Russia–South Ossetia relations

Russia–South Ossetia relations

South Ossetia
Russia

Russia—South Ossetia relations refers to the bilateral relationship between Russia and the Republic of South Ossetia, a disputed region in the South Caucasus, located on the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Background

South Ossetia declared its independence from Georgia in 1991 during the Georgian–Ossetian conflict,[1] but the entity remained unrecognised, save by fellow break-away republics Abkhazia and Transnistria. In the aftermath of the conflict Russia extended citizenship to many of South Ossetia's citizens.[2][3]

Following several months of increased tensions in the region,[4] on the night of 7 to 8 August 2008, the Georgian military launched an offensive on Tskhinval, the South Ossetian capital.[5][6] The leader of Georgian peacekeepers in South Ossetia said the purpose was to "restore constitutional order" in the region.[7] The majority of the inhabitants of South Ossetia hold Russian citizenship, and Russia citing Chapter VII Article 51 of the United Nations Charter sent troops into South Ossetia through the Roki Tunnel in the morning of 8 August.[6] Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, in noting the deaths of Russian peacekeepers and South Ossetian civilians, stated: "In accordance with the Constitution and the federal laws, as President of the Russian Federation it is my duty to protect the lives and dignity of Russian citizens wherever they may be."[8][9] After five days of fighting, on 12 August French President Nicolas Sarkozy brokered a ceasefire agreement.[10] Under the terms of the agreement, Russia agreed to withdraw from security zones in Georgia proper by 10 October. Russia completed the withdrawal on 8 October 2008.[11]

Russian recognition of South Ossetia

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announcing that he has signed decrees recognising independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia (in Russian) Transcript in English.

On 21 August 2008, the same day as a similar event in Abkhazia, a rally was held in Tskhinval at which the people of South Ossetia appealed to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and the Russian Federal Assembly for official recognition of their independence as sovereign states.[12][13] President of South Ossetia Eduard Kokoity flew to Moscow on 23 August 2008 to deliver South Ossetia's appeal in an address to the Federation Council.[14] After hearing the appeals from both the Abkhazian and South Ossetian leadership, on 25 August 2008 the Federation Council and State Duma passed motions calling upon President Medvedev to recognise the independence of the two regions and to establish diplomatic relations with them.[14][15]

On 26 August 2008, President Medvedev signed presidential decrees recognising the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia[16][17] In his address to the Russian nation, Medvedev noted that he was guided by the provisions of the UN Charter, the 1970 Declaration on the Principles of International Law Governing Friendly Relations Between States, the CSCE Helsinki Final Act of 1975 and other fundamental international instruments in issuing the decree, and further stated, "(t)his is not an easy choice to make, but it represents the only possibility to save human lives."[18] Eduard Kokoity described the Russian decision to recognise South Ossetian independence as "noble", and stated that it would contribute to stability in the entire South Caucasus region.[19]

The Russian recognition was condemned by the European Union, United States, NATO,[20] Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe,[21] amongst others, with some calling for Russia to rescind its recognition. Many high level Russian politicians including Russian President Dmitry Medvedev,[22] Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, Deputy Prime Minister Sergey Ivanov,[23] Chairman of the State Duma Boris Gryzlov,[21] Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov, Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations Vitaly Churkin[24] and Permanent Representative of Russia to NATO Dmitry Rogozin,[20] rejected the criticism, and have stated that Russian recognition of South Ossetia is irreversible. In an interview to Vesti in August 2009, Sergey Lavrov stated that Russian recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia was not planned when the 2008 war began.[25]

As a result of the Russian recognition of Abkhazian and South Ossetian independence, Georgia severed diplomatic relations with Russia on 29 August 2008,[26] and declared that it regards South Ossetia and Abkhazia as occupied territories.[10]

Bilateral relationship

Diplomatic ties

Dmitry Medoyev, the first South Ossetian Ambassador to Russia, presents his Letters of Credence to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 16 January 2009.

