Billy Bragg

Billy Bragg

Billy Bragg in 2010
Background information
Birth name Stephen William Bragg
Born (1957-12-20) 20 December 1957
Barking, Essex, England
Genres Folk punk,[1] folk rock, indie folk, alternative rock, alternative country, Americana
Occupation(s) Singer-songwriter, musician, author
Instruments Vocals, guitar, bass guitar
Years active 1977–present
Labels Charisma, Go! Discs, Elektra, Cooking Vinyl, Dine Alone Records
Associated acts The Red Stars, The Blokes, Riff-Raff, Wilco
Website www.billybragg.co.uk
Billy Bragg's voice
Recorded October 2012 from the BBC Radio 4 programme Mastertapes

Stephen William "Billy" Bragg (born 20 December 1957) is an English singer-songwriter and left-wing activist.[2][3] His music blends elements of folk music, punk rock and protest songs, with lyrics that mostly span political or romantic themes. His music is heavily centered on bringing about change and getting the younger generation involved in activist causes.[4]

Early life

Bragg was born in 1957 in Barking, Essex,[5] one of the sons of Dennis Frederick Austin Bragg, an assistant sales manager to a Barking cap and hat maker, and his wife Marie Victoria D'Urso, who was of Italian descent.[6] Bragg's father died of lung cancer in 1976,[7] and his mother in 2011.[8] Bragg was educated at Northbury Junior School and Park Secondary Modern (now Barking Abbey Secondary School[9]) in Barking, where he failed his eleven-plus exam, effectively precluding him from going to university.[10] However he developed an interest in poetry at the age of 12, when his English teacher chose him to read a poem he had written for a homework assignment on a local radio station.[11] He put his energies into learning and practising the guitar with his next-door neighbour, Philip Wigg (Wiggy); some of their influences were the Faces, Small Faces and the Rolling Stones. He was also exposed to folk and folk-rock music during his teenage years, citing Simon and Garfunkel and Bob Dylan as early influences on his songwriting.[11] Bragg was particularly influenced by the Clash, whom he'd seen play live in London in May 1977 on their White Riot Tour, and again at a Rock Against Racism carnival in April 1978, which he admits was the first time he really stepped into the world of music as it is used for political activism.[4] The experience of the gig and preceding march helped shape Bragg's left wing politics, having previously "turned a blind eye" to casual racism.[4]

Career

In 1977 Bragg formed the punk rock/pub rock band Riff Raff with Wiggy. The band decamped to rural Oundle in Northamptonshire in 1978 to record a series of singles (the first on independent Chiswick Records) which did not receive wide exposure. After a period of gigging in Northamptonshire and London, they returned to Barking and split in 1980.[12] Taking a series of odd jobs, Bragg became disillusioned with his stalled music career and in May 1981 joined the British Army as a recruit destined for the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars of the Royal Armoured Corps. After completing three months' basic training, he bought himself out for £175 and returned home.[13]

Bragg peroxided his hair to mark a new phase in his life and began performing frequent concerts and busking around London, playing solo with an electric guitar under the name Spy Vs. Spy (after the strip in Mad magazine).[14]

Bragg performing at South by Southwest in 2008

His demo tape initially got no response from the record industry, but by pretending to be a television repair man, he got into the office of Charisma Records' A&R man Peter Jenner.[15] Jenner liked the tape, but the company was near bankruptcy and had no budget to sign new artists. Bragg got an offer to record more demos for music publisher Chappell & Co., so Jenner agreed to release them as a record. Life's a Riot with Spy Vs. Spy (credited to Billy Bragg) was released in July 1983 by Charisma's new imprint, Utility. Hearing DJ John Peel mention on-air that he was hungry, Bragg rushed to the BBC with a mushroom biryani, so Peel played a song from Life's a Riot with Spy Vs. Spy albeit at the wrong speed (since the 12" LP was, unconventionally, cut to play at 45rpm). Peel insisted he would have played the song even without the biryani and later played it at the correct speed.[15]

