgh towards Ford Castle in Northumbria and burnt houses at Fenton before retreating on the approach of an English force led by Henry Percy.^[4] James attended the wedding of his legitimate half-sister, Mary, Queen of Scots, in Paris. To fund this trip his mother obtained credit from Timothy Cagnioli, an Italian banker in Edinburgh.^[5]

James became a supporter of the Scottish Reformation. At Perth in June 1559 he plucked down the images in various churches.^[6] An English commentator praised James for his virtue, manhood, valour and stoutness as a leader of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation.^[7]

Despite their religious differences, Moray became the chief advisor to his sister, Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1561 after her return from France. She was the only surviving child of his father's marriage to Mary of Guise. Although James disturbed her priests celebrating mass at Holyroodhouse in September 1561,^[8] she made him Earl of Moray and Earl of Mar the following year.^[9] With the earldom came Darnaway Castle with its medieval hall, notable even then as "verie fayer and large builded." Moray also had a smaller house called Pitlethie near Leuchars in Fife, which his father had used.^[10]

In October 1562, he defeated a rebellion by George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, at the Battle of Corrichie near Aberdeen. Moray opposed the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to Lord Darnley in 1565, and he embarked upon the unsuccessful Chaseabout Raid, together with the Earl of Argyll and Clan Hamilton. He was subsequently declared an outlaw and took refuge in England. Returning to Scotland after the murder of David Rizzio, he was pardoned by the Queen. He contrived, however, to be away at the time of Darnley's assassination, and avoided the tangles of the marriage with Bothwell by going to France.

The Gude Regent

Mary abdicated at Loch Leven Castle on 24 July 1567. Moray returned to Edinburgh from France on 11 August 1567, escorted from Berwick-upon-Tweed by James Melville of Halhill, with a French ambassador, De Lignerolles. William Cecil, the English secretary of State had arranged his transport from Dieppe in an English ship.^[11] He was appointed Regent of Scotland on 22 August.^[12]

The appointment was confirmed by Parliament in December. When Mary escaped from Loch Leven on 2 May 1568 the Duke of Chatelherault and other nobles rallied to her standard, but Moray gathered his allies and defeated her forces at the Battle of Langside, near Glasgow on 13 May 1568. Mary was compelled to flee to England. For this and the subsequent management of the kingdom he secured both civil and ecclesiastical peace, and earned the title of "The Gude Regent".

York conference

In September 1568, Moray chose commissioners and went to York to discuss a treaty with England. During this conference he produced the casket letters which were supposed to incriminate Queen Mary, and justify his rule in Scotland. It was later said that a plan to assassinate him at North Allerton on his way back had been called off.^[13]

Military activities

Scotland was now in a state of civil war. Moray moved against the supporters of Queen Mary in their south-west homelands with a military expedition in June 1568 called the 'Raid of Dumfries' or 'Raid of Hoddom.' The Regent's army and the royal artillery was taken to Biggar, where his allies were commanded to muster on 10 June, and on to Dumfries. The army was protected by a scouting party led by Alexander Hume of Manderston, the vanguard was commanded by the Earl of Morton and Lord Hume. Behind was the 'carriage', the artillery train, followed by Moray himself. The Laird of Cessford followed behind, and the army was flanked by the scouting parties of the Lairds of Merse and Buccleuch.

Along the way Moray captured houses belonging to supporters of Queen Mary, including Lord Fleming's Boghall, Skirling, Crawford, Sanquhar, Kenmuir, and Hoddom where the cannon were deployed, and Annan where he rendezvoused with Lord Scrope the Captain of Carlisle Castle to discuss border matters. Scrope estimated the army to number 6,000 men, and returned to Carlisle where he saw Queen Mary's servants play football on 14 June. Moray then took Lochmaben Castle, which the Laird of Drumlanrig was left to hold, and then captured Lochwood and Lochhouse before returning to Edinburgh via Peebles. At Dumfries, a number of Lord Maxwell's supporters surrendered.^[14] Moray was responsible for the destruction of Rutherglen castle, which he burned to the ground in 1569 in retribution against the Hamiltons for having supported Mary at the Battle of Langside.

In June 1569 Moray went north to Brechin where he accepted hostages sent by the Earl of Huntley, then at Dunnotar Castle he proclaimed that he had, "reparit (arrived) in proper person (as Regent) to thir north partis of firm purpose and deliberation to reduce sic as hes neglectit their duty in time bypast ..., intending to use lenitie (leniency) and moderation."^[15]

At Aberdeen he held talks with Huntly himself. At Inverness, on 4 June 1569, Moray met the Highland and Island chiefs with the Earls of Caithness and Sutherland and Lord Lovat . His secretary, John Wood, said "such a power had seldom been seen there," Moray wrote that "the journey is to put down troubles in the north."^[16]

Family

Agnes, Countess of Moray by Hans Eworth

On 8 February 1561/2 at Holyrood,^[17] Moray married Agnes Keith, daughter of William Keith, 4th Earl Marischal. The marriage produced three daughters:^[18]

• Elizabeth Stuart, 2nd Countess of Moray (? - 18 November 1591), married between 23 January 1580 and 1581 James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray
• Lady Annabel Stuart (? - before 1572)
• Lady Margaret Stuart (8 Apr 1569 - 1586), contract for the marriage signed on 27 June 1584 with Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, without issue.^[19]

Assassination

Assassination of the Regent Moray. Victorian stained glass window in St. Giles Kirk, Edinburgh.

