Free State of Coburg

Free State of Coburg
Freistaat Coburg
State of Germany
←
1918–1920 →
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Coburg (south) and Gotha (north)
at the end of the German Empire
Capital Coburg
Government Republic
History
 • Established 1918
 • Disestablished 1920
Area
 • 1918-1920 562 km2 (217 sq mi)
Population
 • 1918-1920 74,340 
Density 132.3 /km2  (342.6 /sq mi)

The Free State of Coburg (German: Freistaat Coburg) emerged from the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at the end of the First World War. It existed from November 1918 until its union with the Free State of Bavaria on 1 July 1920.

History

With the abdication[1] of the reigning Duke, Charles Edward, on 14 November 1918, the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha went out in the wake of the November Revolution. It split in two Free States – Gotha, from the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha in the north, and Coburg, from the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg in the south. Both states kept their own diets and ministers, which they had already inherited from their former monarchy.[2] On 9 February 1919, elections were held for the eleven seats in the State Assembly of Coburg. The List I of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) received 58.6 percent, while the List II for the National Liberal Party, German Democratic Party (DDP) and the Coburger Farmers Party earned 41.4 percent. That meant the SPD would have seven seats, leaving the remaining four to the others. The President of the State Assembly would be a Social Democratic, Erhard Kirchner. The State Assembly passed on 10 March 1919 the “Temporary Law of the Legislation and Administration of the Free State of Coburg” [Vorläufige Gesetz über die Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung im Freistaate Coburg], the Provisional Constitution of Coburg. The government would be run by the three-member State Council, consisting of Hermann Quarck (National Liberal, previously the leader of the Ministrial Cabinet of Coburg) as the Chairman and two SPD deputies, Franz Klingler and Reinhold Artmann. The separation of the two parts of the former Duchy was finally complete on 12 April 1919, when a state treaty covering the management of the common administration of the Free States of Coburg and Gotha was signed.

Map of the Free State of Coburg

On 7 June 1919 Duke Charles Edward finalized the settlement with the Free State of Coburg over his properties and compensation. He received 1.5 million Marks as his compensation for his following properties – approximately 4,500 hectares (11,120 acres) of forests, numerous buildings and individual properties as well as the art treasures of the Veste Coburg, the Veste’s courtyard garden museum, his personal library, the Ducal Theater, the Schloss Rosenau and its estate, the Veste Coburg, the Schloss Ehrenburg, and the State Archives of Coburg. The art treasures of the Veste, the collections of the courtyard museums and the furnishing of the Schloss Ehrenburg would be the property of the Coburger Landesstiftung (Coburg State Foundation), while the rest would go to the Free State. The Schloss Callenberg, with its estate and gardens, the Schloss Eichhof, and the Schweizerei Rosenau all remained the property of the Duke with the total area of 533 hectares (1,317 acres).

The National Liberal Quarck, according to the Constitution of 10 March 1919, held the most senior position in the government and administration. He was both the Chairman of the State Government and the Head of the Department of State.[3] After the SPD fraction, which had the majority in the State Assembly, named Reinhold Artmann to represent Coburg in the State Council of Thuringia (Board of Directors for the Law Enforcement),[4] he rejoined Quarck in their offices on 2 July 1919. This was followed on 11 July 1919 by a constitutional amendment that abolished the personal union of the State Council and Assembly. Franz Klingler was then named as the new Chairman of the State Government and Hans Schack (DDP) became the newest member of the State Council of Coburg. The leadership of the Ministry was given to Ernst Fritsch, an administrative lawyer, with the official title of Secretary.

Since the political leaders did not consider the new Free State as economically viable, they sought a union with another state. It was therefore assumed in March and May 1919 that the conferences with other Thuringian states would create the state of Thuringia but, ultimately, they did not result in an agreement that would please all the sides. Along with these conferences, official negotiations for a possible merger began with Bavaria in the middle of June and with Prussia one month later. However, Prussia had already declined the proposed union as early as August. But Bavaria was receptive to the merger. Unlike the State of Thuringia, it was able to make many concessions, especially on the matter of the preservation of the cultural institutions of Coburg.

