Rhomaleosauridae

Rhomaleosauridae Temporal range: 201–161 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni, Natural History Museum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	†Sauropterygia
Order:	†Plesiosauria
Clade:	†Neoplesiosauria
Family:	†Rhomaleosauridae Kuhn, 1961
Genera
? †Anningasaura †Archaeonectrus †Atychodracon †Avalonnectes ? †Bishanopliosaurus †Borealonectes †Eurycleidus †Maresaurus †Meyerasaurus †Rhomaleosaurus †Sthenarosaurus ? †Stratesaurus ? †Yuzhoupliosaurus

Rhomaleosauridae is a family of pliosauroid plesiosaurs from the Earliest Jurassic to the latest Middle Jurassic (Hettangian to Callovian stages) of Europe, North America, South America and possibly Asia. Most rhomaleosaurids are known from England, many specifically from lower Blue Lias deposits that date back to the earliest Jurassic, just at the boundary with the Triassic. In fact, to date only two undisputed rhomaleosaurids were named from outside Europe - the closely related Borealonectes russelli and Maresaurus coccai from Canada and Argentina, respectively. These two species are also the only Middle Jurassic representatives of the family.^[1] Rhomaleosauridae was formally named by Kuhn in 1961, originally proposed to include Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni and its relatives, which have short necks and large heads relatively to plesiosauroids like Elasmosaurus and Plesiosaurus, but longer necks and smaller heads relatively to advanced pliosaurids like Pliosaurus and Kronosaurus.^[2]

Phylogeny

Rhomaleosauridae is a stem-based taxon defined in 2010 (and in earlier studies in a similar manner) as "all taxa more closely related to Meyerasaurus victor than to Leptocleidus superstes, Pliosaurus brachydeirus or Polycotylus latipinnis".^[2] Modern cladistic analyses are divided in the position of Rhomaleosauridae; some recover it at the base of Plesiosauria in a position basal to Neoplesiosauria that contains both the pliosauroids and the plesiosauroids,^[3] while other analyses recover Rhomaleosauridae as pliosauroids, to the exclusion of Plesiosauroidea, either as the sister taxon of Pliosauridae or, rarely, as a paraphyletic array of taxa leading to it.^[4][2] Additionally, many putative rhomaleosaurids from the early deposits of Blue Lias, vary greatly in their position across various phylogenetic analyses. Some of these are recovered as basal rhomaleosaurids in certain analyses, or alternatively outside Rhomaleosauridae in more basal positions within Plesiosauria.^[4][2][3][1] The following two cladograms are simplified after two recent analyses, showing only the relationships within Rhomaleosauridae, and some other relevant basal taxa whose position within the family is highly uncertain.

Following Benson et al. (2012):^[3]

Plesiosauria	Bobosaurus forojuliensis Anningasaura lymense  Neoplesiosauria  Pliosauridae Plesiosauroidea  Rhomaleosauridae  Stratesaurus taylori Macroplata tenuiceps Avalonnectes arturi Eurycleidus arcuatus Meyerasaurus victor Maresaurus coccai Atychodracon megacephalus Archaeonectrus rostratus Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus

Following Benson & Druckenmiller (2014), with Macroplata and Eurycleidus excluded, and Borealonectes added:^[1]

Plesiosauria	Bobosaurus forojuliensis Eoplesiosaurus antiquior Stratesaurus taylori Pliosauridae Plesiosauroidea  Rhomaleosauridae  Anningasaura lymense Avalonnectes arturi Atychodracon megacephalus Archaeonectrus rostratus Meyerasaurus victor Borealonectes russelli Maresaurus coccai Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus

References

1. Benson, R. B. J.; Druckenmiller, P. S. (2013). "Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition". Biological Reviews: n/a. doi:10.1111/brv.12038.
2. Ketchum, H.F.; Benson, R.B.J. (2010). "Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 85 (2): 361–392. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x. PMID 20002391.
3. Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans and Patrick S. Druckenmiller (2012). "High Diversity, Low Disparity and Small Body Size in Plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary". PLoS ONE 7 (3): e31838. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031838. PMC 3306369. PMID 22438869.
4. Adam S. Smith and Gareth J. Dyke (2008). "The skull of the giant predatory pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni: implications for plesiosaur phylogenetics" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften 95: 975–980. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0402-z. PMID 18523747.