Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy

Honorable
Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy
Member of the West Virginia Senate
from the 12th district
In office
1885–1890
Serving with George Edmund Price
Preceded by Joseph Van Meter
Succeeded by Henry Bell Gilkeson
Personal details
Born (1846-11-25)November 25, 1846
Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States
Died January 28, 1904(1904-01-28) (aged 57)
Orlando, Florida, United States
Political party Democratic Party
Spouse(s) Frances "Fannie" Ann Armstrong White
Relations Richard W. Flournoy (father)
Sarah Parke Poindexter Flournoy (mother)
John Baker White (father-in-law)
Christian Streit White (brother-in-law)
Robert White (brother-in-law)
John Baker White (nephew)
Robert White (nephew)
Children Richard Parke Flournoy
Harry Lightfoot Flournoy
Frances T. Flournoy Preston
Robert Baker Flournoy
Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy
Alexander White Flournoy
Residence Romney, West Virginia
Charleston, West Virginia
Alma mater Hampden–Sydney College (B.A.)
Profession lawyer, politician, businessperson
Religion Presbyterian
Military service
Allegiance  Confederate States of America
Service/branch  Confederate States Army
Years of service 1863–1865 (CSA)
Rank private
Unit Company A, Otey Battery
Virginia 13th Battalion Virginia Light Artillery
Battles/wars American Civil War

Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy (November 25, 1846 – January 28, 1904) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessperson in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Flournoy served as a state senator representing the 12th Senatorial District in the West Virginia Senate (1885–1890) and served three terms as mayor of Romney, West Virginia. Flournoy unsuccessfully ran as a candidate for the West Virginia Democratic Party gubernatorial nomination in 1900.

Flournoy was born in 1846 in Chesterfield County, Virginia. In 1863, during the American Civil War, he enlisted as a private in the Confederate States Army and served until the war's end in 1865. After graduating from Hampden–Sydney College in 1868, Flournoy taught school for four years while studying law. In 1870 he relocated to Romney, West Virginia, where he served as principal of the Potomac Academy. He was admitted to the bar in 1873, and afterward served on the Board of Regents for the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind (1876–1880). During his second term in the West Virginia Senate, Flournoy relocated to Charleston to practice law. He also engaged in several business ventures and was an incorporator of the Bank of Romney, the Tug and Guyandotte Railroad Company, the Bradford Building Company, the White Oak Mining Company, and the West Construction Company. Flournoy served on the Board of Trustees of Hampden–Sydney College from 1892 until his death in 1904.

Through his marriage to Frances "Fannie" Ann Armstrong White, Flournoy was a brother-in-law of West Virginia Attorney General Robert White and West Virginia Fish Commission President Christian Streit White, and the son-in-law of Hampshire County Clerk of Court John Baker White. Through his father, Flournoy was a relative of Thomas Flournoy, United States Representative from Virginia. Flournoy was the father of prominent Charleston lawyer Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy.

Early life and military career

Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy was born on November 25, 1846, in Chesterfield County, Virginia, 7 miles (11 km) from Richmond, and was the son of Richard W. Flournoy and his wife, Sarah Parke Poindexter Flournoy.[1][2][3][4] He had four siblings, two brothers and two sisters: Reverend Parke Poindexter Flournoy, Eliza Flournoy Ayler, Richard W. Flournoy, and Ellen Flournoy Thornton.[4] Flournoy was of English and French ancestry.[3] He was a relative of Thomas Flournoy, United States Representative from Virginia.[5] The majority of Flournoy's youth and early adulthood were spent in Richmond, where he attended the city's public schools.[1][2]

In 1863, during the American Civil War, Flournoy enlisted as a private in the Confederate States Army at the age of 17.[1][2] He served the entirety of his enlistment in Company A, Otey Battery, 13th Battalion, Virginia Light Artillery in Richmond, throughout the course of the war until its end in 1865.[1][2][3]

