Citizens for Constitutional Freedom

C4CF logo

Citizens for Constitutional Freedom (C4CF) was the name taken by an American militia that overtook and occupied the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters in the state of Oregon from January 2 to February 11, 2016.^[1][2] The leader of the organization was Ammon Bundy,^[1] son of Cliven Bundy, who engaged in a similar standoff with the government over grazing on federal land.^[3][4]

Five of its members, including Bundy, were first arrested on January 26,^[5] while a sixth member, Robert "LaVoy" Finicum, was shot and killed by law enforcement officers.^[6][7] This was followed by a number of other arrests that eventually culminated in the end of the occupation.^[2] A total of 27 people, including Bundy, were charged under federal law with a variety of offenses, including a single count of felony conspiracy.^[8][9][10]

During the occupation, the militant group claimed that the United States Constitution allows the federal government to own only a small amount of land, and that it must be purchased from the U.S. State where it is located.^[11]

Known members

A total of at least 33 people are known to have served roles in the group during the occupation. They all hail from ten states across the U.S. and have had a wide range of criminal activity and prior involvement in right-wing activism.^[12] They are:

Indicted

• Dylan Anderson, 34, of Provo, Utah, identified himself as "Captain Moroni" in reference to a figure in the Book of Mormon who rescues his people by raising a flag called a 'title of liberty' against an evil force.^[13] He was arrested by the FBI on January 27 at a roadblock in Burns after leaving the refuge.^[14]
• Sandra Lynn Anderson, 48, of Riggins, Idaho, surrendered to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on February 11 and was arrested.^[15] She was a former barber and cosmetologist who recently moved from Wisconsin to Idaho.^[16]
• Sean Larry Anderson, 47, of Riggins, Idaho (husband of Sandra Anderson), surrendered to the FBI on February 11 and was arrested.^[15] Prior to the occupation, he owned an outdoor supplies store in Riggins.^[16] Anderson had an outstanding bench warrant related to an August 2014 arrest and had been charged with resisting an officer, possession of THC, and drug paraphernalia, all misdemeanors. He was previously convicted of misdemeanor disorderly conduct in 1998, 2008, and 2009, and of criminal trespassing in 2002, all in Wisconsin. He was one of the last four remaining holdouts and unsuccessfully tried to bargain to get the warrant dropped prior to his arrest.^[17] He and Jake Ryan were responsible for digging a large trench on an archaeological site at the refuge, which was considered sacred to the Burns Paiute Tribe.^[18]
• Jeff Wayne Banta, 46, of Yerington, Nevada, surrendered to the FBI on February 11 and was arrested.^[15] He was a carpenter who reportedly to the refuge to assist in the occupation after seeing an online video about the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).^[19]
• Jason Charles Blomgren (also known as "Joker J"), 41, of Murphy, North Carolina, was arrested on February 11 in Bunkerville, Nevada after being named in an indictment.^[12][20][21]
• Ammon Edward Bundy of Emmett, Idaho (born September 1, 1975), is a car fleet manager and was the leader of the occupation until his arrest on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.^[22][23] On April 10, 2014, he was videotaped being tasered by federal agents when protesters surrounded a civilian driving a BLM-owned truck.^[24][25] According to Bundy, he began leading the occupation after receiving a divine message ordering him to do so.^[26][27]
• Ryan C. Bundy of Bunkerville, Nevada (born 1972),^[23] is the brother of Ammon Bundy.^[28] As he was being arrested in January 2015 in Cedar City, Utah, on a warrant for interfering with an animal control officer, Bundy allegedly resisted arrest and was given additional charges.^[29][30] He was lightly wounded while being arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.^[6] He is believed to have planned and organized actions taken during the occupation, and recruited other supporters.^[12]
• Brian D. Cavalier^[31] of Anaconda, Montana (born 1971; also known as "Booda" or "Booda Bear"),^[23] was involved in the 2014 Bundy standoff and had described himself as a "personal bodyguard" to Cliven Bundy during that time. After leaving the refuge on January 5, Cavalier was arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona, on an outstanding warrant and later released.^[12][32] According to prosecutors, his access to firearms is restricted due to his criminal record, but he has nonetheless consistently possessed weapons.^[33] Cavalier was convicted in Arizona of misdemeanor theft in 2014, and misdemeanor extreme DUI in 2005. Cavalier has claimed to have served in the U.S. Marine Corps, but the Corps has stated it has no record of Cavalier.^[32][34] He was arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.^[6]