Within months Charisma had been taken over by Virgin Records and Jenner, who had been made redundant, became Bragg's manager. Stiff Records' press officer Andy Macdonald – who was setting up his own record label, Go! Discs – received a copy of Life's a Riot with Spy Vs. Spy. He made Virgin an offer and the album was re-released on Go! Discs in November 1983, at the fixed low price of £2.99.[16] Around this time, Andy Kershaw, an early supporter at Radio Aire in Leeds, was employed by Jenner as Bragg's tour manager. (He later became a BBC DJ and TV presenter, and he and Bragg appeared in an episode of the BBC TV programme Great Journeys in 1989, in which they travelled the Silver Road from Potosí, Bolivia, to the Pacific coast at Arica, Chile.)[17]

Though never released as a Bragg single, album track and live favourite "A New England", with an additional verse, became a Top 10 hit in the UK for Kirsty MacColl in November 1983. Since MacColl's early death, Bragg always sings the extra verse live in her honour.[18]

In 1984, he released Brewing Up with Billy Bragg, a mixture of political songs (e.g., "It Says Here") and songs of unrequited love (e.g., "The Saturday Boy"). This was followed in 1985 by Between the Wars, an EP of political songs that included a cover version of Leon Rosselson's "The World Turned Upside Down". The EP made the Top 20 of the UK Singles Chart and earned Bragg an appearance on Top of the Pops, singing the title track. Bragg later collaborated with Rosselson on the song, "Ballad of a Spycatcher".[19]

In the same year, he embarked on his first tour of North America, with Wiggy as tour manager, supporting Echo & The Bunnymen.[20] The tour began in Washington D.C. and ended in Los Angeles. On the same trip, in New York, Bragg unveiled his "Portastack",[21] a self-contained, mobile PA system weighing 35 lbs (designed for £500 by engineer Kenny Jones), the wearing of which became an archetypal image of the singer at that time. With it, he was able to busk outside the New Music Seminar, a record industry conference.[22]

In 1986 Bragg released Talking with the Taxman about Poetry, which became his first Top 10 album. Its title is taken from a poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky and a translated version of the poem was printed on the record's inner sleeve. Back to Basics is a 1987 collection of his first three releases: Life's A Riot With Spy Vs. Spy, Brewing Up with Billy Bragg, and the Between The Wars EP. He enjoyed his only Number 1 hit single in May 1988, a cover of the Beatles' She's Leaving Home, a shared A-side with Wet Wet Wet's With A Little Help From My Friends. Both were taken from a multi-artist re-recording of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band titled Sgt. Pepper Knew My Father coordinated by the NME in aid of the charity Childline. Wet Wet Wet's cover dominated radio airplay and its video was shown over three consecutive weeks on Top of the Pops; in week four, Bragg went on the programme to play his cover, with regular accompanist Cara Tivey on piano.[23]

Bragg released his fourth album, Workers Playtime, in September 1988. With this album, Bragg added a full backing band and accompaniment, including Tivey on piano, Danny Thompson on double bass and veteran Mickey Waller on drums. Wiggy earned a co-production credit with Joe Boyd.[24]

In May 1990 Bragg released the political mini-LP, The Internationale on his and Jenner's own short-lived label Utility, which operated independently of Go! Discs, to which Bragg was still contracted. The songs were, in part, a return to his solo guitar style, but some featured more complicated arrangements and included a brass band. The album paid tribute to one of Bragg's influences with the song, "I Dreamed I Saw Phil Ochs Last Night", which is an adapted version of Earl Robinson's song, "I Dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night", itself an adaptation of a poem by Alfred Hayes.[25] Though the album only reached Number 34 in the UK Charts, Bragg described it as "a reassertion of my rights as an individual ... and a childish two fingers [to Go! Discs boss Andy Macdonald, who'd recently signed a distribution deal with entertainment industry giant PolyGram]."[26]