Russia and South Ossetia established diplomatic relations on 9 September 2008, when Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and South Ossetian Minister of Foreign Affairs Murat Dzhioyev exchanged notes at the Russian Foreign Ministry in Moscow.[27]

On 25 September 2008, President Medvedev signed an ukaz appointing the first Russian Ambassador to South Ossetia, Elbrus Kargiyev,[28][29] who presented his Letters of Credence to South Ossetian President Eduard Kokoity on 16 December 2008.[30] Dmitry Medoyev, the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of Republic of South Ossetia to Russia was appointed by Eduard Kokoity as South Ossetia's first ambassador to Russia on 13 January 2009.[31] Medoyev presented his credentials to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 16 January 2009.[32]

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin issued a directive to set up a Russian embassy in South Ossetia in 2009.[33]

Political ties

Dmitry Medvedev with Eduard Kokoity on 30 April 2009 after signing an agreement on joint efforts to protect the state border of the Republic of South Ossetia.
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev is introduced to members of the South Ossetian government by President of South Ossetia Eduard Kokoity, during a working visit to Tskhinval on 13 July 2009.

Eduard Kokoity said during talks with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev that it would become part of Russia within "several years",[34] but later retracted the comments in an interview with Interfax and stated that he may have been misunderstood, and that South Ossetia would not give up its independence.[35] Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov, whilst in Warsaw, denied that South Ossetia would join the Russian Federation.[35] Lavrov's position was also mirrored in August 2009 by Dmitry Medoyev, who stated that "South Ossetia will be building an independent state".[36]

On 17 September 2008, Russia and South Ossetia signed a treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance at the Kremlin in Moscow. According to Eduard Kokoity sets out the long term basic objectives and principles in all areas for the strategic partnership between South Ossetia and Russia.[37][38][39] In a statement after the signing of the treaty, President Medvedev warned Georgia that "another military adventure" would lead to a "regional catastrophe".[37] The treaty was ratified by the State Duma on 29 October 2008.[40]

In September 2008, United Russia and the Unity Party signed a strategic partnership in order to increase political cooperation between Russia and South Ossetia.[41]

On 30 April 2009, Russia and South Ossetia concluded negotiations and signed a border protection treaty at the Kremlin, which would see Russian Border Guards patrolling and securing the South Ossetian borders, until such time as the South Ossetian government had set up its own service.[42]

President Medvedev made a working visit to Tskhinval on 13 July 2009, becoming the first Russian leader to visit South Ossetia.[43] The visit, which was criticised by Georgia,[44] saw Medvedev confirming that Russia would increase contacts with South Ossetia and would implement numerous projects to assist in the rebuilding effort in the Republic.[45][46]

Following Medvedev's visit, Prosecutor General Yury Chaika, Emergencies Minister Sergey Shoygu and Minister of Internal Affairs Rashid Nurgaliyev travelled to South Ossetia on 21 July 2009, where they attended the opening of two rural police stations, and attended the signing of an interagency agreement between the two countries prosecutorial agencies.[47][48]

On 7 August 2009, Dmitry Medvedev in an interview for the documentary In August 2008... stated that Russia would continue to develop bilateral ties with South Ossetia "regardless of whether somebody likes it or not."[49][50]

Military ties

Dmitry Medvedev with Sergey Makarov and Anatoly Serdyukov during a visit to the Russian military base in Tskhinval on 13 July 2009.

The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance which was signed in September 2008 came into force on 20 January 2009, and stipulates a Russian guarantee of military intervention in case South Ossetia should be attacked.[37][38][39] Nikolay Makarov, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, confirmed in November 2008 that the full complement of 3,700 Russian soldiers had been deployed to South Ossetia, in accordance with the mutual assistance treaty.[51] After the signing of the 30 April treaty, Russian Border Guards were sent to South Ossetia and began patrolling the border with Georgia.[52][53]

In June 2009, Makarov stated that it was likely that the Russian military presence in South Ossetia would be reduced, but that the development and staffing of the Russian military base near Tskhinval would proceed as planned.[54] In an August 2009 interview to RIA Novosti, Eduard Kokoity stated that he does not believe there is a need for an increase Russian military presence in South Ossetia, and that the Russian Border Guards have eased tensions in Georgian populated areas of the Republic.[55]

The "alliance and integration" treaty signed between Russia and South Ossetia in March 2015 formally incorporated the South Ossetian military into the Russian Armed Forces.[56]

