Ribs (recordings)

"Rock on bones" Gramophone record (USSR, 1950-s). Gallery "Vinzavod", Moscow

Ribs (Russian: «рёбра», translit. ryobra), also being called Music on ribs (Russian: «Музыка на рёбрах»), Jazz on bones (Russian: «Джаз на костях»), Bones or Roentgenizdat are slang names for x-ray films, mostly fluorography ones, turned into improvised gramophone recordings. Mostly used through the 1950s and into the 1960s,^[1][2] ribs were a black market method of smuggling in and distributing prohibited music by foreign and emigre musicians, like Pjotr Leschenko or Alexander Vertinsky, who were banned from broadcasting in the USSR. These included popular Western artists of the day such as Elvis, The Beatles, Bill Haley, The Rolling Stones, the Beach Boys, and Chubby Checker.^[3][4]

Production process

Real medical X-Rays, purchased or picked up from the trash from hospitals and clinics were used to create the recordings. The X-Rays were cut into 7-inch discs^[5] and the center hole was made by burning it with a cigarette.^[6] According to Russian musicologist Artemy Troitsky, "grooves were cut [at 78rpm]^[7] with the help of special machines (made, they say, from old phonographs by skilled conspiratorial hands)"; he added that the "quality was awful, but the price was low, a ruble or a ruble and a half."^[8] The disks could really only be played five to ten times.^[9]

Legality

The clandestine approach to circulating banned popular foreign music eventually led to a law being passed in 1958 that forbade the home-production of recordings of "a criminally hooligan trend".^[10] The "hooligan trend" is referring to the stilyagi (from the word stil' meaning style in Russian), a subculture within the Soviet youth who were known to embrace Western styles of dress and dance.^[11]

The X-Ray Audio Project

In 2013, the English musician Stephen Coates of the band The Real Tuesday Weld launched the The X-Ray Audio Project, an initiative to provide a resource of information about the X-Ray recordings with visual images, audio recordings and interviews, as the basis for a book "X-Ray Audio" The Strange Story of Soviet Music on the Bone published by Strange Attractor on the subject in November 2015. Coates and sound artist and researcher Aleksander Kolkowski tour, giving performances on the story of the Soviet X-Ray bootleggers, and cut new X-Ray records as a demonstration of the process. The touring exhibition Coates created with photographer Paul Heartfield has been the subject of much media attention including pieces in The Guardian and on the BBC Today program. The pair released a short form documentary including interviews with original bootleggers and archive footage in February 2016.

See also

• Samizdat
• Magnitizdat
• Flexi disc

References

1. Raleigh, Donald j. Russia's Sputnik Generation: Soviet Baby Boomers Talk about Their Lives. N.p.: Indiana University Press, 2006. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.
2. Minor, William. Unzipped Souls: A Jazz Journey Through the Soviet Union. N.p.: Temple University Press, 1995. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.
3. Starr, S. Frederick. “The Rock Inundation”. The Wilson Quarterly (1976-) 7.4 (1983): 58–67. Web. 10. Feb. 2016
4. West, Richard. "REDS LIKE ROCK AND ROLL---BUT NEED INTERPRETATION." Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File): 1. Jun 25 1965. ProQuest. Web. 13 Feb. 2016
5. Ganley, Gladys D. Unglued Empire: The Soviet Experience with Communications Technologies. N.p.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Web. 13 Feb. 2016
6. "Bone Collectors." New Scientist 228.3051 (2015): 24-25. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.
7. Ganley, Gladys D. Unglued Empire: The Soviet Experience with Communications Technologies. N.p.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Web. 13 Feb. 2016
8. Easton, Paul (1989). "The Rock Music Community". In Riordan, James. Soviet youth culture 2. Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 47. ISBN 0-333-46231-9. OCLC 246807650Available at University of Indiana
9. Logan, Wendell, Satrina Yrina, and Victor Lebedev. “The Development of Jazz in the Former Soviet Union: An Interview with Victor Lebedev”. Black Music Research Journal12.2 (1992): 227–232. Web. 11. Feb. 2016.
10. Ganley, Gladys D. Unglued Empire: The Soviet Experience with Communications Technologies. N.p.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Web. 13 Feb. 2016
11. Edele, Mark. “Strange Young Men in Stalin's Moscow: The Birth and Life of the Stiliagi, 1945-1953”.Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 50.1 (2002): 37–61. Web. 11. Feb. 2016.

Further reading

• Coates, Stephen (Ed.) (2015). The strange story of Soviet music on the bone. London: Strange Attractor Press, ISBN 978-1-907222-38-2
• Yurchak, Alexei (1999). "Gagarin and the Rave Kids". In Barker, Adele Marie. Consuming Russia: popular culture, sex, and society since Gorbachev. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-82-232313-6. OCLC 185952345.

External links

• X-Ray Audio
• The Horse Hospital
• Roman Tschiedl: Bootlegs auf Röntgenfilm: Der illegale Sound des Kalten Krieges, Radio OE1, 2. April 2016 (German/English, Interviews with Stephen Coates, Aleksander Kolkowski and Masha Dabelka on Ribs recordings)