Requiem (Mozart)

Requiem
by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
The first page of Mozart's autograph
Key	D minor
Catalogue	K. 626
Text	Requiem
Language	Latin
Composed	1791
Scoring	four soloists chorus orchestra

The Requiem Mass in D minor (K. 626) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was composed in Vienna in 1791 and left unfinished at the composer's death on December 5. A completion dated 1792 by Franz Xaver Süssmayr was delivered to Count Franz von Walsegg, who had anonymously commissioned the piece for a Requiem Mass to commemorate the February 14 anniversary of his wife's death.

The autograph manuscript (acquired by the Austrian National Library in 1831–38) shows the finished and orchestrated Introit in Mozart's hand, as well as detailed drafts of the Kyrie and the sequence Dies Irae as far as the first eight bars of the "Lacrymosa" movement, and the Offertory. It cannot be shown to what extent Süssmayr may have depended on now lost "scraps of paper" for the remainder; he later claimed the Sanctus and Agnus Dei as his own. Walsegg probably intended to pass the Requiem off as his own composition, as he is known to have done with other works. This plan was frustrated by a public benefit performance for Mozart's widow Constanze. Constanze was responsible for a number of stories surrounding the composition of the work, including the claims that Mozart received the commission from a mysterious messenger who did not reveal the commissioner's identity, and that Mozart came to believe that he was writing the requiem for his own funeral.

The Requiem is scored for 2 basset horns in F, 2 bassoons, 2 trumpets in D, 3 trombones (alto, tenor & bass), timpani (2 drums), violins, viola and basso continuo (cello, double bass, and organ). The vocal forces include soprano, contralto, tenor, and bass soloists and an SATB mixed choir.

History

Composition

At the time of Mozart's death on 5 December 1791, only the opening movement (Requiem aeternam) was completed in all of the orchestral and vocal parts. The following Kyrie and most of the sequence (from Dies Irae to Confutatis) were complete only in the vocal parts and the continuo (the figured organ bass), though occasionally some of the prominent orchestral parts were briefly indicated, such as the first violin part of the Rex tremendae and Confutatis and the musical bridges in the Recordare. The sixth movement of the sequence, the Lacrymosa, breaks off after only eight bars and was unfinished. The following two movements of the Offertorium were again partially done; the Domine Jesu Christe in the vocal parts and continuo (up until the fugue, which contains some indications of the violin part) and the Hostias in the vocal parts only.

Constanze Mozart and the Requiem after Mozart's death

The eccentric count Franz von Walsegg commissioned the Requiem from Mozart anonymously through intermediaries. The count, an amateur chamber musician who routinely commissioned works by composers and passed them off as his own,^[1][2] wanted a Requiem Mass he could claim he composed to memorialize the recent passing of his wife. Mozart received only half of the payment in advance, so upon his death his widow Constanze was keen to have the work completed secretly by someone else, submit it to the count as having been completed by Mozart and collect the final payment.^[3] Joseph von Eybler was one of the first composers to be asked to complete the score, and had worked on the movements from the Dies irae up until the Lacrymosa. In addition, a striking similarity between the openings of the Domine Jesu Christe movements in the requiems of the two composers suggests that Eybler at least looked at later sections. After this work, he felt unable to complete the remainder, and gave the manuscript back to Constanze Mozart.

The task was then given to another composer, Franz Xaver Süssmayr. Süssmayr borrowed some of Eybler's work in making his completion, and added his own orchestration to the movements from the Kyrie onward, completed the Lacrymosa, and added several new movements which a Requiem would normally comprise: Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei. He then added a final section, Lux aeterna by adapting the opening two movements which Mozart had written to the different words which finish the Requiem Mass, which according to both Süssmayr and Mozart's wife was done according to Mozart's directions. Some people consider it unlikely, however, that Mozart would have repeated the opening two sections if he had survived to finish the work.

Other composers may have helped Süssmayr. The Agnus Dei is suspected by some scholars^[4] to have been based on instruction or sketches from Mozart because of its similarity to a section from the Gloria of a previous Mass (Sparrow Mass, K. 220) by Mozart,^[5] as was first pointed out by Richard Maunder. Others have pointed out that in the beginning of the Agnus Dei the choral bass quotes the main theme from the Introitus.^[6] Many of the arguments dealing with this matter, though, center on the perception that if part of the work is high quality, it must have been written by Mozart (or from sketches), and if part of the work contains errors and faults, it must have been all Süssmayr's doing. A frequent meta-debate is whether this is a fair way to judge the authorship of the parts of the work.

Another controversy is the suggestion that Mozart left explicit instructions for the completion of the Requiem on "little scraps of paper." It is commonly believed this claim was made by Constanze Mozart after it was public knowledge that the Requiem was actually completed by Süssmayr as a way to increase the impression of authenticity.