Blaine Cooper, 2014

• Blaine Cooper of Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona, also known as Stanley Blaine Hicks,^[35][36] was arrested in Utah on February 11 for his role in the occupation, after traveling there in an "armed convoy" to attend a memorial for fellow militant LaVoy Finicum.^[20][37] He enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps through the Delayed Entry Program, but according to service records, he never reported for Marine recruit training.^[38][39] He had been convicted in Arizona of felony aggravated assault in 2009.^[35] In 2013, during a town hall meeting hosted by U.S. Senator John McCain, Cooper called for McCain to be arrested for treason.^[38][39][40]
• Shawna Cox, 59, of Kanab, Utah,^[41] was arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.^[6] A friend of the Bundy family,^[12][42] she, along with her husband, owned and operated small, local businesses and rental properties.^[43]
• Travis Levi Cox, 21, was on the run from federal authorities after being named in an indictment. He was arrested in Utah on April 11 and held in a county jail at Cedar City.^[44][45][46]
• Gerald A. DeLemus, 61, of Rochester, New Hampshire, the co-chair of Veterans for Trump in New Hampshire, made headlines in January when he traveled to Malheur to meet with the militants. DeLemus said at the time he was acting on his own and not as a representative of the Donald Trump presidential campaign.^[47] He was arrested on March 3 following his indictment in connection with the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada. DeLemus is facing nine federal charges based on an indictment brought in Nevada, including conspiracy to commit an offense against the United States, threatening a federal law enforcement officer, assault on a federal officer, obstruction of justice, attempting to impede or injure a federal law enforcement officer, interference with interstate commerce by extortion, and several firearms charges, according to court records.^[48] He does not currently face charges in relation to the occupation.
• Duane Ehmer, 45, of Irrigon, Oregon, was arrested by the FBI at a checkpoint in Burns on January 27.^[12] He was frequently photographed with his horse at the refuge. He is a convicted felon banned from possessing firearms, but he, too, was carrying a pistol when he was arrested in January, according to the records. Prosecutors said he also recently posted a photo on Facebook with the threatening caption: "The only way to win a war is to kill enough of the enemy that they do not want to fight anymore."^[14][33]
• Robert "LaVoy" Finicum (January 27, 1961 – January 26, 2016),^[23] was a rancher whose cattle grazed on BLM land, maintained that he owned grazing rights on that land through natural law as his friend Cliven Bundy had also maintained.^[49] He was shot dead by Oregon State Police officers on January 26 while resisting arrest on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.^[6][50][51] Finicum's authorial debut was a self-published post-apocalyptic novel entitled Only by Blood and Suffering: Regaining Lost Freedom (2015).^[52]
• Eric Lee Flores, 22, of Tulalip, Washington, the youngest of the militants, was arrested in his hometown on February 11 after being named in an indictment.^[12][20][21] A member of the Tulalip tribe, he had been living on the reservation with his fiancée and their six-month-old daughter before the occupation, and also had plains of joining the U.S. Army. During the occupation, Flores traveled back and forth between Burns and Tulalip and intermittently served as part of the group's "security detail".^[53]
• David Lee Fry, 27, of Blanchester, Ohio, was the last militant to be arrested at the refuge, surrendering to the FBI on February 11.^[15] Prior to the occupation, he maintained a social media account and made posts mentioning ISIS and Adolf Hitler, and calling for President Barack Obama to be found guilty of treason and executed. He had a criminal record that included convictions for possession of drugs and related paraphernalia.^[16]