Performing with The Imagined Village at Camp Bestival, 20 July 2008

His sixth studio album Don't Try This at Home was recorded in the shadow of the build-up to the Gulf War and subsequent ground war, inspiring the track "Rumours of War". Although there is social comment ("The Few", "North Sea Bubble"), it was intended as a more commercial pop album, released in September 1991. (Bragg called it "a very long-range attempt to convert the ball between the posts."[27]). The first single was the upbeat "Sexuality", which, despite an accessible video and a dance remix on the B-side, only reached Number 27 on the UK Singles Chart. Following overtures by rival label Chrysalis, Bragg and Jenner had been persuaded by Go! Discs' Andy and Juliet Macdonald to sign a four-album deal for a million pound advance; in return he would promote the album with singles and videos.[28] A more commercial sound and aggressive marketing had no appreciable effect on album sales, and after a grueling, 13-month world tour with a full band (the Red Stars, led by Wiggy), and a period of forced convalescence after an appendicitis, Bragg left Go! Discs in summer 1992, paying back the remainder of his advance in return for all rights to his back catalogue.[29]

Bragg released the album William Bloke in 1996 after taking time off to help new partner Juliet Wills raise their son Jack. (There is a reference to him in the track "Brickbat": "Now you'll find me with the baby, in the bathroom.")[30] After the ambitious instrumentation of Don't Try This at Home, it was a simpler record, musically, more personal and even spiritual, lyrically (its title a pun on the name of 18th-century English poet William Blake, who is referenced in the song "Upfield").[31]

Around that time, Nora Guthrie (daughter of American folk artist Woody Guthrie) asked Bragg to set some of her father's unrecorded lyrics to music. The result was a collaboration with the band Wilco and Natalie Merchant (with whom Bragg had worked previously). They released the album Mermaid Avenue in 1998,[32] and Mermaid Avenue Vol. II in 2000.[33] The first album was nominated for a Grammy in the Best Contemporary Folk Album category. A third batch, Mermaid Avenue Vol III, and The Complete Sessions followed in 2012 to mark Woody Guthrie's centennial.[34] A rift with Wilco over mixing and sequencing the first album led to Bragg recruiting his own band, The Blokes, to promote the album live. The Blokes included keyboardist Ian McLagan, who had been a member of Bragg's boyhood heroes The Faces. The documentary film Man in the Sand depicts the roles of Nora Guthrie, Bragg, and Wilco in the creation of the Mermaid Avenue albums.[35]

A developing interest in English national identity, driven by the rise of the BNP and his own move from London to rural Dorset in 1999, informed his 2002 album England, Half English (whose single, "Take Down The Union Jack" put him back on Top of the Pops in the Queen's Golden Jubilee year[36]) and his 2006 book The Progressive Patriot. The book expressed his view that English socialists can reclaim patriotism from the right wing. He draws on Victorian poet Rudyard Kipling for an inclusive sense of Englishness.[37] In 2007 Bragg moved closer to his English folk music roots by joining the WOMAD-inspired collective The Imagined Village, who recorded an album of updated versions of traditional English songs and dances and toured through that autumn.[38]

In December Bragg previewed tracks from his long-awaited forthcoming album Mr. Love & Justice at a one-off evening of music and conversation to mark his 50th birthday at London's South Bank.[39] The album was released in March 2008, the second Bragg album to be named after a book by Colin MacInnes after England, Half English.[40][41]

The same year, during the NME Awards ceremony, Bragg sang a duet with British solo act Kate Nash. They mixed up two of their greatest hits, Nash playing Foundations, and Bragg redoing A New England.[42] Also in 2008, Bragg played a small role in Stuart Bamforth's film A13: Road Movie.[43]

In 2009, Bragg was invited by London's South Bank to write new lyrics for Ode To Joy, the final movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (original libretto by Friedrich Schiller), since adopted as an international anthem of unity. The London Philharmonic Orchestra performed it at the Royal Festival Hall in front of the Queen and Bragg met her afterwards to earn "brownie points" with his mother, also in attendance.[44]

He was involved in the play Pressure Drop at the Wellcome Collection in London in April and May 2010. The production, written by Mick Gorden, and billed as "part play, part gig, part installation", featured new songs by Bragg. He performed during the play with his band, and acted as compere.[45]