The completed score, initially by Mozart but largely finished by Süssmayr, was then dispatched to Count Walsegg complete with a counterfeited signature of Mozart and dated 1792. The various complete and incomplete manuscripts eventually turned up in the 19th century, but many of the figures involved did not leave unambiguous statements on record as to how they were involved in the affair. Despite the controversy over how much of the music is actually Mozart's, the commonly performed Süssmayr version has become widely accepted by the public. This acceptance is quite strong, even when alternate completions provide logical and compelling solutions for the work. A completion dating from 1819 by Sigismund Neukomm has been recorded under the baton of Jean-Claude Malgoire. Salzburg-born Neukomm, a student of Joseph Haydn, provided a concluding Libera me, Domine for a performance of the Requiem on the feast of St Cecilia in Rio de Janeiro at the behest of Nunes Garcia.

The confusion surrounding the circumstances of the Requiem's composition was created in a large part by Mozart's wife, Constanze. Constanze had a difficult task in front of her: she had to keep secret the fact that the Requiem was unfinished at Mozart's death, so she could collect the final payment from the commission. For a period of time, she also needed to keep secret the fact that Süssmayr had anything to do with the composition of the Requiem at all, in order to allow Count Walsegg the impression that Mozart wrote the work entirely himself. Once she received the commission, she needed to carefully promote the work as Mozart's so that she could continue to receive revenue from the work's publication and performance. During this phase of the Requiem's history, it was still important that the public accept that Mozart wrote the whole piece, as it would fetch larger sums from publishers and the public if it were completely by Mozart.

It is Constanze's efforts that created the flurry of half-truths and myths almost instantly after Mozart's death. According to Constanze, Mozart declared that he was composing the Requiem for himself, and that he had been poisoned. His symptoms worsened, and he began to complain about the painful swelling of his body and high fever. Nevertheless, Mozart continued his work on the Requiem, and even on the last day of his life, he was explaining to his assistant how he intended to finish the Requiem. Source materials written soon after Mozart’s death contain serious discrepancies, which leave a level of subjectivity when assembling the "facts" about Mozart’s composition of the Requiem. For example, at least three of the conflicting sources, both dated within two decades following Mozart's death, cite Constanze as their primary source of interview information. In 1798, Friedrich Rochlitz, a German biographical author and amateur composer, published a set of Mozart anecdotes that he claimed to have collected during his meeting with Constanze in 1796.^[7] The Rochlitz publication makes the following statements:

• Mozart was unaware of his commissioner's identity at the time he accepted the project.
• He was not bound to any date of completion of the work.
• He stated that it would take him around four weeks to complete.
• He requested, and received, 100 ducats at the time of the first commissioning message.
• He began the project immediately after receiving the commission.
• His health was poor from the outset; he fainted multiple times while working.
• He took a break from writing the work to visit the Prater with his wife.
• He shared the thought with his wife that he was writing this piece for his own funeral.
• He spoke of "very strange thoughts" regarding the unpredicted appearance and commission of this unknown man.
• He noted that the departure of Leopold II to Prague for the coronation was approaching.

The most highly disputed of these claims is the last one, the chronology of this setting. According to Rochlitz, the messenger arrives quite some time before the departure of Leopold for the coronation, yet there is a record of his departure occurring in mid-July 1791. However, as Constanze was in Baden during all of June to mid-July, she would not have been present for the commission or the drive they were said to have taken together.^[7] Furthermore, The Magic Flute (except for the Overture and March of the Priests) was completed by mid-July. La clemenza di Tito was commissioned by mid-July.^[7] There was no time for Mozart to work on the Requiem on the large scale indicated by the Rochlitz publication in the time frame provided.

Also in 1798, Constanze is noted to have given another interview to Franz Xaver Niemetschek,^[8] another biographer looking to publish a compendium of Mozart's life. He published his biography in 1808, containing a number of claims about Mozart’s receipt of the Requiem commission:

• Mozart received the commission very shortly before the Coronation of Emperor Leopold II, and before he received the commission to go to Prague.
• He did not accept the messenger's request immediately; he wrote the commissioner and agreed to the project stating his fee, but urging that he could not predict the time required to complete the work.
• The same messenger appeared later, paying Mozart the sum requested plus a note promising a bonus at the work's completion.
• He started composing the work upon his return from Prague.
• He fell ill while writing the work
• He told Constanze "I am only too conscious...my end will not be long in coming: for sure, someone has poisoned me! I cannot rid my mind of this thought."
• Constanze thought that the Requiem was overstraining him; she called the doctor and took away the score.
• On the day of his death he had the score brought to his bed.
• The messenger took the unfinished Requiem soon after Mozart's death.
• Constanze never learned the commissioner's name.

