Russian Space Forces

"VKS" redirects here. For the Vanuatu Cultural Centre, see Vanuatu Kaljoral Senta. For the sniper rifle, see VKS sniper rifle.
Russian Space Forces

Flag of the Russian Space Forces
Active 1992 – 1997
2001 – 2011
1 August 2015 – present
Country Russia
Allegiance Ministry of Defence
Type Aerospace Defence
Size 40,000 personnel (2014)[1]
Anniversaries 4 October (Space Forces Day)
Commanders
Current
commander		 Maj. Gen. Alexander Golovko

The Russian Space Forces (Russian: Космические войска России, tr. Kosmicheskie Voyska Rossii) are a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, having been reestablished following the 1 August 2015 merger between the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces after a 2011 dissolving of the branch. The Russian Space Forces were originally formed on the 10 August 1992, following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the creation of the Russian Armed Forces.[2] The organisation shared control of the Baikonur Cosmodrome with the Russian Federal Space Agency. It also operated the Plesetsk and the Svobodny Cosmodromes. However the Russian Space Forces were dissolved in July 1997 and incorporated into the Strategic Missile Troops.[3]

The Russian Space Forces were once again reformed as an independent troop on the 1 June 2001 under a military reorganisation. However, by December 2011, it was dissolved once again and this time replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.[4]

On 1 August 2015, On the 1 August 2015, the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces were merged to form the Russian Aerospace Forces.[5][6] The Russian Space Forces were reestablished as a result, and are now one of three sub-branches of the new armed force.[7]

History

In 1967 the Troops of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence was formed (Russian: войска противоракетной и противокосмической обороны [ПРО и ПКО], tr. Voyska Protivoraketnoy i Protivokosmicheskoy Oborony [PRO i PKO]) under General-Lieutenant of the Artillery Yu. Votintsev.[8] They were reorganised as the Ministry of Defence Space Units in 1982. In 1991 the Soviet Union was broken up. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were established on May 7, 1992, enabling the creation of Russian Space Forces later that year on August 10.

In July 1997 the Space Force was dissolved as a separate service arm and incorporated to the Strategic Rocket Forces along with the Space Missile Defence Forces (Russian: Ракетно-космическая оборона), which previously were part of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. In the view of some experts, this was a mistake that prevented the Russian military from developing space-based capabilities. Russian Public TV said of the merger:[3]

However, slightly over three years ago, it appeared to some-one, that, with a view to saving funds, it would be more sensible to strip the Military Space Forces of their independence and subordinate them to the Strategic Missile Troops -which has been done. In just the same way the country's air defence forces were made subordinate to the air force.

Under the slogan of "optimizing", but, essentially, reducing the officer corps of the armed forces, the Military Space Forces were simply merged with the Strategic Missile Troops. In this way the missilemen command remained in their places virtually in full and almost the entire elite of military engineers were dispersed from the space forces. The military base, too, was destroyed. In the building of the Military Space Forces headquarters on Kaluga Square [Kaluzhskaya ploshchad], the very expensive fibre optic cable necessary for communicating with space facilities was ripped out. Afterwards, this decision was deemed to have been erroneous.

The Russian Space Forces were officially reborn on June 1, 2001 as an independent section of the Russian military. They regained independence under one of the many military reorganisation plans of the mid-late 1990s. Colonel General Anatoly Perminov was appointed to lead the new Space Forces.[9] He was succeeded by General Vladimir Popovkin in 2004 and General Oleg Ostapenko in 2008 until dissolution in 2011.[10]

On the 1 August 2015, the Space Forces were reestablished as part of the Russian Aerospace Forces..

Structure

The main tasks of the Russian Space Forces are informing the higher political leaders and military commanders of missile attacks as soon as possible, ballistic missile defence, and the creation, deployment, maintenance and control of in-orbit space vehicles, like the new Persona reconnaissance satellite. For example, the Space Forces operate the GLONASS global positioning system; commander of the Space Forces Colonel General Vladimir Popovkin said in January 2006 that 18 GLONASS satellites would be in orbit by 2008, In October 2010 the system became fully operational.

Formations of the Space Forces included the 3rd Missile-Space Defence Army, and a Division of Warning of Missile Attack, both with their headquarters at Solnechnogorsk near Moscow. Installations include the Qabala Radar in Azerbaijan, along with a number of other large warning radars, and the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system which protects Moscow.