• Wesley Kjar, 32, of Manti, Utah, was arrested on February 11 after being named in an indictment.^[20][21] At the time of his arrest, he had been hauling a trailer containing firearms and magazines. During the occupation, Kjar was quoted in news reports as saying he "wouldn't hesitate to stand between a bullet and Ammon Bundy."^[54]
• Corey Lequieu, 44, of Fallon, Nevada, left the refuge immediately after Finicum's death on January 26,^[12][55] though he was arrested on February 11 after being named in an indictment.^[20][21] He served six years in the U.S. Army and had been working for a Fallon trash-haul company prior to the occupation. According to prosecutors, Lequieu made violent threats against the BLM and the FBI, and had been openly declaring his intentions to kill police officers in Harney County, Oregon.^[44]
• Kenneth Medenbach, 62, of Crescent, Oregon, was apprehended by the Oregon State Police in Burns on January 15, while driving a vehicle stolen from the refuge facility; a second vehicle stolen from the wildlife refuge was also recovered at the scene. Both vehicles bore altered markings of "Harney County Resource Center" on the doors, the unofficial name the militants have used for the refuge since shortly after the takeover.^[56][57] Mendenbach previously had a history of troubles with the law, including a prior conviction for illegal occupation of government land that included setting up a makeshift shelter with booby traps and a stockpile of explosives, and was on bail awaiting trial for a similar charge from 2015.^[58] Medenbach reportedly used many legal quirks and filed legal documents in a way consistent with the anti-government sovereign citizen movement. Medenbach had previously told news reporters that "the Lord's telling me to possess the land, and I can legally do it, because the U.S. Constitution says the government does not own the land."^[59]
• Joseph D. O'Shaughnessy,^[31] 45, of Cottonwood, Arizona, was arrested by the FBI on January 26 in Burns. He has previously been arrested for disorderly conduct, domestic violence and drug offenses, according to court records. O'Shaughnessy has argued that he was not a member of the group, being a member of an unrelated militia,^[12] but was trying to keep the peace at the refuge.^[41][33]
• Jason Patrick, 43, of Bonaire, Georgia, a roofing contractor,^[35] was arrested by the FBI on January 27 in Burns. Patrick, one of the last holdouts at the refuge, faced charges in August 2014 of "making terrorist threats" after he "threatened to kill everyone" inside a Georgia municipal court building, according to prosecutors. Patrick posted bond in that case and was released, but agreed not to possess weapons — a condition that he has since violated. He was photographed with guns during the occupation, prosecutors noted.^[14][33] Initially offering guided tours for journalists during the start of the occupation,^[60] Patrick seemed to become the group's new leader following Ammon Bundy's arrest on January 26.^[12]
• Ryan W. Payne of Anaconda, Montana (born 1983),^[23][61] is an electrician and a U.S. Army veteran who served in Iraq. He is a member of the West Mountain Rangers, a militia group from Montana.^{[35][62][63][64]} During the Bundy standoff in 2014, Payne claimed to have organized a team of militia sharpshooters.^[39] During the occupation, Payne commented that they would "be here for as long as it takes." However, he further remarked that his group was not violent, but it was possible that the standoff could turn violent.^[65] Payne was arrested and taken into custody on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.^{[66][67][68][69]} He helped coordinate community meetings outside the refuge during the occupation.^[12]

Jon Ritzheimer, pictured here in May 2015, was identified as one of the leaders of the militant occupation.