On Thursday 19 January 1570 Moray was at Stirling Castle where he had invited the English diplomat Sir Henry Gate, Marshal of Berwick, and the soldier Sir William Drury for dinner in the Great Hall. Later in his bedchamber he told the English visitors he would meet with them and certain Scottish nobles at Edinburgh on Monday or Tuesday to discuss the rendition of English rebels. Moray was troubled by the problem of Dumbarton Castle, which was held against him by supporters of Mary, Queen of Scots.^[20] On 21 January, he sent letters to summon Morton, Lindsay and Home to the meeting in Edinburgh.^[21]

Moray was assassinated in Linlithgow on 23 January 1570 by James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, a supporter of Mary. As Moray was passing in a cavalcade in the main street below, Hamilton fatally wounded him with a carbine shot from a window of his uncle Archbishop Hamilton's house.^[22] It was the first recorded assassination by a firearm.^[23]

The Regent's body was shipped to Leith then taken to Holyrood Abbey.^[24] Moray was buried on 14 February 1570 in St. Anthony's aisle at St. Giles, Edinburgh. Seven earls and lords carried his body; William Kirkcaldy of Grange held his standard, and John Knox preached at the funeral.^[25] Knox's own prohibition of funeral sermons (on the grounds that they glorified the deceased and displayed distinctions between rich and poor) was waived for the occasion.^[26] Moray's tomb was carved by John Roytell and Murdoch Walker, with a brass engraved by James Gray.^[27] His wife, Agnes Keith, was buried inside his tomb when she died in 1588.^[28] Moray was succeeded by his eldest daughter and heir, Elizabeth Stewart, 2nd Countess of Moray, whose husband, James Stewart of Doune acquired the earldom on their marriage.

In popular culture

Notable media depictions of Moray include Patrick McGoohan's portrayal of James Stewart (pre-Regency) in the 1971 film Mary, Queen of Scots. He also features in Sir Walter Scott's 1820 novel The Monastery.

References

1. Spottiswoode, John, History of the Church in Scotland, vol. 2, Oliver & Boyd (1851), 120 gives date in Old Style as Saturday 23 January 1569/70, although Saturday was 21 January in that year, see Reference calendar: Loughlin, Mark, 'Stewart, James, first earl of Moray (1531/2–1570)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 24 Jan 2011 accepts 23 January: Fraser, Antonia, Mary, Queen of Scots, p. 486 (p. 421 English edition) has 11 January 1570 as date of the assassination. Also mentioned by Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: The Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 242.
2. Sir James Balfour Paul, The Scots Peerage: founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, Scotland: David Douglas, 1904), volume I, page 23.
3. Calendar of State Papers Spanish, vol. xi, (1916), 41–2.
4. Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. 3 part 2, (1822), 67–9.
5. Cameron, Annie I., ed., Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine, (1927), 411, total £1687-10s Scots.
6. Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 216.
7. Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 362, Randolph to Killigrew, 15 April 1560.
8. Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 555.
9. Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 242.
10. Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 655: vol. 2 (1900), 2: Graves, Andrea, Princlie Majestie', John Donald (2005), 52
11. Stevenson, Joseph, ed., Selections from Unpublished Manuscripts, Maitland Club (1837), pp.200-1, 269-271: Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol.2 (1900), pp.380-1 no.595
12. Sir James Balfour Paul, The Scots Peerage: founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, Scotland: David Douglas, 1904), volume I, page 23.
13. Murdin, William, ed., Collection of State Papers, London (1759), p.51.
14. Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol.12 (1970), 128-134: Holinshed, Raphael, Chronicles: Scotland, vol.5, London (1808), 634: Bannatyne Miscellany, vol.1, Edinburgh (1827), 23-29, 'Progress of the Regent of Scotland', from a manuscript now in the National Library of Scotland: CSP. Scotland, vol.2 (1900), nos. 700, 703, 716, 717.
15. Register Privy Council Scotland, vol.1 (1879), p.666-8, proclamation at Dunnotar
16. CSP Scotland, vol.2 (1900), p.652 no.1072; p.653 no.1075
17. G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume IX, page 183.
18. Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 1336.
19. Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 1336.
20. Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 3, (1903), 55–6, Gate and Drury to Lord Hunsdon, Linlithgow, 20 January 1570.
21. Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 12, HMSO (1970), 187.
22. Antonia Fraser, Mary, Queen of Scots, pp. 339, 486
23. James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray,Undiscovered Scotland, retrieved on 27 March 2009.
24. Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 3 (1903), 84.
25. Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 3 (1903), 84.
26. Jasper Ridley, John Knox, OUP 1968, p.488
27. HMC 6th Report, Moray Manuscripts 646: Laing, David (1864–6), "Monument to the Regent Earl of Murray", Proceedings Society Antiquaries Scotland (PSAS) (PDF) 6, pp. 49–55 Check date values in: |date= (help)
28. Millar, Peter (1884-5) [1882], "Earl of Moray's Tomb in St Giles: Extracts,... Burgh Records of Edinburgh 1573–1589, Scottish Burgh Records Society", PSAS (PDF) 19, pp. 210–12 Check date values in: |date= (help), 525.

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.