STS-77

STS-77

Endeavour launches from LC-39B, beginning STS-77
Mission type	Microgravity research
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1996-032A
SATCAT №	23870
Mission duration	10 days, 40 minutes, 10 seconds
Distance travelled	6,600,000 kilometres (4,100,000 mi)
Orbits completed	161
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Space Shuttle Endeavour
Launch mass	115,456 kilograms (254,537 lb)
Landing mass	92,701 kilograms (204,371 lb)
Payload mass	12,233 kilograms (26,969 lb)
Crew
Crew size	6
Members	John H. Casper Curtis L. Brown, Jr. Andrew S. Thomas Daniel W. Bursch Mario Runco, Jr. Marc Garneau
Start of mission
Launch date	19 May 1996, 10:30:00.066 UTC
Launch site	Kennedy LC-39B
End of mission
Landing date	29 May 1996, 11:09:18 UTC
Landing site	Kennedy SLF Runway 33
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee	278 kilometres (173 mi)
Apogee	287 kilometres (178 mi)
Inclination	39.0 degrees
Period	90.1 min
Left to right - Seated: Brown, Casper; Standing, Bursch, Runco, Garneau, Thomas Space Shuttle program ← STS-76 STS-78 →

STS-77 was the 77th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th mission of the Space Shuttle Endeavour.^[1] The mission began from launch pad 39B from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 19 May 1996 lasting 10 days and 40 minutes and completing 161 revolutions before landing on runway 33.^[2]

Crew

Position	Astronaut
Commander	John H. Casper Fourth spaceflight
Pilot	Curtis L. Brown, Jr. Third spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1	Andrew S. Thomas First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2	Daniel W. Bursch Third spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3	Mario Runco, Jr. Third spaceflight
Mission Specialist 4	Marc Garneau, CSA Second spaceflight

Mission highlights

NASA's flight of shuttle Endeavour was devoted to opening the commercial space frontier. During the flight the crew performed microgravity research aboard the commercially owned and operated SPACEHAB module. The mission also deployed and retrieved the Spartan-207/IAE (Inflatable Antenna Experiment) satellite and rendezvoused with a test satellite. A suite of four technology experiments known as the Technology Experiments for Advancing Missions in Space (TEAMS) also flew in the Shuttle's payload bay.

The deployed Inflatable Antenna Experiment

The SPACEHAB single module carried nearly 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb) of experiments and support equipment for 12 commercial space product development payloads in the areas of biotechnology, electronic materials, polymers and agriculture as well as several experiments for other NASA payload organizations. One of these, the Commercial Float Zone Facility (CFZF) was developed through international collaboration between the U.S., Canada, and Germany. It heated various samples of electronic and semiconductor material through the float-zone technique. Another facility on SPACEHAB was the Space Experiment Facility (SEF) which grew crystals by vapor diffusion.

The Goddard Space Flight Center's (GSFC) Spartan-207 satellite was used to deploy and test the Inflatable Antenna Experiment (IAE) which laid the groundwork for future technology development in inflatable space structures. It tested the performance of a large inflatable antenna during a ninety-minute mission. The antenna structure was then jettisoned and the SPARTAN-207 spacecraft recovered at mission end.

Coke dispenser type flown on STS-77.

Inside Endeavour's cargo bay the four TEAMS experiments operated throughout the mission. They included the Global Positioning System (GPS) Attitude and Navigation Experiment (GANE) to determine to what accuracy the GPS system can supply attitude information to a space vehicle; the Vented Tank Resupply Experiment (VTRE) to test improved methods for in-space refueling; the Liquid Metal Thermal Experiment (LMTE) to evaluate the performance of liquid metal heat pipes in microgravity conditions, and the Passive Aerodynamically Stabilized Magnetically Damped Satellite (PAMS) payload to demonstrate the technology of the principle of aerodynamic stabilization in the upper atmosphere. Cameras on the shuttle recorded the PAMS satellite as it was deployed and tracked its movements.

Secondary experiments on the flight included the Brilliant Eyes Ten Kelvin Sorption Cryocooler Experiment (BETSCE), the Aquatic Research Facility (ARF) and the Biological Research In a Canister (BRIC) experiment.

Also onboard was the Plant-Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (P-GBA) designed by BioServe Space Technologies. Several plant species were flown in this double middeck locker configurated plant growth chamber. Investigations on plant growth in micro-gravity as well as research on the feasibility of agriculture in space were successfully carried out.

A Coca-Cola fountain dispenser (officially a Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus-2 or FGBA-2) was developed for use on STS-77 as a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide, water and flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation. The unit held 1.65 liters each of Coca-Cola and Diet Coke.^[3]

Mission insignia

The two red portions of the NASA logo on the left of the insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence.

See also

• List of human spaceflights
• List of human spaceflights to Mir
• List of Space Shuttle missions
• Outline of space science

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

1. Dumoulin, Jim (29 June 2001). "KSC STS-77". Retrieved 30 March 2011.
2. Ryba, Jeanne (23 November 2007). "Space Shuttle Mission Archives: STS-77". Retrieved 30 March 2011.
3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration accessdate 2009-06-13

External links

• NASA mission summary
• STS-77 Video Highlights
• STS-77 Press Kit