Education and teaching career

Following the war, Flournoy entered Hampden–Sydney College in Hampden Sydney, Virginia, to pursue an education in classical studies.[1][2] His elder brother Parke Poindexter Flournoy had been an assistant professor at the college during the war.[4][6] Flournoy graduated with honors and a Bachelor of Arts from Hampden–Sydney College in 1868 and received the Speaker's Medal from the institution's Philanthropic Debating Society.[1][2][6][7] While attending Hampden–Sydney College, he was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity.[7] Following graduation, Flournoy taught school for four years while studying law.[1][2] Around 1870 he relocated to Romney, West Virginia, where he took charge as principal and taught at the Potomac Academy with "considerable success" and continued his law studies.[8][9][10] Flournoy was admitted to the bar in Romney in January 1873.[1][2][11]

Law and political careers

Romney law practice

Hampshire County Courthouse in Romney

Following his admission to the bar, Flournoy immediately began practicing law in Romney and "won merited distinction" in his field.[2] He became a prominent leader in the community and was elected as a member of the Romney Literary Society.[1][2][12] Flournoy served on the fourth Board of Regents of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind from 1876 to 1880.[13] He served three terms as mayor of Romney.[1][2][11] As his law career prospered, Flournoy was active in the establishment of The Society of the Ex-Confederate Soldiers in Hampshire County.[14] The society's missions were to obtain an accurate roster of Confederate veterans and to collect and preserve materials to maintain a "truthful" history of the American Civil War.[14] Flournoy and a group of Confederate veterans met at the Hampshire County Courthouse in Romney on July 31, 1883, where he was appointed secretary of the society.[14] The society's constitution was presented at its first annual reunion on September 5, 1883, at which time Flournoy was officially titled as the society's corresponding secretary.[14] Alexander W. Monroe was among the society's three concurrently-serving vice presidents.[14]

West Virginia Senate

Flournoy was elected to represent the 12th Senatorial District, consisting of Grant, Hampshire, Hardy, Mineral, and Pendleton counties, in the West Virginia Senate in 1885 and was re-elected to the seat in 1889.[15][16][17][18] In the West Virginia state senatorial election on November 6, 1888, Flournoy defeated his Republican challenger S. G. Pownall with 5,578 votes to Pownall's 4,028 votes.[15] Following his election, Flournoy was selected as part of West Virginia's attending delegation to the inauguration of President Benjamin Harrison.[19][20] In his first term in the West Virginia Senate, Flournoy served as chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and in his second term he served as chairman of the Committee on Counties and Municipal Corporations.[1][2] Throughout his two terms, Flournoy served on the committees of Privileges and Elections, Federal Relations, Immigration and Agriculture, and Public Printing.[1][2] In 1890, during his second term in the West Virginia Senate, Flournoy relocated from Romney to Charleston and continued practicing law there.[2][11][21] He resigned from his senate seat in 1890.[16]

Charleston law practice

In Charleston, in 1891, Flournoy founded the law firm Couch, Flournoy and Price with former West Virginia Senate President, George Edmund Price.[22][23] The firm would later become Flournoy, Price, and Smith with the addition of Harrison Brooks Smith in 1894.[22][24] On March 7, 1892, Flournoy and his partner Price were admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States.[25] Flournoy and Price continued to expand their law practice into Southern West Virginia when they were admitted to the bar of Summers County in 1894.[26]

In April 1897, while practicing law in Charleston, Flournoy became qualified to practice law at the bar of Tazewell County, Virginia.[27] As a Charleston lawyer, Flournoy represented both plaintiffs and defendants involved in suits over coalfield land titles in Southern West Virginia and Southwest Virginia. From 1900 to 1901, Flournoy represented the defendant Henry C. King in a widely publicized case involving claim to a land title of 500,000 acres (2,000 km2) spanning counties in Southern West Virginia and Southwest Virginia in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals.[28][29][30] In 1901, Flournoy represented S. J. Ritchie of Akron, Ohio, in the Tazewell County Court, where his client claimed a large land tract of valuable coalfields spanning Tazewell County and McDowell County, West Virginia.[31]