• Jon Eric Ritzheimer of Peoria, Arizona (born 1983),^[23] is an anti-government and anti-Islam militant affiliated with the 3 Percenters^[70] and formerly associated with the controversial Oath Keepers group.^[71][72] He voluntarily surrendered to the FBI on January 26 in his hometown of Peoria, Arizona.^[6][73][74]
• Jake Edward Ryan, 27, of Montana, was named in an indictment on February 11. He was arrested on April 6 after spending two weeks on the run from authorities.^[10] Ryan was found hiding in a shed armed with a loaded .45-caliber handgun and several knives. He and Sean Anderson were responsible for digging a large trench on an archaeological site at the refuge, which was considered sacred to the Burns Paiute Tribe.^[18]
• Peter Santilli, 50, a conservative media host from Cincinnati, Ohio, live-streamed the occupation until his arrest by the FBI on January 26 in Burns. He was the first person to report Finicum's shooting and the arrests on U.S. Route 395. Santilli previously bragged on YouTube about refusing to turn in his guns in violation of a restraining order filed against him. Santilli, who is a vocal supporter of the Bundys, argued that he was a journalist covering the protests.^{[12][6][33][75]} He has also been charged with 16 federal felonies, each attracting sentences of between 5 and 20 years and fines of up to US$250,000 per count, relating to the earlier standoff in Nevada.^[76] His arrest prompted an outcry from civil liberties advocates, including the American Civil Liberties Union, who stood by his assertion that he was simply covering the occupation.^[12][77]
• Geoffrey Alan Stanek, 26, of Lafayette, Oregon, was arrested in Forest Grove on February 11 after being named in an indictment the previous day.^{[12][20][21][45][78]} He served in the U.S. Army for three years before being honorably discharged.^[79]
• Darryl William Thorn, 31, of Marysville, Washington, was arrested in Bend, Oregon on February 11 after being named in an indictment.^[12][20][21] A worker in Bremerton, Washington, he was a friend of fellow militant Eric Lee Flores, who he met in their shared association with the 3 Percenters.^[53]
• Neil Sigurd Wampler, 68, of Los Osos, California, is a camp cook and a retired woodworker. He was convicted in 1977 of second-degree murder for killing his father and as a result is prohibited from possessing firearms, which Wampler has frequently protested.^[12][80] He was arrested on February 11 after being named in an indictment.^[20][21]
• Scott Alan Willingham, who had been part of a "security detail" during the occupation, was arrested on March 17 by a Grant County sheriff's deputy in Mount Vernon, Oregon, and charged with weapons offenses after threatening to shoot federal law enforcement officers unless he was arrested for his role in the occupation.^[81]

Others

The following militants were reported as somehow avoiding arrest and prosecution:^[12]

• Melvin "Mel" Bundy of Bunkerville, Nevada (born 1974), is the brother of Ammon and Ryan Bundy. Like his brothers, he opposed the BLM, signing a Change.org petition that opposed restrictions imposed on public lands located in St. George. Mel reportedly left the refuge early on in the occupation and is currently not charged.^[12][35]
• Melissa Cooper of Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona, is the wife of Blaine Cooper and an employee of a warehouse. She was a cook at the refuge during the occupation.^[12][82]
• Brandon Dowd, the only known militant from a racial minority, was observed by The Guardian doing security duty at the refuge during the occupation. He encouraged people to visit the refuge and be educated about constitutional rights, and stated that he had been inspired by the 2014 Bundy standoff. Dowd was not among those named in an indictment, though he was arrested for an unrelated firearm theft case.^[12][83][84]
• Kristi Jernigan, 44, of Tennessee, was a Christian missionary who briefly assisted in the occupation.^[12][85]
• Debra Carter Pope, 61, of Fallon, Nevada (also known as Debra Bass), is the fiancée of Corey Lequieu. She was a former sheriff's deputy and U.S. Air Force veteran. Alongside Melissa Cooper, she was a cook at the refuge.^[12][82][85]