This account, too, has fallen under scrutiny and criticism for its accuracy. According to letters, Constanze most certainly knew the name of the commissioner by the time this interview was released in 1800.^[8] Additionally, the Requiem was not given to the messenger until some time after Mozart's death.^[7] This interview contains the only account from Constanze herself of the claim that she took the Requiem away from Wolfgang for a significant duration during his composition of it.^[7] Otherwise, the timeline provided in this account is historically probable. However, the most highly accepted text attributed to Constanze is the interview to her second husband, Georg Nikolaus von Nissen.^[7] After Nissen's death in 1826, Constanze released the biography of Wolfgang (1828) that Nissen had compiled, which included this interview. Nissen states:

• Mozart received the commission shortly before the coronation of Emperor Leopold and before he received the commission to go to Prague.
• He did not accept the messenger's request immediately; he wrote the commissioner and agreed to the project stating his fee, but urging that he could not predict the time required to complete the work.
• The same messenger appeared later, paying Mozart the sum requested plus a note promising a bonus at the work's completion.
• He started composing the work upon his return from Prague.

The Nissen publication lacks information following Mozart's return from Prague.^[7]

Modern completions

In the 1960s a sketch for an Amen fugue was discovered, which some musicologists (Levin, Maunder) believe belongs to the Requiem at the conclusion of the sequence after the Lacrymosa. H. C. Robbins Landon argues that this Amen fugue was not intended for the Requiem, rather that it "may have been for a separate unfinished Mass in D minor" to which the Kyrie K. 341 also belonged. There is, however, compelling evidence placing the "Amen Fugue" in the Requiem^[9] based on current Mozart scholarship. First, the principal subject is the main theme of the requiem (stated at the beginning, and throughout the work) in strict inversion. Second, it is found on the same page as a sketch for the Rex tremendae (together with a sketch for the overture of his last opera The Magic Flute), and thus surely dates from late 1791. The only place where the word 'Amen' occurs in anything that Mozart wrote in late 1791 is in the sequence of the Requiem. Third, as Levin points out in the foreword to his completion of the Requiem, the addition of the Amen Fugue at the end of the sequence results in an overall design that ends each large section with a fugue.

Since the 1970s several musicologists, dissatisfied with the traditional "Süssmayr" completion, have attempted alternative completions of the Requiem. Each version follows a distinct methodology for completion:

• Franz Beyer - makes revisions to Süssmayr's orchestration in an attempt to create a more Mozartian style.
• H. C. Robbins Landon - orchestrates parts of the completion using the partial work by Eybler, thinking that Eybler's work is a more reliable guide of Mozart's intentions.
• Richard Maunder - dispenses completely with the parts known to be written by Süssmayr, but retains the Agnus Dei after discovering an extensive paraphrase from an earlier Mass (Sparrow Mass, K. 220).
• Duncan Druce - makes slight changes in orchestration, but retains Eybler's ninth and tenth measures of the Lacrymosa, lengthening the movement substantially to end in the "Amen Fugue". He also completely rewrites the Benedictus, only retaining the opening theme.
• Robert D. Levin and Simon Andrews - each retain the structure of Süssmayr while adjusting orchestration, voice leading and in some cases rewriting entire sections in an effort to make the work more Mozartean.
• Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs - provides an entirely new instrumentation, based on Eybler's ideas, new elaborations of the Amen and Osanna fugues, and a new continuity of the Lacrymosa (after b. 18), Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei, following those bars of which Dr. Cohrs assumes Mozart might have sketched himself.
• Masato Suzuki
• Marius Flothuis
• Michael Finnissy

In the Levin, Andrews, Druce and Cohrs versions, the Sanctus fugue is completely rewritten and reproportioned and the Benedictus is restructured to allow for a reprise of the Sanctus fugue in the key of D (rather than Süssmayr's use of B-flat).

Maunder, Levin, Druce, Suzuki and Cohrs use the sketch for the Amen fugue discovered in the 1960s to compose a longer and more substantial setting to the words "Amen" at the end of the sequence. In the Süssmayr version, "Amen" is set as a plagal cadence with a Picardy third (iv - I in D minor) at the end of the Lacrymosa: the Andrews version uses the Süssmayr ending.

Other authors have also attempted the completion, including Clemens Kemme^[10] and Pánczél Tamás.^[11]