Bragg was invited by Michael Eavis to curate the Leftfield stage at Glastonbury Festival in 2010,[46] which he has continued to do in subsequent years.[47] He also took part in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty-Six Books, where he wrote a piece based upon a book of the King James Bible.[48] Bragg performed a set of the Guthrie songs that he had set to music for Mermaid Avenue during the Hay Literary Festival in June 2012,[49] he also performed the same set on the Friday night of the 2012 Cambridge Folk Festival.[50]

On 18 March 2013, Bragg released his latest studio album, five years since Mr. Love & Justice, titled Tooth & Nail. Recorded in five days at the home studio of musician/producer Joe Henry in South Pasadena it featured 11 original songs, including one written for the Bush Theatre and a Woody Guthrie cover. Stylistically, it continued to explore genres of Americana and Alternative country, a natural progression since Mermaid Avenue (1998).[51][52] The album was a commercial success, becoming his best charting record since 1991's Don't Try This at Home.[53]

In February 2014, Bragg started a series of "radio shows" on Spotify, in which he talked listeners through self-curated playlists of "his favourite tracks and artists, and uncovering some little-known musical gems."[54]

On 14 April 2014, Bragg put out Live at the Union Chapel, a souvenir album and DVD of a show he played on 5 June 2013 at the Union Chapel in London, featuring songs from Tooth & Nail as well as favourites from his back catalogue.[55]

Politics and activism

For the entirety of Bragg's 30-year-plus recording career he has been involved with grassroots, broadly leftist, political movements, and this is often reflected in his lyrics.[56] He has also recorded and performed cover versions of famous socialist anthems such as "The Internationale" and "The Red Flag". Bragg said in an interview: "I don't mind being labelled a political songwriter. The thing that troubles me is being dismissed as a political songwriter."[57] Bragg has cited the Clash as a strong influence on his politically-themed material and activism:

It wasn't so much their lyrics as what they stood for and the actions they took. That became really important to me. Phil Collins might write a song about the homeless, but if he doesn't have the action to go with it he's just exploiting that for a subject. I got that from the Clash, and I try to remain true to that tradition as best I can.[58]

Bragg's politics were focused by the Conservative Party's 144-seat majority landslide at the 1983 general election. He told his biographer, "By 1983, the scales had fallen from my eyes."[59] His record label boss Andy Macdonald observed that "his presence onstage took on more of the avenging angel."[60] Bragg was at the forefront of music's influence on the 1984 miners' strike, and played many benefit gigs in mining towns like Newport and Sunderland.[61] He also released an EP during this year titled "Between the Wars", which connected struggles of class solidarity to the present issue. This single was his most successful up until this point, reaching number 15 on the charts.[62] The following year, after playing a short Labour Party-sponsored Jobs For Youth tour, he joined other like-minded activists in the public eye to form the musicians' alliance Red Wedge, which promoted Labour's cause – and in turn lobbied the party on youth issues – in the run-up to the 1987 general election,[63] with a national tour in 1986 alongside The Style Council, Jerry Dammers and The Communards.

Bragg travelled twice to the Soviet Union in 1986, the year Mikhail Gorbachev started to promote the policies of perestroika and glasnost. He played a gig in Leningrad, and the Festival of Song in the Struggle for Peace in Kiev.[64]

On TV series After Dark in 1987

On 12 June 1987, the night after Labour lost the general election, he appeared on a notable edition of After Dark, alongside David Selbourne, Teresa Gorman, Hilary Hook and others.

