Roud Folk Song Index

The Roud Folk Song Index is a database of nearly 200,000 references to nearly 25,000 songs that have been collected from oral tradition in the English language from all over the world. It is compiled by Steve Roud, a former librarian in the London Borough of Croydon.^[1] Roud's Index is a combination of the Broadside Index (printed sources before 1900) and a "field-recording index" compiled by Roud. It subsumes all the previous well-known printed sources known to Francis James Child (the Child Ballads) and includes recordings from 1900 to 1975. Until early 2006 the index was available only by a CD subscription; it can now be found online on a website maintained by the English Folk Dance and Song Society.^[2] A partial list is also available at List of folk songs by Roud number.

Function of index

The primary function of the Roud Folk Song Index is to act as a research aid which correlates versions of traditional folk song lyrics that have been independently documented over past centuries by many different collectors across both the UK and North America. It is possible by searching the database, for example by title, by first line(s), or subject matter (or a combination of any of a dozen fields) to locate each of the often numerous variants of a particular song. Comprehensive details of those songs are then available, including details of the original collected source, and a reference to where to find the text (and possibly music) of the song within a published volume in the EFDSS archive.

A related index, known as the "Roud Broadside Index", includes references to songs which appeared on broadsides and other cheap print publications, up to about 1920. In addition, there are many entries for music hall songs, pre-World War II radio performers’ song folios, sheet music, etc. The index may be searched by title, first line etc. and the result includes details of the original imprint and where a copy may be located. The "Roud num" field may be used as a cross-reference to the Roud Folk Song Index itself in order to establish the traditional origin of the work.

The database is recognised as a "significant index" by the EFDSS^[3] and was one of the first items to be published on its web site after the launch of the online version of the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library in 2006.

Numbering scheme and cross references

The purpose of the index is to give each song a unique identifying number. The numbers were assigned on a more or less arbitrary basis, and are not intended to carry any significance in themselves. However, because of the practicalities of compiling the index (building on previously published sources) it is true as a general rule that older and better-known songs tend to occupy low numbers, while songs which are obscure have higher numbers.

Closely related songs are grouped under the same Roud number.

If a trusted authority gives the name of a song but not the words it is assigned Roud number 000.

The Index cross references to the Child Ballad number, if one is available for the particular song in question. It also includes, where appropriate, the so-called Laws number, a reference to a system of codification of folk songs using one letter of the alphabet and up to two numeric digits, developed by George Malcolm Laws in the 1950s.

Compiler

Steve Roud was formerly the Local Studies Librarian in the London Borough of Croydon. He was also Honorary Librarian of the Folklore Society. He is the co-author (with Jacqueline Simpson) of A Dictionary of English Folklore (2005). Starting in 1993 he input various fields to a database, listing the source singer (if known), their locality, the date of noting the song, the publisher (book or recorded source), plus other fields. In the past few years the numbers have been widely accepted in academic circles.

In 2009, Steve Roud was one of five people to be awarded the Gold Badge of the English Folk Dance and Song Society.^[4] This award recognises "unique or outstanding contributions to folk music, dance or song, distinguished service to the Society and/or exceptional contributions to the Society’s work".

Similar collections

The Traditional Ballad Index at the California State University at Fresno includes Roud numbers up to number 5000 with comments on the songs, but draws on fewer sources.^[5][6]

The Folk Song Index is a collaborative project between the Oberlin College Library and a not-for-profit, educational organisation called Sing Out!. This is an index to traditional folk songs of the world, with an emphasis on English-language songs, containing over 62,000 entries and including over 2,400 anthologies.^[7] Max Hunter's collection lists 1,600 songs, but each minor variant is given a distinct number.^[8]

James Madison Carpenter's collection has 6,200 transcriptions and 1000 recorded cylinders made between 1927 and 1955. The index gives the title, first line and the name of the source singer. When appropriate, the Child number is given. It is still a largely unexploited resource, with none of the recordings easily available.^[9]

The Essen folk song database is another collection that includes songs from non English-speaking countries, particularly Germany and China.^[10]

A similar index of Latvian folk songs and chants, the "Dainu skapis" ("The Dainas closet"), was created by Latvian scholar Krišjānis Barons at the beginning of the 20th century.

References

1. English Folk Dance and Song Society. The EFDSS listed 187,800 records in the growing Folksong database in October 2012 (which includes all of the songs in the Broadside database with 'traditional' origins).
2. Roud Folk Song Index from the website of the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library
3. EFDSS Library Indexes from the website of the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library
4. EFDSS Gold Badge Award Holders from the website of the English Folk Dance and Song Society
5. For example the Roud Folk Song Index shows 22 sources for "Hind Etin" (Roud 33, Child 41), while the Traditional Ballad Index list only one source.
6. The Traditional Ballad Index from a California State University, Fresno website
7. The Folk Song Index from their own website
8. Max Hunter's collection from the website of Missouri State University
9. Searchable index of James Madison Carpenter's collection from a University of Sheffield website
10. Essen folk song database a collaboration by Stanford University and Ohio State University