Timeline

• January 2, 1772: Mozart participates in the premiere of Michael Haydn's Requiem in C minor.^[12]
• February 14, 1791: Anna, Count von Walsegg's wife, dies at the age of 20.
• mid-July: A messenger (probably Franz Anton Leitgeb, the count's steward) arrives with note asking Mozart to write a Requiem Mass.
• Mid-July: Commission from Domenico Guardasoni, impresario of the Prague National Theatre to compose the opera, La clemenza di Tito (K. 621), for the festivities surrounding the coronation on September 6 of Leopold II as King of Bohemia.
• August: Mozart works mainly on La clemenza di Tito; completed by September 5.
• August 25: Mozart leaves for Prague.
• September 6: Mozart conducts premiere of La clemenza di Tito.
• Mid-September – September 28: Revision and completion of The Magic Flute (K. 620).
• September 30: Premiere of The Magic Flute.
• October 7: Completes Clarinet Concerto in A major (K. 622).
• October 8 – November 20: Mozart works on the Requiem and a cantata (K. 623).
• November 15: Completes the cantata.
• November 20: Confined to the bed due to his illness.
• December 5: Mozart dies shortly after midnight.
• December 7: Burial in St. Marx Cemetery.
• December 5 through December 10: Kyrie from Requiem completed by unknown composer (once identified as Mozart's pupil Franz Jakob Freystädtler, although this attribution is not generally accepted now)
• December 10: Requiem (probably only Introitus and Kyrie) performed in St. Michael for a memorial for Mozart by the staff of the Theater auf der Wieden.
• December 21: Eybler receives score of Requiem from Constanze, promising to complete it by mid-Lent (mid-March) of next year. He later gives up and returns the score to Constanze, who turns it to Süssmayr to complete.
• Early March 1792: probably the time Süssmayr finished the Requiem.
• January 2, 1793: Performance of Requiem for Constanze's benefit arranged by Gottfried van Swieten.
• Early December 1793: Requiem delivered to the Count.
• December 14, 1793: Requiem performed in the memory of the count's wife in the church at Wiener-Neustadt.
• February 14, 1794: Requiem performed again in Patronat Church Maria Schutz in Semmering
• 1799: Breitkopf & Härtel published the Requiem.
• 1800 or later: Walsegg receives leaves 1 through 10 of the autograph (Introitus and Kyrie)
• Autumn 1800: Abbé Maximilian Stadler compares all known manuscript copies (including Walsegg's) and editions of the score, and noted down copying errors and determined precisely which parts of the Requiem were written by Mozart.
• After 1802: Abbé Stadler receives leaves 11 through 32 (Dies irae to Confutatis) of Mozart's Requiem autograph from Constanze. Later Eybler would receive the Lacrymosa through Hostias.
• September 17, 1803: Süssmayr dies of tuberculosis. Like Mozart, he was buried in an unmarked grave in the St. Marx Cemetery.
• June 15, 1809: Requiem was performed at a memorial service for Joseph Haydn.
• 1825: Gottfried Weber writes article in the music journal Cäcilia calling Mozart's Requiem a spurious work.
• March 24, 1826: Constanze's second husband Georg Nikolaus von Nissen dies. Her younger son Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart conducts Mozart's Requiem at the service.
• December 5, 1826: On the 35th Anniversary of his father's death, Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart conducts Mozart's Requiem at St.George's Ukrainian Greek Catholic Cathedral in Lviv (Lemberg).^[13]
• November 11, 1827: Count Walsegg dies. Karl Haag, a musician formerly in Walsegg's service, receives his score (Mozart's autograph of the Introitus and Kyrie; the rest a copy by Süssmayr) and when he dies, he wills it to Katharina Adelpoller.
• 1831: Abbé Stadler gives the leaves of the Requiem autograph in his possession to the Imperial Court Library.
• 1833: Eybler suffered stroke while conducting a performance of Mozart's Requiem. The leaves of the Requiem autograph in his possession are turned over to the Imperial Court Library.
• November 8, 1833: Abbé Stadler dies.
• 1838: Count Moritz von Dietrichstein asks Nowack, formerly an employee of Walsegg, to search for six Mozart string quartets in Haag's possessions that may have been given to Walsegg. Nowack does not find them, but discovers Walsegg's score of Mozart's Requiem. The Imperial Court Library pays Adelpoller 50 ducats for the score.
• September 21, 1839: Gottfried Weber dies.
• December 15, 1840: François Habeneck conducts the Paris Opera in a performance of the Requiem at the reburial of Napoleon I.
• March 6, 1842: Constanze Mozart dies.
• July 24, 1846: Eybler dies.
• October 30, 1849: Requiem was performed at Frédéric Chopin's funeral.
• January 19, 1964: Requiem was performed as a memorial Mass for President John F. Kennedy by Cardinal Richard Cushing, Archbishop of Boston, at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston, MA.^[14]
• December 5, 1991: Sir Georg Solti conducted the Requiem with the Vienna Philharmonic at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna at a memorial Mass for the dead performed by Cardinal Hans Hermann Groër for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on the bicentenary of his death.
• July 19, 1994: Zubin Mehta conducted Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra in the ruins of The Great Counsel Hall in Sarajevo giving an extraordinary concert with participation of José Carreras, Ruggero Raimondi, Cecilia Gasdia and Ildikó Komlósi. It was filmed and transmitted by TV to popularise a charity aid for victims of Siege of Sarajevo.
• 1999: Claudio Abbado conducted the Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic at the Salzburg Cathedral at a memorial concert on the 10th anniversary of the death of Herbert von Karajan.
• 2001: Poznań, Poland, special Tridentine Mass was celebrated during the night of 210th anniversary of Mozart's death, with full usage of the Requiem. This mass is repeated every year on December 4.
• April 16, 2015: On the first anniversary of Sinking of the MV Sewol, Suwon Philharmonic Orchestra and Suwon Civic Chorale performed this work under the direction of orchestra's principal conductor Daejin Kim at the annual music festival of the Seoul Arts Center 'Orchestra Festival'. Kim put a yellow ribbon on his suit as remembrance of victims.

