Rose of Sharon

One plant commonly called "Rose of Sharon" in the US is Hibiscus syriacus, here seen in bloom.

Rose of Sharon is a common name that has been applied to several different species of flowering plants that are valued in different parts of the world. It is also a biblical expression, though the identity of the plant referred to is also unclear, and is disputed by biblical scholars. In neither case does it refer to actual roses, although one of the species it refers to in modern usage is a member of Rosaceae. The name's colloquial application has been used as an example of the lack of precision of common names, which can potentially cause confusion.^[1] "Rose of Sharon" has also become a frequently used catch phrase in lyrics and verse.

Biblical origins

The name "rose of Sharon" first appears in English in 1611 in the King James Version of the Bible. In the song of Solomon ch2 v1 the speaker (the beloved) says "I am the rose of Sharon, the lily of the valley". The Hebrew phrase חבצלת השרון (ḥăḇaṣṣeleṯ hasharon) was translated by the KJV editors as "rose of Sharon"; however previous translations had rendered it simply as “the flower of the field” (Septuagint "ἐγὼ ἄνθος τοῦ πεδίου",^[2] Vulgate "ego flos campi",^[3]Wiclif "a flower of the field"^[4]). Contrariwise the Hebrew word ḥăḇaṣṣeleṯ occurs only twice in the scripture; in the Song and in Isaiah ch 35 v 1, which reads "the desert shall bloom like the rose". The word is translated "rose" in KJV, but is rendered variously as "lily" (Septuagint "κρίνον",^[5] Vulgate "lilium",^[6] Wiclif "lily"^[7]), "jonquil" (Jerusalem Bible) and "crocus" (RSV).

Varying scholars have suggested that the biblical "rose of Sharon" may be one of the following plants:

• A crocus: "a kind of crocus growing as a lily among the brambles" ("Sharon", Harper's Bible Dictionary) or a crocus that grows in the coastal plain of Sharon (New Oxford Annotated Bible);
• A tulip: "a bright red tulip-like flower ... today prolific in the hills of Sharon" ("rose", Harper's Bible Dictionary);
• Tulipa agenensis, the Sharon tulip, a species of tulip suggested by a few botanists
• Lilium candidum, more commonly known as the Madonna lily, a species of lily suggested by some botanists, though likely in reference to the lilies of the valley mentioned in the second part of Song of Solomon 2:1.
• Narcissus ("rose", Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature)^[8]

According to an annotation of Song of Solomon 2:1 by the translation committee of the New Revised Standard Version, "Rose of Sharon" is a mistranslation of a more general Hebrew word for crocus.

Etymologists have tentatively linked the biblical חבצלת to the words בצל beṣel, meaning 'bulb', and חמץ ḥāmaṣ, which is understood as meaning either 'pungent' or 'splendid' (The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon).

A possible interpretation for the Biblical reference is Pancratium maritimum, which blooms in the late summer just above the high-tide mark. The Hebrew name for this flower is חבצלת or חבצלת החוף (ḥăḇaṣṣeleṯ, or habasselet ha-khof, coastal lily). Some identify the beach lily with the rose of sharon mentioned in the song of songs, but not all scholars accept this.^[9]

Recently, some scholars insist on translating ḥăḇaṣṣeleṯ as "a budding bulb" in consideration of the genealogical research of multilingual versions and lexicons.^[10]

Modern usage

Hypericum calycinum

Hibiscus syriacus

Hibiscus syriacus double bloom

The name "Rose of Sharon" is also commonly applied to several different plants,^[11] all originating outside the Levant and not likely to have been the plant from the Bible:

• Hypericum calycinum, an evergreen flowering shrub native to southeast Europe and southwest Asia
• Hibiscus syriacus, a deciduous flowering shrub native to east Asia
• Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Var. “Vulcan”)

