SAT1 (gene)

Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1
PDB rendering based on 2b3u.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 2B3U​, 2B3V​, 2B4B​, 2B4D​, 2B58​, 2B5G​, 2F5I​, 2FXF​, 2G3T​, 2JEV​
Identifiers
Symbols	SAT1 ; DC21; KFSD; KFSDX; SAT; SSAT; SSAT-1
External IDs	OMIM: 313020 MGI: 98233 HomoloGene: 37716 ChEMBL: 4286 GeneCards: SAT1 Gene
EC number	2.3.1.57
Gene ontology Molecular function • diamine N-acetyltransferase activity • protein binding Cellular component • intracellular • cytosol Biological process • angiogenesis • polyamine metabolic process • polyamine biosynthetic process • putrescine catabolic process • cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process • regulation of cell proliferation • small molecule metabolic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	6303	20229
Ensembl	ENSG00000130066	ENSMUSG00000025283
UniProt	P21673	P48026
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002970	NM_001291865
RefSeq (protein)	NP_002961	NP_001278794
Location (UCSC)	Chr X: 23.78 – 23.79 Mb	Chr X: 155.21 – 155.22 Mb
PubMed search

Diamine acetyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SAT1 gene found on the X chromosome.^[1][2][3]

Spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SPD/SPM acetyltransferase) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolic pathway of polyamine metabolism. It catalyzes the N(1)-acetylation of spermidine and spermine and, by the successive activity of polyamine oxidase, spermine can be converted to spermidine and spermidine to putrescine.^[3]

Clinical significance

An association with Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans has been suggested.^[4]

Elevated levels of RNA transcripts of SAT1 in the bloodstream have been associated with a higher risk of suicide.^[5][6][7]

References

1. Casero RA Jr, Celano P, Ervin SJ, Applegren NB, Wiest L, Pegg AE; Celano; Ervin; Applegren; Wiest; Pegg (Feb 1991). "Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone that codes for human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase". J Biol Chem 266 (2): 810–4. PMID 1985966.
2. Xiao L, Celano P, Mank AR, Griffin C, Jabs EW, Hawkins AL, Casero RA Jr; Celano; Mank; Griffin; Jabs; Hawkins; Casero Jr (Oct 1992). "Structure of the human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene (exon/intron gene organization and localization to Xp22.1)". Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187 (3): 1493–502. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)90471-V. PMID 1417826.
3. "Entrez Gene: SAT1 spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1".
4. Gimelli, G.; Giglio, S.; Zuffardi, O.; Alhonen, L.; Suppola, S.; Cusano, R.; Lo Nigro, C.; Gatti, R.; Ravazzolo, R.; Seri, M. (Sep 2002). "Gene dosage of the spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase ( SSAT) gene with putrescine accumulation in a patient with a Xp21.1p22.12 duplication and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD).". Hum Genet 111 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0791-6. PMID 12215835.
5. Honor Whiteman (21 August 2013). "'Biological signal' of suicide risk found in blood". Medical News Today. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
6. "Discovery and validation of blood biomarkers for suicidality". Molecular Psychiatry. 2013. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.95. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
7. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-08-biomarkers-blood-suicide.html

Further reading

• Lake JA, Carr J, Feng F, et al. (2003). "The role of Vif during HIV-1 infection: interaction with novel host cellular factors.". J. Clin. Virol. 26 (2): 143–52. doi:10.1016/S1386-6532(02)00113-0. PMID 12600646.
• Xiao L, Celano P, Mank AR, et al. (1991). "Characterization of a full-length cDNA which codes for the human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179 (1): 407–15. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(91)91385-P. PMID 1652956.
• Libby PR, Ganis B, Bergeron RJ, Porter CW (1991). "Characterization of human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase purified from cultured melanoma cells.". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 284 (2): 238–44. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(91)90291-P. PMID 1989509.
• Casero RA, Celano P, Ervin SJ, et al. (1990). "High specific induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase in a human large cell lung carcinoma.". Biochem. J. 270 (3): 615–20. PMC 1131776. PMID 2241897.
• Casero RA, Gabrielson EW, Pegg AE (1994). "Immunohistochemical staining of human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase superinduced in response to treatment with antitumor polyamine analogues.". Cancer Res. 54 (15): 3955–8. PMID 8033120.
• Xiao L, Casero RA (1996). "Differential transcription of the human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene in human lung carcinoma cells.". Biochem. J. 313 (2): 691–6. PMC 1216962. PMID 8573111.
• Coleman CS, Huang H, Pegg AE (1996). "Structure and critical residues at the active site of spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase.". Biochem. J. 316 (3): 697–701. PMC 1217406. PMID 8670140.
• Bordin L, Vargiu C, Colombatto S, et al. (1997). "Casein kinase 2 phosphorylates recombinant human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase on both serine and threonine residues.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229 (3): 845–51. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1890. PMID 8954982.
• Bettuzzi S, Davalli P, Astancolle S, et al. (2000). "Tumor progression is accompanied by significant changes in the levels of expression of polyamine metabolism regulatory genes and clusterin (sulfated glycoprotein 2) in human prostate cancer specimens.". Cancer Res. 60 (1): 28–34. PMID 10646846.
• Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, et al. (2001). "Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing.". EMBO Rep. 1 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614.
• Coleman CS, Pegg AE (2001). "Polyamine analogues inhibit the ubiquitination of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase and prevent its targeting to the proteasome for degradation.". Biochem. J. 358 (Pt 1): 137–45. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3580137. PMC 1222041. PMID 11485561.
• Bordin L, Vargiu C, Clari G, et al. (2002). "Phosphorylation of recombinant human spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase by CK1 and modulation of its binding to mitochondria: a comparison with CK2.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290 (1): 463–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.6204. PMID 11779193.
• Nikiforova NN, Velikodvorskaja TV, Kachko AV, et al. (2002). "Induction of alternatively spliced spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase mRNA in the human kidney cells infected by venezuelan equine encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses.". Virology 297 (2): 163–71. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1456. PMID 12083816.
• Gimelli G, Giglio S, Zuffardi O, et al. (2002). "Gene dosage of the spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase ( SSAT) gene with putrescine accumulation in a patient with a Xp21.1p22.12 duplication and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD).". Hum. Genet. 111 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0791-6. PMID 12215835.
• Tomitori H, Nenoi M, Mita K, et al. (2003). "Functional characterization of the human spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase gene promoter.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1579 (2–3): 180–4. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00545-6. PMID 12427553.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Izmailova E, Bertley FM, Huang Q, et al. (2003). "HIV-1 Tat reprograms immature dendritic cells to express chemoattractants for activated T cells and macrophages". Nat. Med. 9 (2): 191–7. doi:10.1038/nm822. PMID 12539042.