Structure

Introïtus, Bruno Walter, 1956.

The Süssmayr completion of the Requiem is divided into fourteen movements, with the following structure:

Bars 1–5 of the Lacrymosa

• I. Introitus
  • Requiem (choir and soprano solo) (D minor)

Kyrie, Bruno Walter, 1956.

• II. Kyrie (choir) (D minor)
• III. Sequentia (text based on sections of the Dies Irae)
  • Dies irae (choir) (D minor)
  • Tuba mirum (soprano, contralto, tenor and bass solo) (B-flat major)
  • Rex tremendae (choir) (G minor–D minor)
  • Recordare (soprano, contralto, tenor and bass solo) (F major)
  • Confutatis (choir) (A minor–F major, last chord V of D minor)
  • Lacrimosa (choir) (D minor)
• IV. Offertorium
  • Domine Jesu (choir with solo quartet) (G minor)
  • Hostias (choir) (E-flat major–G minor)
• V. Sanctus (choir) (D major)
• VI. Benedictus (solo quartet and choir) (B-flat major)
• VII. Agnus Dei (choir) (D minor–B-flat major)
• VIII. Communio
  • Lux aeterna (soprano solo and choir) (B-flat major–D minor)

All sections from the Sanctus onwards are not present in Mozart's manuscript fragment. Mozart may have intended to include the Amen fugue at the end of the Sequentia, but Süssmayr did not do so in his completion.

The Introitus is in D minor and finishes on a half-cadence that transitions directly into Kyrie. The Kyrie is a double fugue, with one subject setting the words "Kyrie eleison" and the other "Christe eleison". The movement Tuba mirum opens with a trombone solo accompanying the bass. The Confutatis is well known for its string accompaniment; it opens with agitated figures that accentuate the wrathful sound of the basses and tenors, but it turns into soft arpeggios in the second phrase while accompanying the soft sounds of the sopranos and altos.

Details

The following table shows for the eight movements in Süssmayr's completion with their subdivisions the title and incipit, the type of movement, the vocal parts soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B) and four-part choir SATB, the tempo, key and time.

Movements of Requiem

No.	Title	Type	Vocal	Tempo	Key	Time
I Introitus	Requiem aeternam	Chorus with solo	SATB S	Adagio	D minor	4/4
II Kyrie	Kyrie eleison	Double fugue	SATB	Allegro	D minor	4/4
III Sequentia	Dies irae Tuba mirum Rex tremendae Recordare Confutatis Lacrimosa		SATB B T A S SATB S A T B SATB SATB	Allegro assai Andante - - Andante Larghetto	D minor B-flat major G minor – D minor F major A minor – F major D minor	4/4 2/2 4/4 3/4 4/4 12/8
IV Offertorium	Domine Jesu Hostias	Chorus with solo Chorus	SATB S A T B SATB	Andante con moto Andante – Andante con moto	G minor E-flat major – G minor	4/4 3/4 – 4/4
V Sanctus	Sanctus Osanna	Chorus	SATB	Adagio Allegro	D major	4/4 3/4
VI Benedictus	Benedictus Osanna	Quartet Chorus	S A T B SATB	Andante Allegro	B-flat major	4/4
VII Agnus Dei	Agnus Dei	Chorus	SATB		D minor – B-flat major	4/4 3/4
VIII Communio	Lux aeterna Cum sanctis tuis	Solo and chorus Chorus	S SATB SATB	- Allegro	B-flat major – D minor	4/4

Influences

Mozart esteemed Handel and in 1789 he was commissioned by Baron Gottfried van Swieten to rearrange Messiah. This work likely influenced the composition of Mozart's Requiem; the Kyrie is probably based on the And with his stripes we are healed chorus from Handel's Messiah (HWV 56), since the subject of the fugato, in which Handel was a master, is the same, with only slight variations by adding ornaments on melismata.

Some believe that the Introitus was inspired by Handel's Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline (HWV 264), and some have also remarked that the Confutatis may have been inspired by Sinfonia Venezia by Pasquale Anfossi. Another influence was Michael Haydn's Requiem in C minor which he and his father heard at the first three performances in January 1772. Some have noted that M. Haydn's "Introitus" sounds rather similar to Mozart's, and the theme for the fugue of Mozart's Offertorium No. 1 is a direct quote of the theme of M. Haydn's Offertorium and Versus.