Motives for the occupation

The motivation for the occupation was the control and use of federal lands, which the militants wanted transferred to private ownership or to Harney County control.^{[86][87][88][89]} There is a long history of conflicting interests between different citizens on federal lands, specifically in this case between ranchers and environmentalists. Ranchers have a long history of using federal lands to graze livestock, which was unregulated until the enactment of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934.^[90] Overgrazing can damage or destroy habitats for the livestock themselves and for wildlife. Environmental restrictions like the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973, intended to protect wildlife and the environment, have been increasing over time, placing a burden on ranchers or even putting them out of business. A specific, relevant example was the case of Cliven Bundy, the father of militant Ammon Bundy. In that case, the government determined that Bundy's cattle were damaging the habitat of the desert tortoise, an endangered species. He was subsequently ordered to greatly reduce the number of cattle on federal rangeland on which he had grazing rights, but Bundy refused and also stopped paying grazing fees. The government began removing the trespass cattle, resulting in the 2014 Bundy standoff. Similarities were drawn between the occupation and the Sagebrush Rebellion and wise use movements.^[91]

Ammon and Ryan Bundy are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).^[27][92] They and some of the other militants have cited the Mormon scripture as justification for defying government authority. After the occupation began, the LDS Church issued a statement, strongly condemning the seizure and that the armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis.^{[92][93][94][95]} Alex Beam describes the Bundys as "Mormon religious fanatics."^[96]

Cliven Bundy has frequently made references to the Book of Mormon in his conflicts with the United States government for years. According to Oregon Public Broadcasting, during the family's 2014 standoff, Bundy used banners quoting Captain Moroni: "In memory of our God, our religion, and freedom, and our peace, our wives, and our children."^[97] In 2016, Ammon Bundy used much of the same language as his father, "mixing Mormon religious symbolism with a disgust of the federal government" during the occupation. One member of Ammon's militant group refused to give any other name to the press than "Captain Moroni, from Utah"^[98] and was quoted as saying, "I didn't come here to shoot I came here to die."^[99]

In an op-ed, Chris Zinda of The Independent^{[lower-alpha 1]} points out a book Bundy co-published:

Many people do not know that Cliven Bundy, along with his former neighbor Keith Nay, self-published a book titled 'Nay Book' that is a combination of LDS theology and Skousen constitutional theory. Written in the late 1990s, it is the revelatory playbook that Cliven used in 2014 in Bunkerville and that his sons used in Malheur in 2016. It is a vivid example of how his 1950s–80s John Birch Society/Skousen indoctrination formulated his adulthood opinions that have since been passed on to his posterity and beyond.^[100]

Criminal charges against militants

As of March 23, 2016, 27 people involved in the occupation have been charged under federal law; of those, 26 have been indicted for a single federal felony count of conspiracy to impede officers of the U.S. from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation, or threats.^[9] A number of those under indictment on the conspiracy charge are also charged with a variety of other counts, some of which incur sentences up to life imprisonment, including possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities, use and carry of firearms in relation to a crime of violence, depredation of government property (relating to damaging the site "by means of excavation and the use of heavy equipment"), and theft of government property.^[101][102] All but two of those indicted were under arrest as of March 2016.^[103] In addition, several of those under indictment in Oregon have also been indicted separately for their roles in the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada.^[104]

The indictees and their charges are:

Name	Conspiracy to impede officers of the U.S.	Possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities	Use and carry of firearm in relation to a crime of violence	Depredation of government property	Theft of government property	Separate charges related to Bundy standoff
Anderson, DylanDylan Anderson	X	X
Anderson, Sandra LynnSandra Lynn Anderson	X	X
Anderson, Sean LarrySean Larry Anderson	X	X	X	X
Banta, Jeff WayneJeff Wayne Banta	X	X
Blomgren, Jason CharlesJason Charles Blomgren	X	X
Bundy, AmmonAmmon Bundy	X	X	X			X
Bundy, RyanRyan Bundy	X	X	X		X	X
Cavalier, BrianBrian Cavalier	X	X	X			X
Cooper, BlaineBlaine Cooper	X					X
Cox, ShawnaShawna Cox	X	X
Cox, TravisTravis Cox	X	X
Ehmer, DuaneDuane Ehmer	X
Flores, EricEric Flores	X	X
Fry, David LeeDavid Lee Fry	X	X	X
Kjar, WesleyWesley Kjar	X	X
Lequieu, CoreyCorey Lequieu	X	X	X
Medenbach, KennethKenneth Medenbach	X				X
O'Shaughnessy, JosephJoseph O'Shaughnessy	X					X
Patrick, JasonJason Patrick	X	X	X
Payne, Ryan W.Ryan W. Payne	X	X	X			X
Ritzheimer, JonJon Ritzheimer	X	X	X		X
Ryan, Jake EdwardJake Edward Ryan	X	X		X
Santilli, PeterPeter Santilli	X					X
Stanek, Geoffrey AlanGeoffrey Alan Stanek	X	X
Thorn, Darryl WilliamDarryl William Thorn	X	X
Wampler, NeilNeil Wampler	X
Willingham, Scott AlanScott Alan Willingham					X

Penalties for the offenses are as follows:

• Conspiracy to impede or injure officer of the U.S. — fine and/or up to six years' imprisonment^[105]
• Possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities — fine and/or up to five years' imprisonment if used in the commission of a crime^[106]
• Use and carry of firearm in relation to a crime of violence — imprisonment for minimum 5 years to life (dependent on type of firearm used), consecutive to any other sentences passed^[107]
• Depredation of government property of value greater than $1,000 — fine and/or up to 10 years' imprisonment^[108]
• Theft of government property of value greater than $1,000 — fine and/or up to 10 years' imprisonment^[109]

Other arrests and charges

• Cliven Bundy, 74, of Bunkerville, Nevada, was arrested on the night of February 10 by the FBI at the Portland International Airport while he was on his way to support the standoff at the refuge. He faces federal charges related to his own standoff with the BLM in 2014.^[110]
• Joseph Stetson, 54, of Woodburn, Oregon, was arrested on January 25 by the Oregon State Police in Burns for driving under the influence while en route to the refuge. He was drunk and threatened to kill police as he was being arrested.^[111]

Legal proceedings

Pre-trial court appearances

Ammon Bundy, Ryan Bundy, Ryan Payne, Dylan Anderson, and Jason Patrick all appeared in court on January 29. Ammon Bundy stood in court and explained the motives of the occupation to the judge, saying that "[his] only goal from the beginning was to protect freedom for the people." However, he and the other militants were denied bail, with the judge saying she would not release them while the occupation continues.^{[112][113][114]}

Shawna Cox was released on bail on February 1 and ordered to home detention with extensive conditions.^[115] Nineteen days later, she filed a countersuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon against the government, claiming "damages from the works of the devil in excess $666,666,666,666.66."^[116] The document was quickly dismissed by a judge, saying that her claims were "not cognizable in this criminal proceeding and will not be addressed in this case."^[117] During her home detention, she made online statements about the case and urged people to travel to Montana and provide shelter for militant Jake Edward Ryan, who had been on the run from federal authorities at the time. On March 29, a federal judge lifted Cox's home detention and replaced it with a curfew under the condition that she not make any public comments regarding the case.^[43]

Duane Ehmer was released on home detention on February 4 and is being monitored via GPS.^[118] He was released from jail on February 5 after it was ruled that his connections to Irrigon were strong and that he did not pose a flight risk.^[118]

David Fry, Sean and Sandra Anderson, and Jeff Banta, the last four militants to surrender in the occupation, appeared in court on February 12, a day after their surrender. Also appearing were militants Darryl William Thorn and Geoffrey Stanek. They were all charged with several offenses, with all six pleading not guilty. Stanek claimed that he had gone to the refuge to act as a medic and that he had been cooperating with the investigation, though the judge expressed concerns about him being armed during the occupation and the fact that he had been armed during his arrest.^[79]