And varieties of Iris, Malus domestica and Paeonia lactiflora

The National Flower of Korea

Mugunghwa (Rose of Sharon) (Hibiscus syriacus) is the national flower of South Korea. The mugunghwa first became the national flower of Korea during the Japanese colonial era (1910-1945) when it was overwhelmingly selected by the people as the floral symbol of their nation.^[12] The actual term mugunghwa was first employed during the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392). During the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty eras (1392-1910), it was common practice for kings to reward those who successfully passed the civil service examinations with paper made mugunghwa.^[13] Koreans countered colonial japan's racial assimilation policy by planting mugunghwa nationwide as a sign of their uninterrupted dreams of independence for Korea. Therefore, the mugunghwa which regularly returns a day after seemingly having faded away to gloriously expose its existence, became a symbol of the unbridled and unbreakable spirit of the Korean nation. ^[14]

The first record of the Rose of Sharon (moogoonghwa: 무궁화) grown in Korea is mentioned in an article produced 1,400 years ago. A mythological fiction, Xuanzhongji (Hanja:玄中記), written in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Hanja:東晉) of China, mentions "The Land of Wisemen is spread for 1,000 li where mugungwha flowers bloom plentifully"(君子之國，地方千里，多木槿之華). The name "moogoongwha" was first used by the poet Lee Gyu-bo (이규보,1168 – 1241) of the Goryeo Dynasty.

In popular culture

• The fifth verse of Den blomstertid nu kommer includes the lines "Du Sarons blomster sköna, du lilja i grön dal".^[15] ("you sweet flower of Saron, you lily in green valley").
• "The Rose of Sharon" is one name used for the infant Christ by English poet Robert Herrick (1591–1674) in his poem "To His Saviour, a Child: A Present by a Child." Herrick presumably borrowed the term from the King James Version of the Bible and other contemporary sources. The child to whom the poem is addressed offers two gifts to the baby Jesus: a flower in full bloom ("...bear this flower / Unto thy little Saviour; / And tell Him, by that bud now blown, / He is the Rose of Sharon known...") and a reed whistle. Musical settings of the poem include Betty Roe's "To his sweet Saviour," a song for countertenor and harpsichord, and Jack M. Jarrett's choral work "Go, Pretty Child."
• In the USA, the 'White Rose of Sharon' is the official flower of Phi Beta Chi, a national Lutheran-based Greek social letter sorority.
• In Canada, Rose of Sharon is a charity that focuses on helping pregnant and parenting young women under the age of 25.^[16]
• In The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, Rose of Sharon (often called "Rosasharn") is a major character, the eldest daughter of the Joad family and the sister of the protagonist Tom Joad. In nature the Rose of Sharon was found to survive the adverse conditions of the Dust Bowl just like Steinbeck's character.
• Leonard Bernstein's Kaddish Symphony takes the form of a monologue by a narrator self-identified as Chavatzelet HaSharon, "the lily that man has picked and thrown away."
• The Rose of Sharon is referenced in the Bob Dylan song "Caribbean Wind." The song appeared on the compilation album Biograph but was originally recorded during the sessions for Shot of Love.
• The song "King's Ransom" from the 1986 Petra album Back to the Street contains a lyric in which the Rose of Sharon symbolizes Jesus Christ.
• The song "Rose of Sharon" is on the 1991 Camel album Dust and Dreams
• The Rose of Sharon is also referenced in the Kate Bush recording "The Song of Solomon" from her 1993 album The Red Shoes.
• The Rose of Sharon is referenced in the Killswitch Engage song "Rose of Sharyn" from their 2004 album The End of Heartache.
• There is a song entitled "Rose of Sharon" on Xiu Xiu's 2005 album La Forêt. The lyrics seem to allude to both the Song of Solomon and to Steinbeck's novel.
• The Ragnarok Online background music set includes a track called "Rose of Sharon".
• The village of Rosharon, Texas is named after the "Rose Of Sharon" from the Cherokee Roses that grew nearby.
• Leonard Cohen in his original poem The Traitor (on which the song "The Traitor" is based) also refers to the Rose of Sharon.
• Rose of Sharon is a homeless character in Sherman Alexie's short story What You Pawn I Will Redeem, published April 21, 2003 in The New Yorker.
• In Brazil, Rosa de Saron (Portuguese for Rose of Sharon) is the name of a well-known white rock group, that has include recorded some songs in English.
• Sephardic Hebrew poetry from the 10th–15th century demonstrates prolific use of the חבצלת (ḥăḇaṣṣeleṯ) translated into English consistently as "Rose of Sharon"; there are a few renderings as "lily" (see Gate 47 of the Tahkemoni) .^[17] The term and trope are found throughout the Sefer Tahkemoni by Yehuda Alharizi (1165–1225) and much of the poetic corpus of the Golden Age of Iberian Jewish belles lettres, which includes the works of such poets as Shmu'el HaNagid (993-1056), Moses Ibn Ezra (c.1055-after 1138), Yehuda Halevi (c.1075-1141), and Abraham Ibn Ezra (c.1093-c.1167) among others.^[18]
• Judah Robertson has an album entitled Rose of Sharon.
• "Rose of Sharon" is a song by Robert Hunter (Grateful Dead) released on his solo album Tiger Rose.
• "Rose of Sharon" is a song written and performed by Eliza Gilkyson on her 1997 album Redemption Road.
• "Rose of Sharon" is a song sung by Joan Baez on the album Day After Tomorrow.
• Rose of Sharon Cassidy is a character in the video game Fallout: New Vegas. She implies she is named after the Steinbeck character.
• "Rose of Sharon" muttered by the character Just the Job in Maxim Gorky's My Childhood.
• Havatzelet HaSharon, a moshav in Israel, translates as "Rose of Sharon", though it was named for Lily Freeman.
• Shoshanat HaAmakim, a communal settlement in central Israel, which also takes its name from Song of Solomon, ch2:v1.
• Rose of Sharon is a song on Title Fight's 2015 album Hyperview