Economic ties

Due to its small population and lack of natural resources, the economy of South Ossetia is entirely dependent on Russian finance and assistance,[57] and it was formally integrated into the Russian economy by treaty in March 2015.[56] After being instructed by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin,[58] in March 2009, Russia allocated 2.8 billion rubles from the Russian federal budget, as part of agreements between the Russian Ministry of Finance and its South Ossetian counterpart, which were based on the treaty signed in September 2008. Russia also allocated an additional 8.5 billion rubles to South Ossetia in order to assist in rebuilding housing, social amenities and utilities which were destroyed or damaged during the 2008 war.[59] According to Eduard Kokoity, seventy percent of residential housing and eighty percent of administrative buildings in Tskhinval were destroyed in the Georgian shelling of the city in 2008.[55]

References

  1. ↑ The Foreign Policy of Russia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests. Robert H. Donaldson, Joseph L. Nogee. M.E. Sharpe. 2005. p. 199. ISBN 9780765615688.
  2. ↑ Owen, Elizabeth; Lomsadze, Giorgi (8 August 2008). "Georgia: All-out war looms in South Ossetia". Eurasianet. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  3. ↑ Dzhindzhikhashvili, Misha; Birch, Douglas; Abdaladze, George; Heintz, Jim; Isachenkov, Vladimir; Berry, Lynn (10 August 2008). "Georgian troops pull out of South Ossetian capital". Tbilisi: Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  4. ↑ Stepanova, Ekaterina (November 2008). "South Ossetia and Abkhazia: Placing the conflict in context" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 2009-08-09. (Archived at WebCite)
  5. ↑ "The West Begins to Doubt Georgian Leader". Spiegel. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  6. 1 2 "South Ossetia conflict FAQs". RIA Novosti. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  7. ↑ "Heavy fighting in South Ossetia". BBC. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  8. ↑ "Statement on the Situation in South Ossetia". The Kremlin, Moscow: Presidential Press and Information Office. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  9. ↑ "Russian tanks enter South Ossetia". BBC News. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  10. 1 2 "Medvedev praises Sarkozy's role in S. Ossetia ceasefire". Moscow accessdate=2009-08-09: RIA Novosti. 8 August 2009. line feed character in |location= at position 11 (help)
  11. ↑ Radyuhin, Vladimir (10 October 2008). "Russian pull out complete". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  12. ↑ "Abkhazia, S.Ossetia send sovereignty appeals to Russia". Sukhum: RIA Novosti. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  13. ↑ "Abkhazia sends request to Russia for recognition". Sukhum: RIA Novosti. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  14. 1 2 "Russian upper house seeks independence for Georgian rebel regions". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  15. ↑ "Russia parliament asks president to recognise S.Ossetia, Abkhazia". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  16. ↑ "Russia recognises Georgia's breakaway republics -2". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  17. ↑ The New York Times August 26, 2008: Russia Backs Independence of Georgian Enclaves by Clifford J. Levy
  18. ↑ Medvedev, Dmitry (26 August 2008). "Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, 26 August 2008". Moscow: President of Russia. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  19. ↑ "Эдуард Кокойты: "Решение России о признании Южной Осетии и Абхазии – это благородное и выстраданное нашими народами решение"" (in Russian). Cominf.org. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  20. 1 2 "Russia says recognition of S.Ossetia, Abkhazia irreversible". Brussels: RIA Novosti. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  21. 1 2 "Russia stands by recognition of Abkhazia, S.Ossetia — speaker". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  22. ↑ "Medvedev says no going back on South Ossetian recognition". Vladikavkaz: RIA Novosti. 8 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  23. ↑ "Russia to stick to its decision on bases in S.Ossetia, Abkhazia". Munich: RIA Novosti. 8 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  24. ↑ Piasecki, Jerry (9 September 2008). "South Ossetia and Abkhazia Independence a Done Deal — Russia's UN Ambassador". United Nations Radio. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  25. ↑ "Russia's recognition of Abkhazia, S.Ossetia not planned — Lavrov". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  26. ↑ "Georgia breaks off relations with Russia". Tbilisi: The New York Times. 29 August 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  27. ↑ Solovyev, Vladimir (10 September 2008). "Freshly Recognized". Kommersant. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
  28. ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №1528 от 25.10.2008 «О назначении Каргиева Э.К. Чрезвычайным и Полномочным Послом Российской Федерации в Республике Южная Осетия». (President of Russia. Ukaz #1528 of 25 October 2008 On the appointment of E.K. Kargiyev as the Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Russian Federation to the Republic of South Ossetia. ).