In 1999, he was invited to appear before a commission that debated possible reform of the House of Lords,[65] at which he put forward what became known as "the Bragg Method": the arrangement of the Upper House to proportionally reflect the results of a general election. "Trying to make it sexy is impossible," he said.[66]

During the 2001 UK general election, Bragg promoted tactical voting in an attempt to unseat Conservative Party candidates in his adopted home county Dorset, particularly in South Dorset and West Dorset.[67]

Bragg supports both Scottish and Welsh independence.[68] In 2014, he praised musician David Bowie for speaking out in favour of Scotland remaining part of the UK: "Bowie's intervention encourages people in England to discuss the issues of the independence referendum, and I think English people should be discussing it, so I welcome his intervention."[69]

Supporting a demonstration against police misuse of anti-terrorism legislation; Trafalgar Square, London, 23 January 2010

Bragg has been an opponent of fascism, racism,[4] bigotry, sexism and homophobia, and is a supporter of a multi-racial Britain. As a result, he has come under attack from far right groups such as the British National Party (BNP). In a 2004 The Guardian article, Bragg was quoted as saying:

The British National Party would probably make it into a parliament elected by proportional representation, too. It would shine a torch into the dirty little corner where the BNP defecate on our democracy, and that would be much more powerful than duffing them up in the street – which I'm also in favour of.[70]

During the 2005 general election campaign in the Bethnal Green and Bow constituency, Bragg supported Oona King, the Labour Party's pro-Iraq war candidate, over George Galloway, the anti-war Respect Party's candidate, due to a belief that splitting the left-wing vote would allow the Conservatives to win the seat.[71] Galloway overturned King's 10,000-strong majority to become his party's only MP.[72]

In January 2010, Bragg announced that he would withhold his income tax as a protest against the Royal Bank of Scotland's plan to pay bonuses of approximately of £1.5 billion to staff in its investment banking business. Bragg set up a Facebook group, made appearances on radio and television news programmes, and made a speech at Speakers' Corner in London's Hyde Park saying, "Millions are already facing stark choices: are they willing to work longer hours for less money, or would they rather be unemployed? I don’t see why the bankers at RBS shouldn’t be asked the same."[73]

On the eve of the 2010 general election, Bragg announced that he would be voting for the Liberal Democrats because "they've got the best manifesto".[74]

Bragg was also very active in his hometown of Barking as part of Searchlight magazine's Hope not Hate campaign, where the BNP's leader Nick Griffin was standing for election. At one point during the campaign Bragg squared up to BNP London Assembly Member Richard Barnbrook, calling him a "Fascist racist" and saying "when you're gone from this borough, we will rebuild this community". The BNP came third on election day.[75]

Bragg announced the foundation of the organisation Jail Guitar Doors (taking its name from the song by the Clash), on the fifth anniversary of Joe Strummer's death at the NME Awards in 2007. Its aim is to supply instruments to prison to encourage prisoners to address problems in a non-confrontational way.[76] An American chapter of the organisation was launched in 2009 by MC5's Wayne Kramer.[77]

Bragg is a regular at the Tolpuddle Martyrs festival, an annual event celebrating the memory of those transported to Australia for founding a union in the 1830s.[78]

In January 2011, news sources reported that 20 to 30 residents of Bragg's Dorset hometown, Burton Bradstock, had received anonymous letters viciously attacking him and his politics, and urging residents to oppose him in the village. He claimed that a BNP supporter was behind the letters, which argued that Bragg is a hypocrite for advocating socialism while living a wealthy lifestyle, and referred to him as anti-British and pro-immigration.[79]

In July 2011 Bragg joined the growing protests over the News of the World phone hacking affair with the recording of Never Buy the Sun which references many of the scandal's key points including the Milly Dowler case, police bribes and associated political fallout. It also draws on the 22-year Liverpool boycott of The Sun for their coverage of the Hillsborough Disaster.[80]

In 2011 Bragg joined the Occupy Movement protests.[81]

In 2013, he urged people not to celebrate the death of former Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, but was scathing of her legacy. Bragg was quoted:

The death of Margaret Thatcher is nothing more than a salient reminder of how Britain got into the mess that we are in today. Of why ordinary working people are no longer able to earn enough from one job to support a family; of why there is a shortage of decent affordable housing... of why cynicism and greed became the hallmarks of our society. Raising a glass to the death of an infirm old lady changes none of this. The only real antidote to cynicism is activism. Don't celebrate – organise![82]

In 2014 Bragg joined the March in March anti-government protests[83] in Sydney, Australia.