Gubernatorial candidacy

In early April 1900, a movement among prominent West Virginia Democratic Party members in Charleston began to coalesce around Flournoy in support of his candidacy for West Virginia governor.[32][33] Flournoy was considered a William Jennings Bryan Democrat with conservative positions, and Charleston Democrats felt he would receive wide support and would not antagonize corporations.[32] Flournoy took the matter under advisement and on April 25, 1900, he announced his candidacy for West Virginia governor.[32][34][35] In his announcement, Flournoy stated that he was unwilling to engage in a heated contest for the nomination and that he would be content with the outcome of the Democratic Party state convention, no matter the decision.[34][36] He further stated that he trusted the state convention would craft a ticket that would command the support of the people of West Virginia.[34][36] Following his announcement, the Spirit of Jefferson newspaper in Charles Town stated of Flournoy on May 1, 1900: "Mr. Flournoy is a most estimable gentleman, well and favorably known here, would doubtless make an excellent governor, and as the nominee of the Democratic party would receive a hearty support in the Eastern panhandle."[36] Flournoy also received the support of the Democratic Party in Mineral County in May 1900.[37]

At the West Virginia Democratic Party State Convention held in Parkersburg on June 6, 1900, Flournoy competed for the party's nomination for gubernatorial candidacy against Lewis N. Tavenner of Parkersburg, John H. Holt of Huntington, and Virgil G. Lewis of Mason City.[35][38][39] Prior to the convention, Daniel B. Lucas of Jefferson County had been a candidate for nomination.[40] Holt won the Democratic Party's nomination on the first ballot, but lost in the general election to Republican candidate Albert B. White.[38][39] Flournoy and Lewis each received just one vote while Holt received 483 and Tavenner received 450 votes.[38][39][41]

West Virginia Bar Association

Flournoy was present at the first meeting of the West Virginia Bar Association held on the date of its organization on July 8, 1886, in Grafton.[42][43] As a member, Flournoy was appointed to draft the association's constitution and by-laws and served on its executive committee.[43][44][45] In addition to serving as a vice president of the association, Flournoy also represented the 12th Judicial Circuit on the association's Committee on Judicial Administration and Legal Reform and later served on the Committee of Admissions.[46] On January 7, 1892, Flournoy was elected as the association's vice president for West Virginia's 3rd congressional district.[47]

Business pursuits

In addition to his law practice and political pursuits, Flournoy also engaged in several business ventures. On August 4, 1888, he purchased five shares priced at $100 each in order to invest in and provide capital stock for the incorporation of the Bank of Romney.[21] Along with Harrison B. Smith and fellow state senator George E. Price, Flournoy again served as an incorporator on April 25, 1901, when the Tug and Guyandotte Railroad Company was granted its charter with $100,000 in capital.[48] The Tug and Guyandotte Railroad was constructed between the Norfolk and Western Railway at Davy and Baileysville to facilitate the transportation of coal.[29] Flournoy, Price, and Flournoy's son Richard Parke Flournoy were incorporators of the Bradford Building Company which was chartered with capital of $20,000 on September 25, 1901, with the purpose of engaging in general building and construction projects.[49]

The following year, on December 20, 1902, Flournoy, Price, and their law partner Smith were also incorporators of the White Oak Mining Company and of the West Construction Company.[50][51] With an authorized capital stock of $100,000, the White Oak Mining Company, that was engaged in the mining, shipment, and sale of coal, the cutting and sawing of timber, and the operations and sales of railway, telephone, and telegraph lines and networks.[50] The West Construction Company, based in Chattanooga, Tennessee, was a general contracting and construction firm also involved in the operation and maintenance of railway, telephone, and telegraph lines.[51]

Personal life

Marriage and children

On April 10, 1875, in Hampshire County, Flournoy married Frances "Fannie" Ann Armstrong White (April 10, 1844 – February 25, 1922), the daughter of Hampshire County Clerk of Court John Baker White and his wife Frances Ann Streit White.[3][52][53][54] Frances White's brother, Robert White, served as West Virginia Attorney General, and her brother Christian Streit White served as President of the West Virginia Fish Commission. Flournoy and his wife Frances had six children (five sons and one daughter):[3][52]

Religious activities

Flournoy was active in the Presbyterian Church in Hampshire County and served as a trustee for the Presbytery of Winchester, along with Henry Bell Gilkeson.[67] In 1881, Flournoy and his fellow trustees were instrumental in securing from Amos L. and Allie G. Pugh a house and a large partially wooded lot in Capon Bridge for use by the Presbytery as a centrally located manse in Hampshire County.[67] Flournoy was elected as a deacon in the Presbyterian Church in 1879 and remained a trustee of the Presbytery of Winchester until 1891 when he relocated to Charleston.[68] Following his move to Charleston, Flournoy became a member of the First Presbyterian Church and served as one of seven church elders there.[69]