Myths surrounding the Requiem

With multiple levels of deception surrounding the Requiem's completion, a natural outcome is the mythologizing which subsequently occurred. One series of myths surrounding the Requiem involves the role Antonio Salieri played in the commissioning and completion of the Requiem (and in Mozart's death generally). While the most recent retelling of this myth is Peter Shaffer's play Amadeus and the movie made from it, it is important to note that the source of misinformation was actually a 19th-century play by Alexander Pushkin, Mozart and Salieri, which was turned into an opera by Rimsky-Korsakov and subsequently used as the framework for Amadeus.^[15]

The autograph at the 1958 World's Fair

Mozart's manuscript with missing corner

The autograph of the Requiem was placed on display at the World's Fair in 1958 in Brussels. At some point during the fair, someone was able to gain access to the manuscript, tearing off the bottom right-hand corner of the second to last page (folio 99r/45r), containing the words "Quam olim d: C:" (an instruction that the "Quam olim" fugue of the Domine Jesu was to be repeated "da capo", at the end of the Hostias). The perpetrator has not been identified and the fragment has not been recovered.^[16]

If the most common authorship theory is true, then "Quam olim d: C:" might very well be the last words Mozart wrote before he died. It is probable that whoever stole the fragment believed that to be the case.

Selected recordings

In the following table, large choirs and orchestras are marked by red background, ensembles playing on period instruments in historically informed performance are marked by a green background under the header Instr..