In June 2014, Bragg joined other musicians (including Radiohead's Ed O'Brien) in backing a call for the EU to intervene in a dispute between YouTube and independent labels. According to a BBC News report, the video-streaming site was offering "non-negotiable contracts" to its planned, Spotify-like music-subscription service to labels such as XL Recordings, 4AD, Cooking Vinyl and Domino "accompanied by the threat that music videos they have posted to their YouTube channels will be blocked from site altogether if they do not agree to the terms."[84]

Bragg was a vocal supporter of Scottish independence during the campaign prior to the referendum on 18 September 2014. Bragg wrote an article for the Guardian publication on 16 September, in which he addressed the objections he had previously received from people who conflated Scottish nationalism with the far-right ethos of the BNP. He described the independence campaign as "civic nationalism" and his opinion piece concluded:

Support for Scottish self-determination might not fit neatly into any leftwing pigeonhole, but it does chime with an older progressive tradition that runs deep in English history – a dogged determination to hold the over-mighty to account. If, during the constitutional settlement that will follow the referendum, we in England can rediscover our Roundhead tradition, we might yet counter our historic weakness for ethnic nationalism with an outpouring of civic engagement that creates a fairer society for all.[85]

Bragg was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas at the 2015 general election.[86]

Discography

Notes

  1. ↑ "Billy Bragg's 'Mao-ist Sing-Along' at SXSW". NPR. 14 March 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  2. ↑ Jackiewicz & Craine 2012, pp. 33, 36.
  3. ↑ Kenny 2014, p. 70.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Bragg, Billy (April 1999). "British Rocker Billy Bragg Talks About Music and Unions". WorkingUSA. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  5. ↑ Deborah Ross (11 November 2002). "Billy Bragg: Rebel with a cause". The Independent (London). Retrieved 9 January 2010.
  6. ↑ Nick Barratt (9 December 2011). "Family Detective: Billy Bragg". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  7. ↑ "Tony Parsons and Billy Bragg tell of the devastation of losing parents to lung cancer". Mirror. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  8. ↑ John Harris (26 March 2013). "Billy Bragg: Barking's Woody Guthrie on 30 years of songs and activism". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  9. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 15.
  10. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 16.
  11. 1 2 Bragg, Billy (4 November 2015). "Billy Bragg: 'I got this crazy idea I was a poet'". theguardian.com. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  12. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 67–69.
  13. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 69–79.
  14. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 84.
  15. 1 2 "Keeping It Peel". Radio 1. BBC. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  16. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 114.
  17. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 209–211.
  18. ↑ "Kirsty MacColl memorial page". Gone Too Soon. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  19. ↑ "Ballad of a Spycatcher". Mainly Norfolk. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  20. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 138–142.
  21. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 139–140.
  22. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 139.
  23. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 197–198.
  24. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 195.
  25. ↑ "Joe Hill". Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  26. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 207–209.
  27. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 225.
  28. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 221.
  29. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 232.
  30. ↑ "Brickbat". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  31. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 248–250.
  32. ↑ "Mermaid Avenue". Nonesuch catalogue. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  33. ↑ "Mermaid Avenue Vol II". Nonesuch catalogue. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  34. ↑ "Mermaid Avenue: The Complete Sessions". Bragg's Emporium. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  35. ↑ "Billy Bragg and Wilco: Man in the Sand (1999)". nytimes.com. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  36. ↑ "Bragg's 20 years on campaign trail". BBC Entertainment. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  37. ↑ Rhyme and Reason, BBC Radio 4, 25 January 2011
  38. ↑ "The Imagined Village Official Website". Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  39. ↑ "A big boy now". Never Knowingly Underwhelmed. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  40. ↑ "Colin MacInnes". Fantastic Fiction. 18 November 2014.