Also on February 12, Wesley Kjar appeared in federal court in Salt Lake City, Utah, while Blaine Cooper made a separate court appearance in St. George.^[119] Kjar was denied release from jail with conditions on February 16 after being judged as a flight risk and a danger to the community.^[54]

Sandra Anderson was released from jail on February 19 under the conditions that she remain in her home state of Idaho unless she needed to make court appearances in Oregon; would not make any contact with the other militants, including her husband; and not possess any firearms. She was also ordered to undergo a mental health evaluation.^[120] She was released after a judge ruled that she is not a flight risk because she has no criminal history and has held a steady job.^[121]

Ten of the jailed militants, including Ammon Bundy, appeared in court on February 24, when U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown stated that she would push to try them on the federal conspiracy charges as soon as possible. During the hearing, several of the militants challenged her assertions; and two of them, Ryan Bundy and Kenneth Medenbach, expressed their wishes to represent themselves.^[122]

Jeff Banta was released from jail on February 26 under the conditions that he would not make any contact with the other militants and not make any statements in support of illegal activity.^[123]

On April 28, some of the lawyers of the militants began urging the court to dismiss certain counts specified in the February indictment. They explained that the federal conspiracy charge was "unconstitutionally vague" and that the firearm charge is inadmissible because a violent crime wasn't committed during the course of the occupation.^[124]

Trials

The militants' trials are scheduled to start on September 7.^[125] The defense will focus on the argument that the federal government doesn't actually have jurisdiction of federal land, as they lost the right to own the land inside of Oregon once it became a state.^[126]