Later life and death

Flounoy died as a result of throat and pulmonary illnesses on January 28, 1904, at 2:40 a.m. in Orlando, Florida, where he had traveled to restore his failing health.[24][70][71] His wife and his physician Dr. Henry were at his side at the time of his death.[24] Flournoy was survived by his wife, and five of his children.[24]

He served on the Board of Trustees of Hampden–Sydney College from 1892 until his death.[6][72] A tribute to Flournoy was rendered by college president Richard McIlwaine at a meeting of the Hampden–Sydney College trustees on June 13, 1904.[73]

Following his death, The Weekly Register newspaper in Point Pleasant remarked that Flournoy "was one of the prominent [Democratic] leaders of the state, and occupied a high place in the estimation [of] the party followers".[24] The Times-Dispatch of Richmond stated that Flournoy "was one of the best known members of the bar" of Charleston and described his service during the American Civil War as gallant.[70]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Atkinson & Gibbens 1890, p. 442.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Miller & Maxwell 1913, p. 84.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Maxwell & Swisher 1897, p. 706.
  4. 1 2 3 Virginia Historical Society 1912, p. 331.
  5. ↑ Henneman 1899a, p. 294.
  6. 1 2 3 Henneman 1899b, p. 363.
  7. 1 2 Brown 1917, p. 312.
  8. ↑ Maxwell & Swisher 1897, p. 300.
  9. ↑ Brown 1917, p. 159.
  10. ↑ Maxwell & Swisher 1897, p. 496.
  11. 1 2 3 Evans 1899, p. 195.
  12. ↑ Maxwell & Swisher 1897, p. 436.
  13. ↑ Maxwell & Swisher 1897, pp. 478–479.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Spangler, Don (August 5, 1974). "Romney Man Owns Historic Document". Cumberland Evening Times (Cumberland, Maryland). p. 6. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. 1 2 Atkinson & Gibbens 1890, p. 140.
  16. 1 2 West Virginia Legislature 1922, p. 272.
  17. ↑ Atkinson & Gibbens 1890, p. 72.
  18. ↑ Munske & Kerns 2004, p. 180.
  19. ↑ "Washington's Inauguration.". Pittsburgh Daily Post (Pittsburgh). December 15, 1888. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ "The Big Parade: And All the Other Features of the Celebration.". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn). April 23, 1889. p. 6. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. 1 2 West Virginia Legislature 1889, pp. 579–581.
  22. 1 2 Atkinson 1919, p. 357.
  23. ↑ "Exchange Echoes: Culled From the Columns of Our County Contemporaries". The News (Frederick, Maryland). June 5, 1891. p. 4. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "Death of a Prominent Charleston Man.". The Weekly Register (Point Pleasant, West Virginia). February 3, 1904. p. 3. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  25. ↑ "Admitted to Practice.". The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (Wheeling, West Virginia). March 8, 1892. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  26. ↑ Miller 1908, p. 770.
  27. ↑ "Proceedings of Circuit Court". Clinch Valley News (Tazewell, Virginia). April 16, 1897. p. 3. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ↑ "A Big Suit.". The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Virginia). November 27, 1900. p. 8. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. 1 2 "U.S. Circuit Court: One Case Took Up The Whole Time Of The Court Yesterday". Richmond Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). November 8, 1901. p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ "Day Consumed In Argument". The Times (Richmond, Virginia). November 8, 1901. p. 6. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "Town And County News.". Tazewell Republican (Tazewell, Virginia). August 1, 1901. p. 4. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. 1 2 3 "West Virginia Democrats: A Movement to Nominate Flournoy for Governor.". Richmond Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). April 17, 1900. p. 6. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  33. ↑ "Announcements.". Spirit of Jefferson (Charles Town, West Virginia). April 17, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  34. 1 2 3 "Flournoy Formally Announces Candidacy for Governor.". Richmond Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). April 28, 1900. p. 3. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. 1 2 Special Dispatch (June 5, 1900). "Clans Assembling: West Virginia Democrats Arriving at Parkersburg. Claims of the Candidates: Do Not Concede Anything to Any of Their Opponents.". Baltimore Morning Herald (Baltimore). Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Google News Archive.
