Parascheva of the Balkans

For other saints named Paraskevi or Parascheva, see Saint Paraskevi.
Saint Paraskeva of the Balkans

Born Epivates
Died 11th century
Katikratia
Venerated in Eastern Orthodox Church
Major shrine Metropolitan Cathedral of Iaşi, Romania ; Church of St Paraskeva, Nesebar
Feast October 14
Patronage embroiderers, needle workers, spinners, weavers, marriage[1]

Saint Paraskeva of the Balkans (also known as Ὁσία Παρασκευή ἡ Ἐπιβατινή, Sveta Petka, Petka of Bulgaria, Petka Paraskeva, Paraskeva of Serbia, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, Parascheva of Tirnovo, Paraskeva the Serbian, Paraskeva of Belgrade, Parascheva the New, Parascheva the Young) was an ascetic female saint of the 10th century. She was born in the town of Epivates (close to today's Istanbul) on the shore of the Sea of Marmara; her parents were wealthy landowners.[1] A church, dedicated to her, had been built in Selimpaşa on the spot where her house of birth once stood. The oldest testimony regarding the church dates back to the year 1200. It was written by the Russian voyager Anthony, Bishop of Novgorod. In August 1817 the church was completely destroyed by a great fire, and it was rebuilt in 1820, with the financial support of the citizens of Constantinople and the Governor of Moldo-Wallahia, Prince Alexander Kallimachi. In 1885 the Community demolished the old church in order to construct a much bigger one on the same place. The building was completed after 6 years, for which parts of the Byzantine tower of Duke Alexis Apokaukos (1327–41) were re-used as building material. It was the biggest church of whole Eastern Thrace (16 m height, 26 m width and 30 m length), a real jewel that in could be seen from kilometres away.It was completely demolished in the spring of 1979,and now in the same place there is a park. The legend says that when she was a child, Paraskeva heard in a church the Lord's words: "Whoever wants to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow Me." (Mark 8, 34). These words would determine her to give her rich clothes away to the poor and flee to Constantinople.[1] Her parents, who did not support her decision to follow an ascetic, religious life, looked for her in various cities. Paraskeva fled to Chalcedon, and afterwards lived at the church of the Most Holy Theotokos in Heraclea Pontica.[1] She lived an austere life, experiencing visions of the Virgin Mary. Her voyages took her to Jerusalem, wishing to spend the rest of her life there. After seeing Jerusalem, she settled in convent in the river Jordanian desert.

When she was 25, an angel appeared, telling her to return to homeland. She returned to Constantinople, and then when she was 25, lived in the village of Kallikrateia, in the church of the Holy Apostles. She died at the age of 27.

Veneration

Christian tradition states that after an old sinner was buried near Paraskeva’s grave, the saint protested by appearing in a dream to a local monk. The vision informed the monk where the saint had been buried; when the body was unearthed, it was found to be incorruptible.[1] The relics were translated to the church of the Holy Apostles in Kallikrateia.[1]

The cult of Saint Parascheva spread in the 14th century from Bulgaria northwards into the Romanian principalities, Wallachia and Moldavia. In this period, Bishop Evtimiy of Tarnovo (1332-1402) wrote the biography of Saint Parascheva - "Hagiography of Saint Petka of Tarnovo”.[2] The bishop's work was inspired from the Greek Bios of deacon Basilikos, written in the year 1150 by request of Constantinople Patriarch Nicholas IV Mouzelon.

Sometimes, Saint Parascheva of Thrace(St.Petka) is named The New. There are other two saints with this name, Saint Paraskevi of Rome (2nd century) and Saint Paraskevi of Iconium.

For some scholars is a certain disambiguation concerning these three saints. Also confusion can be made with some folk tales characters. Paraskeva’s cult and attributes became confused with that of other saints with the same name as well as pre-Christian deities of the Slavs.[3]

This confusion was made because the Greek name of St Parascheva was “paraskevi”, meaning “Friday”. The translation in languages as Romanian or Serbian was “Sfanta Vineri” or “Sveti Petka” meaning Saint Friday. The translation from Greek language to Romanian, Serbian or Bulgarian language was sometimes misunderstood by some scholars who connected the translated name of Saint Parascheva, Saint Friday, with a certain character from folk tales having a similar name.

As one scholar asks:

Was Parasceve, or Paraskeva, an early Christian maiden named in honor of the day of the Crucifixion? Or was she a personification of that day, pictured cross in hand to assist the fervor of the faithful? And was the Paraskeva of the South Slavs the same who made her appearance in northern Russia?[3]

The answer is that there is a complete separation between the 10th-century Christian Saint Parascheva The New (called "of the Balkans") and folk character derived perhaps by pre-Christian mystical beliefs. The separation is made by rich biography and iconography transferred from the 10th century to 21st, all this information and studies being connected to a real person who lived in that period.