On 30 November 1919 the first democratic referendum in Germany[5] was finally held to determine the future of the Coburger Land. With a turnout of about 70%, 88% of the population voted on the question, “Soll Coburg dem Gemeinschaftsvertrag der thüringischen Staaten beitreten? [Should Coburg join the Communal Treaty of the Thuringian States]?” with a No on the ballot and therefore for the merger with Bavaria.[6][7][8] The reasons for this clear-cut result were manifold. On the one hand, the people had always seen themselves more strongly associated with Franconia than with Thuringia. On the other hand, they were influenced by the fact that, during the First World War, food had to be sent to Thuringia, as well as by their significantly stronger accommodation with the views of Bavaria.

Map of the Enclave of Königsberg

With a new state treaty signed on 14 February 1920, the union of Coburg with Bavaria was set. In it, Coburg was given financial guarantees for its State Foundation, its agricultural and forestry trade associations, its Chamber of Commerce, from which the Chamber of Trades section became the new Chamber of Trades, the State Hospital and the Landestheater Coburg. In addition, Coburg received as its compensation for the loss of the State Ministry the commitment for a new regional court of law. The Free State of Bavaria was therefore committing itself to undertake the maximum of 40% of the deficit of the State Theater and 75% of the State Hospital.

Therefore, with the union of the Free States of Coburg and Bavaria on 1 July 1920, almost 600 years of political autonomy of the Coburger Land came to its end. According to the State Treaty, the Free State of Coburg would be assigned to the (Kreis, now Regierungsbezirk [administrative district] of Upper Franconia (Oberfranken). The district of Königsberg with the town of Königsberg as well as the communities of Altershausen, Dörflis, Erlsdorf, Hellingen, Kottenbrunn and Nassach were sent to the district (Bezirk, now Landkreis) of Hofheim in Lower Franconia (Unterfranken).

The Referendum of 1919 showed unexpected consequences of the subsequent union with Bavaria in 1945 at the end of the Second World War. The territory of the former Free State of Coburg became a part of the American Occupation Zone of Germany, while the Thuringian side stayed in the Soviet Occupation Zone and later East Germany until 1990.

Politics

Boundary marker, Dreiherrenstein, a boundary stone between the 3 former states (Kingdom of Bavaria - Herzogtum [Duchy of] Saxe-Meiningen - Herzogtum [Duchy of] Saxe-Coburg) near Weitramsdorf

State Government

In office from 10 March 1919 to 1 July 1920

Deputies of the State Assembly

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP):

Other Parties and Independents:

Cities and Communities

References

  1. ↑ (German) Harald Sandner, Coburg im 20. Jahrhundert [Coburg in the 20th Century], p. 67
  2. ↑ (German) Ulrich Hess, Geschichte Thüringens 1866–1914 [History of Thuringen 1866–1914] (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Bohlaus, 1991), ISBN 3-7400-0077-5, p. 226
  3. ↑ (German) Rainer Hambrecht, “Freistaat Coburg, 1918-1920” [“Free State of Coburg, 1918–1920”]
  4. ↑ (German) Jürgen Erdmann, Coburg, Bayern und das Reich 1918–1923 [Coburg, Bavaria and the Empire 1918–1923], p. 40
  5. ↑ (German) Harald Sandner, Coburg im 20. Jahrhundert [Coburg in the 20th Century], p. 70
  6. ↑ (German) Rainer Hambrecht, “Vereinigung Coburgs mit Bayern, 1. Juli 1920 [Union of Coburg with Bavaria, 1 July 1920]”
  7. ↑ (German) Harald Bachmann, “Coburgs Anschluß an Bayern vor 75 Jahren [“Coburg’s Merger with Bavaria of 75 Years”]”, in: Coburger Geschichtsblätter [Coburger Historical Papers], Heft [Issue] 3, 1995, p. 113
  8. ↑ (German) Coburger Zeitung [Coburger Newspaper] 27 November 1919, front page

Bibliography

External links

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