Republic of Baden

Republic of Baden Republik Baden
State of Germany
← 1918–1945 →   →
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem Badnerlied
Location of Baden (red) within the Weimar Republic.
Capital		Karlsruhe
Government		Republic
President
•	1918–1920 (first)	Anton Geiß
•	1933–1945 (last)	Walter Köhler
Reichsstatthalter
•	1933–1945	Robert Wagner
Legislature		Landtag
Historical era		Interwar · World War II
•	Established	14 November 1918
•	Constitution enacted	13 April 1919
•	Abolition (de facto)	11 March 1933
•	Abolition (de jure)	1945
Area
•	1925[1]	15,070 km^2 (5,819 sq mi)
Population
•	1925[2]	2,312,462
	Density	153.4 /km^2  (397.4 /sq mi)

The Republic of Baden (German: Republik Baden) was a German state that existed during the time of the Weimar Republic, formed after the abolition of the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1918. It is now part of the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg.

History

Revolution in Baden

With revolution threatening the German Empire in the dying days of World War I, the state ministry of the Grand Duchy of Baden passed an electoral reform on 2 November 1918 in a final attempt to preserve the monarchy there. On 8 November, workers' and soldiers' councils were established in Lahr and Offenburg. On the following day, similar councils were established in Mannheim and Karlsruhe and the entire Badische state ministry stepped down.

On 10 November, a provisional government was formed in Karlsruhe and an assembly of the various revolutionary councils was held on the following day. On 13 November, Grand Duke Frederick II, relinquished all governing duties and eventually abdicated on 22 November, almost a week before the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

The provisional government declared the establishment of the freie Volksrepublik Baden (Free Peoples' Republic of Baden) on 14 November 1918, and set 5 January 1919 as the date for new elections.

Republic

A national assembly was created on January 12, 1919, with the Christian democratic Centre Party emerging as the strongest party ahead of the centre-left SPD. Together, these two parties received 91.5% of all votes. On April 1, the Badische parliament (Landtag) formed a government from members of the Weimar Coalition. Until 1933, Baden was mostly governed by the Centre Party.

On 21 March 1919, the Landtag unanimously passed a new constitution.^[3] A popular vote approved of the constitution on 13 April. This popular vote was the first in German history and the Baden constitution was the only one passed by popular vote in Germany during the Weimar period.^[4]

Nazi rule

Baden, like all other German states, was subject to the process of Gleichschaltung in 1933, which effectively abolished all states - in practice, if not in law. The elected president of Baden was replaced with the Nazi-appointed Walter Köhler, although administrative power in the region truly rested with Robert Heinrich Wagner, the Gauleiter of Baden and Reichsstatthalter for Alsace-Lorraine. Between 1940 and 1944, the Gau of Baden was renamed "Baden-Elsass" and extended westwards to include much of Alsace.

Post-war

Through the Allied occupation of post-war Germany, Baden was divided between the American and French occupation zones. The division was made so that the Autobahn connecting Karlsruhe and Munich (today the A8) was completely contained within the American zone. This northern American-administered area became part of Württemberg-Baden on 19 September 1945^[5] while the southern half (known as South Baden or simply "Baden") was placed under French administration.

These two parts of Baden were reunited and merged with the former state of Württemberg on 23 April 1952 to form the new state of Baden-Württemberg.

Administration

Republic of Baden sign in Rastatt city museum.

Baden was subdivided into four administrative districts (Landeskommissärbezirke, similar to the modern Regierungsbezirke) based in Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Freiburg and Konstanz. These districts were further divided into a total of 53 Amtsbezirke (in 1924, this number was reduced to 40). These were divided again into a total of 1,536 municipalities.^[6]

Leaders

Following the constitution, passed in 1921, the President of Baden was an elected from the standing members of the Baden Landtag for a 1-year term.^[3] After Gleichschaltung, Baden was governed by appointed Nazi officials.

	Name	Took office	Left office	Party
President
1	Anton Geiß	10 November 1918	14 August 1920	SPD
2	Gustav Trunk	14 August 1920	23 November 1921	Centre
3	Hermann Hummel	23 November 1921	23 November 1922	DDP
4	Adam Remmele	23 November 1922	23 November 1923	SPD
5	Heinrich Köhler	23 November 1923	23 November 1924	Centre
6	Willy Hellpach	23 November 1924	23 November 1925	DDP
-	Gustav Trunk	23 November 1925	23 November 1926	Centre
-	Heinrich Köhler	23 November 1926	3 February 1927	Centre
-	Gustav Trunk	3 February 1927	23 November 1928	Centre
-	Adam Remmele	23 November 1927	23 November 1928	SPD
7	Josef Schmitt	23 November 1928	20 November 1930	Centre
8	Franz Josef Wittemann	20 November 1928	10 September 1931	Centre
-	Josef Schmitt	10 September 1931	11 March 1933	Centre
Reichsstatthalter and Gauleiter
	Robert Heinrich Wagner	11 March 1933	April 1945	NSDAP
Appointed Minister-President
	Walter Köhler	8 May 1933	April 1945	NSDAP

Notes

1. Beckmanns Welt-Lexikon und Welt-Atlas. Leipzig / Vienna: Verlagsanstalt Otto Beckmann. 1931.
2. Beckmanns Welt-Lexikon und Welt-Atlas. Leipzig / Vienna: Verlagsanstalt Otto Beckmann. 1931.
3. "Constitution of the Republic of Baden". Verfassungen der Welt (in German). Retrieved 2007-05-04.
4. "Baden: Ereignisse 1918-1933". Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik (in German). Retrieved 2007-04-26.
5. "Allied Control Council Proclamation No.2" (in German). 1945-09-19.
6. "Der Freistaat Baden im Überblick". Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik (in German). Retrieved 2007-04-26.

References

 Blume, Wilhelm von (1922). "Baden, Free State of". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.