  29. ↑ "Russia appoints ambassadors to South Ossetia & Abkhazia". Russia Today. 24 October 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  30. ↑ "Envoys to S. Ossetia, Abkhazia present credentials to presidents". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  31. ↑ Президент РЮО подписал указ о назначении Посла РЮО в РФии Дмитрию Медведеву. (in Russian). Cominf.org. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  32. ↑ Послы иностранных государств, вручившие верительные грамоты Президенту России (in Russian). Presidential Press and Information Office. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
  33. ↑ "Vladimir Putin signed a direction about establishment of Russian embassies in Abkhazia and South Ossetia". REGNUM. 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  34. ↑ "S. Ossetia to be absorbed into Russia". Tskhinval: United Press International. 30 August 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  35. 1 2 "Moscow: S. Ossetia not interested in being part of Russia". Moscow: USA Today. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  36. ↑ "S. Ossetia not planning to become part of Russia — diplomat". Moscow: Interfax. 4 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04. Archived at WebCite
  37. 1 2 3 "Statements following Signing of the Treaties on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia". The Kremlin, Moscow: Presidential Press and Information Office. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  38. 1 2 "Russia signs pacts committing itself to defense of South Ossetia and Abkhazia". Moscow: The New York Times. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  39. 1 2 "Russia-S.Ossetia friendship treaty comes into force". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  40. ↑ Isachenkov, Vladimir (29 October 2008). "Russia ratifies treaties with 2 Georgian provinces". Associated Press via Fox News. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  41. ↑ Соглашение о межпартийном сотрудничестве между партией "Единая Россия" и Югоосетинской партией "Единство" (in Russian). OSInform. 22 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  42. ↑ "Russia signs deals with Abkhazia, S.Ossetia on border protection". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  43. ↑ "Working visit to South Ossetia". Tskhinval: Presidential Press and Information Office. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  44. ↑ "Medvedev's visit to South Ossetia 'immoral' - Saakashvili". Tbilisi: RIA Novosti. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  45. ↑ "Russia's president makes first visit to South Ossetia". Tskhinval: RIA Novosti. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  46. ↑ Barry, Ellen; Vartanyan, Olesya (13 July 2009). "On Visit to Breakaway Enclave, Russian President Promises Help in Rebuilding". Moscow, Tbilisi: The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  47. ↑ "Russia's top security officials to visit S.Ossetia on Tuesday". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  48. ↑ "Georgia protests Russian security officials visit to S. Ossetia". Tbilisi: RIA Novosti. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  49. ↑ "Russia to develop full-fledged relations with South Ossetia — pres". Moscow: ITAR-TASS. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-08. Archived at WebCite
  50. ↑ "Excerpts from Transcript of Conversation with Authors of the Film ‘In August of 2008’". Presidential Press and Information Office. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  51. ↑ "Russia fully staffs bases in Abkhazia, S.Ossetia". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  52. ↑ "S Ossetia confirms Russia monitoring its border with Georgia". Moscow: Xinhua News Agency. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  53. ↑ "Russian guards take up duties on Abkhaz, S. Ossetia borders". Rostov-on-Don accessdate=2009-08-08: RIA Novosti. 2 May 2009. line feed character in |location= at position 18 (help)
  54. ↑ "Russia to cut troops in Abkhazia, S.Ossetia — General Staff". Le Bourget, Paris: RIA Novosti. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  55. 1 2 "Eduard Kokoity: I rule out a new Georgian aggression". RIA Novosti. 3 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  56. 1 2 "Putin signs treaty integrating the breakaway Georgian region of South Ossetia into Russia". FOX News. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  57. ↑ Delyagin, Mikhail (8 March 2009). "A Testing Ground for Modernization and a Showcase of Success". Russia in Global Affairs. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  58. ↑ "Russian government will conclude an agreement on financial aid with Abkhazia and South Ossetia". REGNUM News Agency. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  59. ↑ "Russia signs financial aid deals with Abkhazia, South Ossetia-2". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.

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