  41. ↑ "England Half English". Faber. 18 November 2014.
  42. ↑ "Kate Nash And Billy Bragg – A New England/Foundations – NME". YouTube. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  43. ↑ "Dekko Productions". Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  44. ↑ Greg Mitchell (3 May 2012). "Billy Bragg's New Odes to Woody Guthrie—and Beethoven". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  45. ↑ "Pressure Drop". Wellcome collection. April–May 2010.
  46. ↑ Glastonbury Festival announces return of Leftfield with Billy Bragg (press release), UK, retrieved 23 July 2011
  47. ↑ Leftfield 2013, retrieved 10 June 2014
  48. ↑ Terri Paddock (9 June 2011). "Bush Inaugurates Library Home with 66 Books". WhatsOnStage.com. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  49. ↑ "Gigs: Hay Literary Festival". Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  50. ↑ "Cambridge Folk Festival 2012". Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  51. ↑ "Tooth & Nail". Allmusic.com. 5 June 2013.
  52. ↑ "Billy Bragg, The Sherpa of Heartbreak". PBS. 5 June 2013.
  53. ↑ "Billy Bragg: Official UK Chart Positions". Official UK Chart Company. 18 November 2014.
  54. ↑ Tom Ingham (10 February 2014). "Billy Bragg and Spotify launch 'radio shows'". MusicWeek.com.
  55. ↑ "Billy Bragg to release Live at the Union Chapel". Music News. 3 April 2014.
  56. ↑ Walker, Kirsty (19 January 2010). "Billy Bragg in Facebook protest as he refuses to pay income tax unless RBS bonuses are curbed". Daily Mail (London).
  57. ↑ Gazette, The (16 June 2008). "Interview: Billy Bragg". Canada.com. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  58. ↑ Brunner, Rob (30 June 2000). "Bragg-ing Rites". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  59. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 144.
  60. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 145.
  61. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 146.
  62. ↑ Tranmer 2012, pp. 79–84.
  63. ↑ Tranmer 2001.
  64. ↑ Collins 2013, pp. 181–183.
  65. ↑ "Ensuring the will of the people". BBC News. 22 July 1999. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  66. ↑ Collins 2013, p. 272.
  67. ↑ Ward, Lucy (19 April 2001). "Billy Bragg drives in voting wedge". theguardian.com. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  68. ↑ "Billy Bragg backs Scottish independence". The Scotsman. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  69. ↑ "Oldest Brit winner David Bowie enters independence debate". BBC News. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  70. ↑ "Jonathan Freedland: End of the peer show". London: The Guardian. 18 February 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  71. ↑ "Rockin' the vote: Billy Bragg for Blair? – Red Pepper". Red Pepper. March 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  72. ↑ "Politics | Election 2005 | Galloway's East End street fight". BBC News. 6 May 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  73. ↑ Asthana, Anushka. "BraggRBS". The Times (UK). Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  74. ↑ "General Election 2010: Billy Bragg pledges to support Liberal Democrats". The Daily Telegraph (London). 22 April 2010.
  75. ↑ "Bragg Vs Barnbrook in Barking & Dagenham". Searchlight. 19 April 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  76. ↑ "Jail Guitar Doors". Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  77. ↑ "Jail Guitar Doors: Our History". Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  78. ↑ Wilkes, David (6 January 2011). "Musician Billy Bragg victim of malicious 'hypocrite' hate mail attack in Dorset village". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  79. ↑ Morris, Steven (6 January 2011). "Billy Bragg's neighbours urged to drive him out of village". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  80. ↑ "Never buy The Sun". Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  81. ↑ Perry, Kevin E.G. (25 October 2011). "Protest And Occupation: Billy Bragg Interviewed On The Future Of The Left". The Quietus. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  82. ↑ "Billy Bragg: 'Margaret Thatcher's death should not be celebrated'". MSN. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  83. ↑ Jacqueline Maley (16 March 2014). "March in March: Tony Abbott, Gina Rinehart cop blasts in Sydney protest". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  84. ↑ "Billy Bragg and other indie musicians blast YouTube rates". BBC News. 4 June 2014.
  85. ↑ Billy Bragg (16 September 2014). "Exclusive: Scottish nationalism and British nationalism aren’t the same". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  86. ↑ Elgot, Jessica (24 April 2015). "Celebrities sign statement of support for Caroline Lucas – but not the Greens". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 23 July 2015.

References

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