Recordings of Mozart's Requiem

Title	Conductor / Choir / Orchestra	Soloists	Label	Year	Choir type	Instr.
Requiem	Messner, JosefJosef Messner Aula academica	Hilde Güden Rosette Anday Julius Patzak Josef Greindl	in Salzburg	1950
Requiem	Scherchen, HermannHermann Scherchen Wiener Akademie Kammerchor Orchestra of the Vienna State Opera	Magda László Hilde Rössel-Majdan Petre Munteanu Richard Standen	Westminster	1953	Chamber	Opera
Requiem	Schmidt-Isserstedt, HansHans Schmidt-Isserstedt NDR Chor NDR Orchestra	Lisa della Casa Maria von Ilosvay Helmut Krebs Gottlob Frick	Tahra	1954	Radio	Radio
Requiem	Jochum, EugenEugen Jochum Vienna State Opera Chorus Vienna Philharmonic	Irmgard Seefried Gertrude Pitzinger Richard Holm Kim Borg	Deutsche Grammophon	1955	Opera	Symphony
Requiem	Walter, BrunoBruno Walter Vienna State Opera Chorus Vienna Philharmonic	Lisa della Casa Ira Malaniuk Anton Dermota Cesare Siepi	Orfeo d'Or	1956	Opera	Symphony
Requiem	Horenstein, JaschaJascha Horenstein Wiener Singverein Vienna Symphony	Wilma Lipp Elisabeth Höngen Murray Dickie Ludwig Weber	Vox	1960s?		Opera
Requiem	Karajan, Herbert vonHerbert von Karajan Wiener Singverein Berlin Philharmonic	Wilma Lipp Hilde Rössel-Majdan Anton Dermota Walter Berry	Deutsche Grammophon	1962		Symphony
Requiem	Böhm, KarlKarl Böhm Vienna State Opera Chorus Vienna Symphony	Teresa Stich-Randall Ira Malaniuk Waldemar Kmentt Kurt Böhme	Philips	1960s?	Opera	Opera
Requiem	Scherchen, HermannHermann Scherchen Wiener Akademie Kammerchor Orchestra of the Vienna State Opera	Sena Jurinac Lucretia West Hans Löffler Frederick Guthrie	Westminster	1960s?	Chamber	Opera
Requiem	Kertész, IstvánIstván Kertész Vienna State Opera Chorus Vienna Philharmonic	Elly Ameling Marilyn Horne Ugo Benelli Tugomir Franc	Decca	1966	Opera	Symphony
Requiem	Gönnenwein, WolfgangWolfgang Gönnenwein Südwestdeutscher Madrigalchor Consortium Musicum	Teresa Żylis-Gara Oralia Dominguez Peter Schreier Franz Crass	EMI	1966		Symphony
Requiem	Fruhbeck de Burgos, RafaelRafael Fruhbeck de Burgos New Philharmonia Chorus New Philharmonia Orchestra	Edith Mathis Grace Bumbry George Shirley Marius Rintzler	EMI	1968	Symphony	Symphony
Requiem	Davis, ColinColin Davis John Alldis Choir BBC Symphony Orchestra	Helen Donath Yvonne Minton Ryland Davies Gerd Nienstedt	Philips	1960s?		Symphony
Requiem	Britten, BenjaminBenjamin Britten Aldeburgh Festival Chorus English Chamber Orchestra	Heather Harper Alfreda Hodgson Peter Pears John Shirley-Quirk	BBC	1971		Chamber
Requiem	Richter, KarlKarl Richter Münchener Bach-Chor Münchener Bach-Orchester	Maria Stader Hertha Töpper John van Kesteren Karl Christian Kohn	TELDEC	1970s?	Bach	Bach
Requiem	Barenboim, DanielDaniel Barenboim John Alldis Choir English Chamber Orchestra	Sheila Armstrong Janet Baker Nicolai Gedda Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau	EMI	1972		Chamber
Requiem	Böhm, KarlKarl Böhm Vienna State Opera Chorus Vienna Philharmonic	Edith Mathis Julia Hamari Wiesław Ochman Karl Ridderbusch	Deutsche Grammophon	1971	Opera	Symphony
Requiem	Karajan, Herbert vonHerbert von Karajan Wiener Singverein Berlin Philharmonic	Anna Tomowa-Sintow Agnes Baltsa Werner Krenn José van Dam	Deutsche Grammophon	1975		Symphony
Requiem	Corboz, MichelMichel Corboz Coro Gulbenkian Gulbenkian Orchestra	Elly Ameling Barbara Scherler Louis Devos Roger Soyer	Erato	1975
Requiem	Marriner, NevilleNeville Marriner Academy of St Martin in the Fields	Ileana Cotrubas Helen Watts Robert Tear John Shirley-Quirk	Decca	1970s?		Chamber
Requiem	Giulini, Carlo MariaCarlo Maria Giulini Philharmonia Chorus Philharmonia Orchestra	Helen Donath Christa Ludwig Robert Tear Robert Lloyd	EMI	1979	Symphony	Symphony
Requiem	Rilling, HelmuthHelmuth Rilling Gächinger Kantorei Bach-Collegium Stuttgart	Arleen Augér Carolyn Watkinson Siegfried Jerusalem Siegmund Nimsgern	CBS	1979
Requiem	Harnoncourt, NikolausNikolaus Harnoncourt Vienna State Opera Chorus Concentus Musicus Wien	Rachel Yakar Ortrun Wenkel Kurt Equiluz Robert Holl	TELDEC	1970s?	Opera	Period
Requiem	Schreier, PeterPeter Schreier Leipzig Radio Chorus Staatskapelle Dresden	Margaret Price Trudeliese Schmidt Francisco Araiza Theo Adam	Philips	1983	Radio	Symphony
Requiem	Hogwood, ChristopherChristopher Hogwood Academy of Ancient Music English Baroque Soloists	Emma Kirkby Carolyn Watkinson Anthony Rolfe Johnson David Thomas	L'Oiseau-lyre	1984		Period
Requiem	Barenboim, DanielDaniel Barenboim Choeur de Paris Orchestre de Paris	Kathleen Battle Ann Murray David Rendall Matti Salminen	EMI	1986
Requiem	Shaw, RobertRobert Shaw Atlanta Symphony Chorus Atlanta Symphony Orchestra	Arleen Augér Delores Ziegler Jerry Hadley Tom Krause	Telarc	1986	Symphony	Symphony
Requiem	Gardiner, John EliotJohn Eliot Gardiner Monteverdi Choir English Baroque Soloists	Barbara Bonney Anne Sofie von Otter Hans Peter Blochwitz Willard White	Philips	1987		Period
Requiem	Bernstein, LeonardLeonard Bernstein Bavarian Radio Chorus Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra	Marie McLaughlin Maria Ewing Jerry Hadley Cornelius Hauptmann	Deutsche Grammophon	1989	Radio	Radio
Requiem	Solti, GeorgGeorg Solti Vienna State Opera Chorus Vienna Philharmonic	Arleen Augér Cecilia Bartoli Vinson Cole René Pape	Decca	1991		Symphony
Requiem	Davis, ColinColin Davis Bavarian Radio Chorus Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra	Angela Maria Blasi Marjana Lipovšek Uwe Heilmann Jan-Hendrik Rootering	RCA	1991	Radio	Radio
Requiem	Bertini, GaryGary Bertini Kölner Rundfunk Chor Kölner Rundfunk Sinfonie Orchester	Krisztina Laki Doris Soffel Robert Swensen Thomas Quasthoff	Phoenix	1991	Radio	Radio
Requiem	Norrington, RogerRoger Norrington Schütz Choir of London London Classical Players	Nancy Argenta Catherine Robbin John Mark Ainsley Alastair Miles	EMI	1992
Requiem	Christie, WilliamWilliam Christie Les Arts Florissants	Anna Maria Panzarella Nathalie Stutzmann Christoph Prégardien Nathan Berg	Erato	1995		Period
Requiem	Herreweghe, PhilippePhilippe Herreweghe La Chapelle Royale	Sibylla Rubens Annette Markert Ian Bostridge Hanno Müller-Brachmann	Harmonia Mundi France	1997		Period
Requiem	Savall, JordiJordi Savall La Capella Reial de Catalunya Le Concert des Nations	Montserrat Figueras Claudia Schubert Gerd Türk Stephan Schreckenberger	Alia Vox	1998		Period
Requiem	Abbado, ClaudioClaudio Abbado Swedish Radio Chorus Berlin Philharmonic	Karita Mattila Sara Mingardo Michael Schade Bryn Terfel	Deutsche Grammophon	1999	Radio	Symphony