There is also an optical tracking facility, the Okno (Window) complex near the town of Nurek in central Tajikistan that is intended to monitor objects in space. The Okno is capable of tracking objects 40,000 kilometers (25,000 mi) from Earth, the space forces said when it was put on duty in 2002. The facility involves telescope-like equipment housed in several large spheres, similar to the U.S. GEODSS system.[11]

Russian Space Forces minor emblem

3rd Missile-Space Defence Army, status in 2002

1st Division of Warning of Missile Attack – HQ: Solnechnogorsk[12][13]
East Oko Headquarters – Komsomolsk-na-Amure (Pivan-1)
West Oko Headquarters – Kurilovo (Serpukhov-15)
Radar Site (ORTU) RO-1 Olenegorsk – Radar Dnepr (Hen House)
Radar Site RO-5 – Beregovo, Ukraine – Radar Dnepr (Hen House, under Ukrainian control, all Ukrainian personnel)[14]
Radar Site RO-4 – Sevastopol area, Russia – Radar Dnepr (Hen House, under Russian control, all Russian personnel)
Radar Site OS-2 – Balkhash , Kazakhstan – Radar Dnepr (Hen House)
Radar Site OS-1 – Mishelevka, Irkutsk – Radar Dnepr (Hen House)
Radar Site RO-30 – Pechora – Radar Daryal (Pechora)
Radar Site RO-7 – Gabala, Azerbaijan – Radar Daryal (Pechora)
Radar Site Gantcevichi, Belarus – Radar Volga
Radar Site – Komsomolsk-na-Amure – Radar Duga-2 (Steel Yard)
Radar Site Sofrino, in common with PRO – Radar Don-2 (Pill Box)
9th Division of Defence Against Missiles – HQ: Sofrino [15] (A-135 anti-ballistic missile system)
Missile Site – Novopetrovska – 51Т6
Missile Site – Klin – 51Т6
Missile Site – Shodna – 53Т6
Missile Site – Turakovo (Aleksandrov) – 51Т6
Missile Site – Korolev – 53Т6
Missile Site – Litkarino – 53Т6
Missile Site – Vnukovo – 53Т6
Missile Site – Kolodkino – 51Т6
Radar Site – Sofrino – Radar Don-2N (Pill Box)
Radar Site – Stremilovo (Chekhov-7) – Radar Dunay-3U (Cat House)
Radar Site – Kubinka – Radar Dunay-M (Dog House)
45th Division of Space Control – HQ: Noginsk area
Optical Electronic Complex Okno (Window) – Object 7680 – Nurek, Tajikistan
Laser Radar Krona ОРТУ – Zelenchukskaya, Cherkessk Area
Also are used Radar Site Sofrino, Balkhash, Mishelevka

Commanders

Name Start End Notable offices held before or after
1 General Kerim Kerimov 1964 1965
2 General Andrei Karas 1965 1979
3 General Aleksander Maximov 1979 1989
4 General Vladimir Ivanov 1989 1996
5 General Anatoly Perminov 2001 2004 Director of Federal Space Agency (2004—2011)
6 General Vladimir Popovkin 2004 2008 Head of Roscosmos (2011–2013)
7 General Oleg Ostapenko 2008 2011 Director of Russian Federal Space Agency (2013–2015)
8 General Vladimir Ivanov 2012 2012
9 General Aleksandr Golovko 2015 Commander of Russian Aerospace Defence Forces (2011–2015)

See also

References

  1. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies: The Military Balance 2014, p.181
  2. ↑ Lindborg, Christina (1997). "VKS". World Space Guide. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  3. 1 2 Russian Public TV (ORT), Moscow, in Russian 1700 gmt March 28, 2001, via BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
  4. ↑ "Russia's Aerospace Defense Forces go on duty to stave off missile threats". RIA Novosti. December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  5. ↑ Aerospace Forces
  6. ↑ http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150803/1160022393.html
  7. ↑ Russia creates new Aerospace Force service branch, janes.com, 4 August 2015
  8. ↑ "4 октября – День военно-космических сил России" [October 4 – Day of Military Space Forces in Russia] (in Russian). Prazdnuem. n.d.
  9. ↑ ITAR-Tass news agency, via http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRNews1/FRNews01/FR010603.htm Archived August 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ "Oleg Ostapenko". Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Sourcebook on the Okno (в/ч 52168), Krona (в/ч 20096) and Krona-N (в/ч 20776) Space Surveillance Sites" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. December 30, 2008. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  12. ↑ Kommersant-Vlast, May 14, 2002, www.brinkster.net
  13. ↑ Podvig, Pavel (2002). "History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System" (pdf). Science and Global Security 10: 21–60. doi:10.1080/08929880212328. ISSN 0892-9882.
  14. ↑ Petrov, Nikita (February 5, 2008). "Kiev Radar Row Set to Inflame Tensions Part One". Space Mart/RIA Novosti. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  15. ↑ "9 ДИВИЗИЯ ПРОТИВОРАКЕТНОЙ ОБОРОНЫ" [9 DIVISION MISSILE DEFENCE] (in Russian). Warfare.Ru. n.d. Retrieved 2012-03-24.

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