  36. 1 2 3 "Announcements.". Spirit of Jefferson (Charles Town, West Virginia). May 1, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  37. ↑ "Items of Interest.". Spirit of Jefferson XXXV (19) (Charles Town, West Virginia). May 8, 1900. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  38. 1 2 3 "West Virginia Democrats: Nominate John H. Holt For Governor On the First Ballot.". The Courier-Journal (Louisville, Kentucky). June 7, 1900. p. 3. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. 1 2 3 "West Virginia Democrats: Scenes of Disorder Mark Balloting for Governor.". Nebraska State Journal (Lincoln, Nebraska). June 7, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ↑ "Politics.". The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (Wheeling, West Virginia). June 4, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  41. ↑ "J. H. Holt for Governor: Choice of the West Virginia State Democratic Convention". Evening Star (Washington, D.C.). June 7, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  42. ↑ West Virginia Bar Association 1886, p. 13.
  43. 1 2 Special Dispatch (July 9, 1886). "State Bar Association, Formed at Grafton Yesterday - The Officers Elected.". The Wheeling Intelligencer (Wheeling, West Virginia). Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  44. ↑ West Virginia Bar Association 1886, p. 14.
  45. ↑ West Virginia Bar Association 1886, p. 18.
  46. ↑ West Virginia Bar Association 1886, pp. 3–5.
  47. ↑ "The Bar Association: Interesting Session – Officers Elected – Banquet Closes the Meeting.". The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (Wheeling, West Virginia). June 4, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  48. ↑ "A New Road Chartered: The Tug and Guyandotte Line Gets a West Virginia Franchise.". Richmond Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). April 26, 1901. p. 6. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ↑ Office of the Governor of West Virginia 1903, p. 62.
  50. 1 2 Office of the Governor of West Virginia 1903, p. 320.
  51. 1 2 Office of the Governor of West Virginia 1903, p. 311.
  52. 1 2 Miller & Maxwell 1913, p. 85.
  53. ↑ "Marriage Record Detail: Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Death Record Detail: Fannie A. Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  55. ↑ "Death Record Detail: R. Parke Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Birth Record Detail: Richard Parke Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  57. ↑ "Death Record Detail: Harry L. Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  58. ↑ "J. M. Preston – Miss Frances Flournoy". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). June 7, 1906. p. 18. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. ↑ "Marriage Record Detail: Frances T. Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Birth Record Detail: Robert Baker Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  61. ↑ "Indian Mound Cemetery: D-K Listing for All Sections". HistoricHampshire.org. HistoricHampshire.org, Charles C. Hall. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  62. ↑ "S. L. Flournoy, City Attorney, Claimed At 75". Charleston Daily Mail (Charleston, West Virginia). May 17, 1961. p. 26. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  63. ↑ "Death Record Detail: Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  64. ↑ "Marriage Record Detail: Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  65. ↑ "Death Record Detail: Alexander White Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  66. ↑ "Marriage Record Detail: Alexander White Flournoy". West Virginia Vital Research Records. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  67. 1 2 Woodworth 1947, p. 369.
  68. ↑ Woodworth 1947, p. 385.
  69. ↑ "First Presbyterian To Honor Dr. Thompson: Completes Twenty Years of Service as Pastor, Coming Here in 1902". Charleston Daily Mail (Charleston, West Virginia). November 12, 1922. p. 7. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. 1 2 "Obituary: S. L. Flournoy". The Times-Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). January 29, 1904. p. 5. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.
  71. ↑ "Local Department: Personals.". Staunton Spectator and Vindicator (Staunton, Virginia). February 12, 1904. p. 3. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. ↑ "Hampden–Sidney: Commencement Exercises–The Board Tables Request to Remove Restrictions on Dancing.". Richmond Times (Richmond, Virginia). April 28, 1900. p. 11. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. ↑ "Hampden–Sidney: Final Exercises and Conferring of Degrees and Medals.". The Times-Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). June 15, 1904. p. 3. Retrieved October 7, 2015 – via Chronicling America.

Bibliography

External links

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