References

1. Botanic Gardens Trust, Sydney, Australia: Why use a scientific name?
2. Song 2:1, Septuagint
3. Song 2:1, Vulgate
4. Song 2:1, Wiclif
5. Is 35:1, Septuagint
6. Is 35:1, Vulgate
7. Is 35:1, Wiclif
8. McClintock, John; Strong, James (1889). "Rose". Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Vol. IX RH-ST. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 128. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
9. Coastal Lily at wildflowers.co.il (Hebrew)
10. Satoshi Mizota. Origin of 'Rose of Sharon' : An Analysis of Various Translations Having a Bearing on The Authorized Version Text. Dissertation for MA: Aich University, 2008.
11. Rose of Sharon at rhs.org.uk
12. Yoon, Myeonng-jong (2008). 100 Cultural Symbols of Korea (First ed.). 431, king’s garden office hotel 3rd complex, 72, naesoo-dong, Jongno-gu. seoul, korea: Discovery Media. p. 10.
13. Yoon, Myeonng-jong (2008). 100 Cultural Symbols of Korea (First ed.). Discovery Media.
14. Yoon, Myeonng-jong (2008). 100 Cultural Symbols of Korea (First ed.). 431, king’s garden office hotel 3rd complex, 72, naesoo-dong, Jongno-gu. seoul, korea: Discovery Media. p. 10.
15. "Den blomstertid nu kommer" (in Swedish). Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
16. "Rose of Sharon: Services for Young Mothers". Archived from the original on June 9, 2008.
17. Alharizi, Judah. The Book of Tahkemoni, Translation: David Simha Segal. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, London. 2001
18. Cole, Peter. The Dream of the Poem. Translation: Peter Cole. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 2007

Works cited

• Crawford, P. L. (1995). "Rose". In Paul J. Achtemeier (gen. ed.). Harper's Bible Dictionary. San Francisco: Harper. p. 884.
• Davidson, Benjamin (1978) [1848]. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (1st softcover ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 246. ISBN 0-310-39891-6.
• Lapp, N. L. (1985). "Sharon". In Paul J. Achtemeier (gen. ed.). Harper's Bible Dictionary. San Francisco: Harper. pp. 933–4.
• Scott, R. B. Y. (1991). "Annotations to Song of Solomon". The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 854 OT.