Rila

For other uses, see Rila (disambiguation).
Rila
Bulgarian: Рила

The Dreadful Lake
Highest point
Peak Musala
Elevation 2,925 m (9,596 ft)
Coordinates 42°06′00″N 23°33′00″E / 42.10000°N 23.55000°E / 42.10000; 23.55000Coordinates: 42°06′00″N 23°33′00″E / 42.10000°N 23.55000°E / 42.10000; 23.55000
Dimensions
Area 2,629 km2 (1,015 sq mi)
Geography
Country Bulgaria
Geology
Type of rock granite, gneiss, marble, quartz

Rila (Bulgarian: Рила, pronounced [ˈriɫɐ]) is a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria and the highest mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkans, with its highest peak being Musala at 2,925 m. The massif is also the sixth highest mountain in Europe (when each mountain is represented by its highest peak only), coming after the Caucasus, the Alps, Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees and Mount Etna, and the highest between the Alps and the Caucasus. More than one-third of the mountain is occupied by the Rila National Park, the rest lies within the Rila Monastery Nature Park.

The name Rila is believed to be of Thracian origin and is thought to mean "well-watered mountain", owing to Rila's abundance of glacial lakes (about 200) and hot springs in fault areas at the base of the mountain. Some of the Balkans' longest and deepest rivers originate from Rila, including the Maritsa, the Iskar and the Mesta.

Culturally, Rila is famous for the Rila Monastery, Bulgaria's largest and most important monastery, founded in the 10th century by Saint John of Rila. Alongside the cultural landmarks the mountain is also famous for the Seven Rila Lakes.

Geology

Rila is a dome-shaped horst mountain, part of the Balkans' oldest land, the Macedono-Thracian Massif. It was formed by granite and gneiss rocks and crystal schists during the Paleozoic (250,000,000 years ago). Rila's alpine relief was formed during the Pleistocene by a series of glacial periods. During the most recent, so-called Würm glaciation, 10-12,000 years ago the permanent snow line was at 2,100 m above sea level. Above this line glaciers radically changed the existing relief, carving out deep cirques, sharp pyramid-shaped peaks, rock pinnacles, various valleys, moraines and other typical glacial formations.

Borders and climate

Rila has an area of 2,400 km². The dome of the mountain rises over the surrounding mountain valleys, with the Borovets Saddle (1,305 m) connecting the main Musala Ridge with the Shipochan and Shumnatitsa ridges that connect to the Ihtiman Sredna Gora mountains through the Gate of Trajan pass. The Yundola Saddle (1,375 m) and the Avramovo Saddle (1,295 m) link Rila with the Rhodopes to the east, while the connection with Pirin is the Predel Saddle (1,140 m), the one with Verila being the Klisura Saddle (1,025 m).

The climate is typically alpine, with 2,000 mm of precipitation on Musala yearly, about half of which is snow. The lowest average temperature ever measured in February on Musala is –11.6 °C and the absolute minimum is -31.2 °C. An average temperature for August is 5.4 °C, the maximum being 18.7 °C.

Map of Rila mountains in English
Climate data for Musala Peak
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7
(45)		 3.4
(38.1)		 12.1
(53.8)		 13.7
(56.7)		 12.6
(54.7)		 16.5
(61.7)		 20.0
(68)		 18.7
(65.7)		 17
(63)		 14
(57)		 9.6
(49.3)		 6.8
(44.2)		 18.7
(65.7)
Average high °C (°F) −8.2
(17.2)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 2.5
(36.5)		 7.0
(44.6)		 10.0
(50)		 10.2
(50.4)		 6.1
(43)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 −6.1
(21)		 0.5
(32.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.9
(12.4)		 −10.8
(12.6)		 −9.0
(15.8)		 −5.2
(22.6)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 4.3
(39.7)		 6.8
(44.2)		 7.1
(44.8)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −4.9
(23.2)		 −8.6
(16.5)		 −2.5
(27.5)
Average low °C (°F) −13.8
(7.2)		 −13.6
(7.5)		 −11.6
(11.1)		 −7.8
(18)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 1.5
(34.7)		 3.6
(38.5)		 4.1
(39.4)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 −7.3
(18.9)		 −11.0
(12.2)		 −5.2
(22.6)
Record low °C (°F) −30.6
(−23.1)		 −29.8
(−21.6)		 −26.8
(−16.2)		 −20.6
(−5.1)		 −15.6
(3.9)		 −12
(10)		 −8
(18)		 −9.8
(14.4)		 −14
(7)		 −17.5
(0.5)		 −27.4
(−17.3)		 −31.2
(−24.2)		 −31.2
(−24.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 126
(4.96)		 110
(4.33)		 130
(5.12)		 128
(5.04)		 119
(4.69)		 105
(4.13)		 80
(3.15)		 56
(2.2)		 47
(1.85)		 72
(2.83)		 88
(3.46)		 115
(4.53)		 1,176
(46.3)
Average rainy days 1 0 0 0 4 8 9 7 6 3 1 0 39
Average snowy days 13 14 17 18 14 5 2 1 4 8 13 15 124
Mean monthly sunshine hours 114 112 140 127 168 181 250 250 182 169 128 104 1,925
Source: Stringmeteo.com

Flora & Fauna

The flora of Rila contains three local endemics which are seen only in this mountain. These plants are Primula deorum (with the largest population), Rheum rhaponticum and Alchemilla pawlowskii. In the mountain thrives also 36 plants as Campanula lanata, Centaurea mannagettae which are endemic for the Balkans. Some of the plant species have survived the last glacial period by turning into relict organisms.
Some of the animals, which live in Rila, are in danger as well. 24 of the species that inhabit Rila are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] There are 172 types of vertebrates living in Rila and 121 of them are registered in the Bulgarian Red List of Threatened Species, 15 are recorded in the European Red List of Threatened Species, 24 are listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and 158 of 172 are included in the Bern Convention lists.[2] Such animals are Barbus cyclolepis (which is rare because of the habitat loss and the river pollution), Triturus alpestris, Spermophilus citellus (European Ground Squirrel) and others.

List of mammals in National park Rila

Rila as seen from space
Malyovitsa Peak, Rila

There are 48 mammal species in National park Rila

Insectivores

• Eastern European hedgehog

• Shrew

Bats

• Bats

Lagomorphs

• European rabbit

Rodents

• Wild mice

• Vole

• Water vole

• Spermophilus citellus

Carnivores

• Grey wolf

• Red fox

• Marten

• European pine marten

• Eurasian badger

• Least weasel

• European otter

• Brown bear

• Wild cat

Even-toed ungulates

• Wild boar

• Roe deer

• Red deer

• Alpine ibex

• Wild goat

Subdivision

The average annual precipitation in Rila is several times the average for Bulgaria
The Seven Rila Lakes
The source of the Maritsa under Marishki vrah
Rila as seen from Kostenets
The Rila Monastery

Rila is subdivided into several parts depending on their geographic position.

Peaks in Rila

Trivia

Rila Point on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Rila Mountain.

Panoramic views

Winter panorama of Northwestern Rila seen from Yastrebets
Panorama of the Seven Rila Lakes circus in Rila mountain

References

  1. ↑ http://rilanationalpark.bg/bg/pages/index/t:%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82/c:%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82
  2. ↑ http://www.bgtourinfo.net/rilapark.html

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rila.
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