Hagiographies of Saint Parascheva (Petka) were written by : deacon Basilikos in 1150, bishop Evtimiy of Tarnovo (16th century), metropolitan Matei of Mira in 1605, metropolitan Varlaam of Moldova in 1643, Saint Nikodimos the Athonite (19th century), Romanian Bishop Melchisedec of Roman in 1889.[4]

The cults of Paraskevi of Iconium (Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa) and Paraskeva of the Balkans were conflated with that of a Slavic deity associated with Friday, alternatively known as Petka, Pyatnitsa, or Zhiva.[5][6][7] Attributes, such as the association with spinning, were also merged into the cult of these saints.[5]

Any confusion was clarified after Romanian Ortodox Church decided on 28 February 1950 to generalise the cult of Saint Parascheva The New.[8] The generalisation of the cult was celebrated on 14 October 1955 in Iasi Cathedral with the presence of high rank clerics from Bulgaria and Russia.

Some modern Romanian theologians published studies about Saint Parascheva: Pr. Gh. Păvăloiu (1935), Arhim. Varahil Jitaru (1942), D. Stănescu (1938), Pr. M. Țesan (1955), Pr. Scarlat Porcescu, Pr. Prof. Mircea Păcurariu.

Relics

St. Paraskeva depicted on a Serb Orthodox painting

In subsequent years, Paraskevi’s relics were transferred to various churches in the region.[1]

In 1238, the relics were transferred from Kallikrateia to Veliko Tarnovo, capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire.[9]

In 1393, they were transferred to Belgrade,[9] specifically the Ružica Church. When Belgrade fell to Ottoman forces in 1521, the relics were transferred to Constantinople. In 1641, the relics were transferred to Trei Ierarhi Monastery, in Iaşi, Romania. In 1888, they were transferred to the Metropolitan Cathedral of Iaşi.[1]

A severe drought in 1946-47 affected Moldavia, adding to the misery left by the war. Metropolitan Justinian Marina permitted the first procession featuring the coffin containing the relics of Saint Paraskevi, kept at Iaşi since then. The relics wended their way through the drought-deserted villages of Iaşi, Vaslui, Roman, Bacău, Putna, Neamţ, Baia and Botoşani Counties. The offerings collected on this occasion were distributed, based on Metropolitan Justinian's decisions, to orphans, widows, invalids, school cafeterias, churches under construction, and to monasteries in order to feed the sick, and old or feeble monks.[10]

Iaşi Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage at the shrines located in the Metropolitan Cathedral of Iaşi has become one of the major religious events in Romania. Hundreds of thousands of pilgrims gather each year in Iaşi in the second weekend of October to commemorate St. Parascheva, while the city itself established its Celebration Days at the same time.

Noteworthy churches dedicated to St. Parascheva

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parascheva of the Balkans.
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Saint Petca Parasceva". Patron Saints Index. 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  2. ↑ Life of Saint Parascheva, bishop Evtimy of Tarnovo, romanian title - Viata Sfintei Parascheva, de Sfantul Eftimie din Tarnovo, Editura Agapis
  3. 1 2 Nicholas Valentine Riasanovsky, Gleb Struve, Thomas Eekman, California Slavic Studies, Volume 11 (University of California Press, 1980), 39.
  4. ↑ Life and miracles of Saint Parascheva The New and history of his relics, bishop Melchisedec of Roman, romanian title - Viața și minunile Cuvioasei noastre Parascheva cea nouă și istoricul sfintelor ei moaște, București, 1889
  5. 1 2 Joanna Hubbs, Mother Russia: the feminine myth in Russian culture. Volume 842 of Midland Book (Indiana University Press, 1993), 117.
  6. ↑ Boris Rybakov. Ancient Slavic Paganism
  7. ↑ Boris Rybakov (2010). "Ancient Slavic Paganism". Bibliotekar. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  8. ↑ "Saints Daco-Romans and Romanians, Pr. Prof. Dr. Mircea Pacurariu, romanian title Sfinti Daco-Romani si Romani”, Editura Mitropoliei Moldovei si Bucovinei, Iasi, 1994
  9. 1 2 "St. Petca-Parasceva". Orthodox America. 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  10. ↑ "Dobrogea". Centrul de pelerinaj. 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  11. ↑ Church of St Petka (Serbian)
  12. ↑ http://sv-paraskeva.if.ua
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