Notes

1. The source cited is separate from the British online newspaper of the same name and based in St. George, Utah.

References

1. Moore, Wanda; Lerten, Barney (January 4, 2016) [1st pub. January 3, 2016]. "Militia leader explains takeover, says group has name: Calling selves ‘Citizens for Constitutional Freedom’". Bend, Oregon: KTVZ. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016.
2. "Oregon standoff: 4 holdouts all in FBI custody as occupation ends". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). February 11, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
3. Kliegman, Julie (January 4, 2016). "The armed Oregon protesters are now calling themselves Citizens for Constitutional Freedom". The Week. New York. ISSN 1533-8304. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016.
4. "Oregon militia in standoff with feds names themselves". CBS News. Associated Press. January 4, 2016. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016.
5. Smith, Emily (January 28, 2016). "Malheur refuge occupation arrests: What happened and what happens next?". CNN (Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System). Retrieved February 5, 2016.
6. Zaitz, Les (January 31, 2016). "Oregon standoff spokesman Robert 'LaVoy' Finicum killed, Bundys in custody after gunfight near Burns". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
7. Perez, Evan (January 28, 2016). "Oregon occupiers: What officials say happened at traffic stop". CNN (Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System). Retrieved January 27, 2016.
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9. Bernstein, Maxine (March 10, 2016). "New six-count indictment unsealed in Malheur refuge occupation case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
10. "FBI Arrests Another Defendent In Oregon Standoff". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
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12. Levin, Sam (February 15, 2016). "Meet the 23 men and two women facing felony charges for the Oregon standoff". Raw Story. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
13. Mesh, Aaron (January 28, 2016). "Captain Moroni Arraigned in Portland". Willamette Week (Portland, OR: City of Roses Newspapers). Retrieved March 11, 2016.
14. Friedman, Gordon; Bacon, John (January 28, 2016). "Armed Oregon standoff continues despite arrests". USA Today (Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company). Retrieved January 28, 2016.
15. "FBI says refuge 'crime scene' to be closed for weeks". Bend, OR: KTVZ. February 12, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
16. Meunier, Andre (February 10, 2016). "Oregon standoff: Who are remaining occupiers Sean Anderson, Sandy Anderson, David Fry and Jeff Banta?". Oregon Live. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
17. Zaitz, Les (January 28, 2016). "Four holdouts want charge dropped to end occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
18. Bernstein, Maxine (April 6, 2016). "Oregon standoff figure Jake Ryan found hiding in shed in Clark County". Oregon Live. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
19. Bernstein, Maxine (February 26, 2016). "Judge allows for pretrial release of Jeff Banta, one of 4 Malheur refuge holdouts". Oregon Live. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
20. Brosseau, Carli (February 23, 2016). "7 more named in new indictment linked to Oregon refuge occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
21. "7 More Militants Charged In Connection With Malheur Occupation". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
22. Nagourney, Adam (April 24, 2014). "A Defiant Rancher Savors the Audience That Rallied to His Side". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). p. A1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
23. "United States District Court for the District of Oregon Criminal Complaint". United States District Court for the District of Oregon. January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
24. Brean, Henry (April 10, 2014). "Bundy vs. BLM: Interest in cattle dispute widens". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
25. Miller, Dan; Keneally, Meghan; Gorman, Ryan (April 11, 2014). "Moment federal agents tasered son of last Nevada rancher caught on tape as critics accuse officers of acting like they're in 'Tiananmen Square' in fight over right to graze land". Daily Mail. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
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44. Bernstein, Maxine (April 19, 2016). "Feds argue that Oregon standoff figure Corey Lequieu helped plan refuge takeover". Oregon Live. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
45. Brosseau, Carli (February 23, 2016). "2 more named in indictment linked to Oregon standoff". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
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65. Johnson, Kirk; Healy, Jack; Turkewitz, Julie; Stack, Liam; Padnani, Amisha; Fandos, Nicholas (January 3, 2016). "Armed Group Vows to Continue Occupation at Oregon Refuge". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). Retrieved February 9, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 4, 2016, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Armed Protesters Vow to Stay on Oregon Refuge Indefinitely."
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72. Merda, Chad (September 24, 2015). "Militia will arrest senators for treason, vows anti-Islam rally organizer". Sun Times National (Chicago, IL: Sun-Times Media Group). Retrieved January 27, 2015.
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74. Logan, Bryan (January 27, 2016). "Self-avowed anti-Islam activist arrested in connection with the Oregon 'militia' investigation". Yahoo! Finance (Sunnyvale, CA: Yahoo!). Business Insider. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
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82. Levin, Sam (January 9, 2016). "Oregon militia stand their ground but local residents want 'these thugs' gone". The Guardian. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
83. Levin, Sam (January 17, 2016). "Black Oregon militiaman: Black Lives Matter can learn from occupiers". The Guardian. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
84. Zarkhin, Fedor (February 9, 2016). "Former Malheur refuge occupier arrested on Kansas warrant". Oregon Live. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
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86. Wolf, Carissa; Holley, Peter; Lowery, Wesley (January 3, 2016). "Armed activists in Oregon touch off unpredictable chapter in land-use feud". The Washington Post (Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
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89. "Militants at Malheur Refuge announce vague 2-point plan". Portland, OR: KOIN. January 5, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
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93. Weber, Peter (January 5, 2016). "The Bundy militia cites Mormon scripture for Oregon standoff. The Mormon Church disagree". The Week (New York: The Week Publications, Inc.). ISSN 1533-8304. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
94. Dalrymple, Jim II (January 4, 2016). "You Need To Understand Mormonism If You Want To Understand the Oregon Standoff". BuzzFeed News (New York: BuzzFeed, Inc.). Retrieved January 5, 2016.
95. "Church Responds to Inquiries Regarding Oregon Armed Occupation" (Press release). Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Newsroom. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016. While the disagreement occurring in Oregon about the use of federal lands is not a Church matter, Church leaders strongly condemn the armed seizure of the facility and are deeply troubled by the reports that those who have seized the facility suggest that they are doing so based on scriptural principles. This armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis. We are privileged to live in a nation where conflicts with government or private groups can — and should — be settled using peaceful means, according to the laws of the land.
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External links

• CFCF website