• Ralf Otto, Bachchor Mainz (Levin completion), L'arpa festante München, Julia Kleiter, Gerhild Romberger, Daniel Sans, Klaus Mertens, NCA
• Christoph Spering, Chorus Musicus, Das Neue Orchester, Iride Martinez, Monica Groop, Steve Davislim, Kwangchul Youn, Opus 111 (2002)
• Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Concentus Musicus Wien, Christine Schäfer, Bernarda Fink, Kurt Streit, Gerald Finley, deutsche harmonia mundi
• Carl Czerny transcription for soli, coro and piano four hands: Antonio Greco, Coro Costanzo Porta, Diego Maccagnola, Anna Bessi, Silvia Frigato, Raffaele Giordani, Riccardo Demini. Discantica (2012)
• New completion of the musical score of Mozart's Requiem by the musicologist Robert Levin. Live concert.
• John Butt (musician) conducting the Dunedin Consort on the Linn Records label. It is the first recording to use David Black's new critical edition of the Süssmayr version, and it attempts to reconstruct the performing forces at the first performances in Vienna in 1791 and 1793. It won the 2014 Gramophone Award for Best Choral Recording.

Scores of Mozart's Requiem

• Requiem: Score and critical report (German) in the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe
• Eybler's and Süssmayr's amendments: Score in the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe
• Free scores of Requiem, KV 626 in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Requiem in D minor, K.626: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project

References

1. Blom, Jan Dirk (2009). A Dictionary of Hallucinations. Springer. p. 342.
2. Gehring, Franz Eduard (1883). Mozart (The Great Musicians). University of Michigan: S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington,. p. 124.
3. Wolff, Christoph (1994). Mozart's Requiem. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 3.
4. Leeson (2004) Daniel N. Opus Ultimum: The Story of the Mozart Requiem, Algora Publishing, New York, p. 79: "Mozart might have described specific instrumentation for the drafted sections, or the addition of a Sanctus, a Benedictus, and an Agnus Dei, telling Süssmayr he would be obliged to compose those sections himself."
5. R. J. Summer, Choral Masterworks from Bach to Britten: Reflections of a Conductor Rowman & Littlefield p. 28
6. Mentioned in the CD booklet of the Requiem recording by Nikolaus Harnoncourt (2004).
7. Landon, H. C. Robbins (1988). 1791: Mozart's Last Year. New York: Schirmer Books.
8. Steve Boerner (December 16, 2000). "K. 626: Requiem in D Minor". The Mozart Project.
9. Paul Moseley: "Mozart's Requiem: A Revaluation of the Evidence" J Royal Music Assn (1989; 114) pp. 203–237
10. http://www.ahk.nl/conservatorium/het-conservatorium/geschiedenis/125-jaar/mozarts-requiem/abstract-kemme/
11. http://www.sabbathsong.hu/panczel-tamas
12. Wolff, Christoph. Mozart's Requiem: historical and analytical studies, documents, score, 1998, University of California Press, p. 65
13. http://www.yusypovych.com/eng/Franz-Xaver-Wolfgang-Mozart/#musical-events
14. Fenton, John H. (January 20, 1964). "Boston Symphony Plays for Requiem Honoring Kennedy". The New York Times. p. 1.
15. Gregory Allen Robbins. "Mozart & Salieri, Cain & Abel: A Cinematic Transformation of Genesis 4.", Journal of Religion and Film: Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1997
16. Facsimile of the manuscript's last page, showing the missing corner

Bibliography

• C. R. F. Maunder (1988). Mozart's Requiem: On Preparing a New Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-316413-2.
• Christoph Wolff (1994). Mozart's Requiem: Historical and Analytical Studies, Documents, Score. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07709-1.
• Brendan Cormican (1991). Mozart's death – Mozart's requiem: an investigation. Belfast, Northern Ireland: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-9510357-0-3.
• Heinz Gärtner (1991). Constanze Mozart : after the Requiem. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-39-X.
• Simon P. Keefe (2012). Mozart's Requiem: Reception, Work , Completion. Canmbridge UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19837-0.
• Requiem (2005) Decca Music Group Limited. Barcode 00028947570578

External links

• Article on the Requiem at h2g2
• Michael Lorenz: "Freystädtler’s Supposed Copying in the Autograph of K. 626: A Case of Mistaken Identity", Vienna 2013