Saratov

For other uses of "Saratov", see Saratov (disambiguation).
Saratov (English)
Саратов (Russian)
-  City[1]  -


Saratov's Volzhsky City District panorama


Location of Saratov Oblast in Russia
Saratov
Location of Saratov in Saratov Oblast
Coordinates: 51°32′N 46°01′E / 51.533°N 46.017°E / 51.533; 46.017Coordinates: 51°32′N 46°01′E / 51.533°N 46.017°E / 51.533; 46.017
Coat of arms
Flag
Anthem none[2]
Administrative status (as of 2014)
Country Russia
Federal subject Saratov Oblast[1]
Administratively subordinated to city of oblast significance of Saratov[3][4]
Administrative center of Saratov Oblast,[1] Saratovsky District,[4] city of oblast significance of Saratov[5]
Municipal status (as of December 2004)
Urban okrug Saratov Urban Okrug[6]
Administrative center of Saratov Urban Okrug,[6] Saratovsky Municipal District[7]
Head[8] Alexander Burenin[9]
Representative body City Duma[8]
Statistics
Population (2010 Census) 837,900 inhabitants[10]
- Rank in 2010 16th
Population (January 2015 est.) 842,097 inhabitants[11]
Time zone MSK (UTC+03:00)[12]
Founded ca. 1590[13]
City status since 1708[13]
Postal code(s)[14] 410000–410005, 410007–410010, 410012, 410015, 410017–410019, 410022, 410023, 410025, 410028–410031, 410033–410042, 410047–410056, 410059, 410060, 410062–410065, 410068, 410069, 410071, 410074, 410076, 410078, 410080, 410082, 410086, 410700, 410880, 410890, 410899, 410960–410965, 410999
Dialing code(s) +7 8452
Official website
Saratov on Wikimedia Commons

Saratov (Russian: Сара́тов; IPA: [sɐˈratəf]) is a city and the administrative center of Saratov Oblast, Russia, and a major port on the Volga River located upstream (north) of Volgograd. Population: 837,900 (2010 Census);[10] 873,055 (2002 Census);[15] 904,643 (1989 Census).[16]

Etymology

The name Saratov may derive from the Turkic words Saryk Atov, which mean "hawks' island". Another version of the name origin is Sary Tau (Сары Тау), meaning "yellow mountain" in the Tatar language.

History

Uvek, a city of the Golden Horde, stood near the site of the modern city of Saratov from the mid-13th century until its destruction by Tamerlane in 1395. While the exact date of the foundation of modern Saratov is unknown, all plausible theories date it to ca. 1590,[13] during the reign (1584-1598) of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, who constructed several settlements along the Volga River in order to secure the southeastern boundary of his state. Town status was granted to it in 1708.[13]

By the 1800s, Saratov had grown to become an important shipping port on the Volga. The Ryazan-Ural Railroad reached Saratov in 1870.[17] In 1896 (26 years later), the line crossed the Volga and continued its eastward expansion. A unique train-ferry, owned by the Ryazan-Ural railroad, provided the connection across the river between the two parts of the railroad for 39 years, before the construction of a railway bridge in 1935.

During January 1915, with World War I dominating the Russian national agenda, Saratov became the destination for deportation convoys of ethnic Germans, Jews, Hungarians, Austrians and Slavs whose presence closer to the western front was perceived as a potential security risk to the state.[18]

During World War II, Saratov was a station on the North-South Volzhskaya Rokada, a specially designated military railroad supplying troops, ammunition and supplies to Stalingrad.[19]

Until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet authorities designated Saratov a "closed city" - strictly off-limits to all foreigners due to its military importance as the site of a vital facility manufacturing military aircraft.

German community

The city of Saratov played an important role in the history of the Volga Germans. Until 1941, the town of Pokrovsk (present-day Engels), located just across the Volga from Saratov, served as the capital of the Volga German Republic. The ethnic German population of the region numbered 800,000 in the early 20th century, with some people whose families had been there for generations. Beginning with Catherine the Great's 1763 Manifesto promising land, freedom from military conscription and religious freedom, the Russian Emperors invited German immigration in the 18th and 19th centuries to encourage agricultural development.

Saratov Bridge across the Volga, formerly the longest bridge in the Soviet Union

The Volga German community came to include industrialists, scientists, musicians and architects, including those who built Saratov's universities and conservatories. After the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet government forcibly expelled the Volga Germans to Uzbekistan, Siberia and Kazakhstan (September 1941); few ever returned to the Volga region, even after rehabilitation. Others were expelled to western Europe after World War II ended in 1945.

Beginning in the 1980s, a large portion of the surviving members of the ethnic Germans emigrated from the Soviet Union to Germany.

Reminders of the once prominent place of Germans in the city remain, with the Roman Catholic St. Klementy Cathedral (seat of the historic Diocese of Tiraspol) on Nemetskaya Ulitsa ("German Street") the most notable. The building was converted into the children's cinema "Pioneer" during the Soviet period. A new cathedral was built in 2000 elsewhere in the city: the Cathedral of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in Saratov.

Administrative and municipal status

Saratov is the administrative center of the oblast[1] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Saratovsky District,[4] even though it is not a part of it.[5] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately[5] as the city of oblast significance of Saratov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[3] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Saratov is incorporated as Saratov Urban Okrug.[6]

Climate

Saratov has moderately continental climate with warm and dry summers and an abundance of sunny days. The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near +23 °C (73 °F); the coldest is February, at −8 °C (18 °F).

Summers are hot and dry in Saratov. Daytime temperatures of +30 °C (86 °F) or higher are commonplace.

Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Days well above freezing and nights below −25 °C (−13 °F) both occur in the winter.

Climate data for Saratov
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)		 7.3
(45.1)		 17.0
(62.6)		 31.1
(88)		 34.0
(93.2)		 39.5
(103.1)		 40.8
(105.4)		 40.9
(105.6)		 37.9
(100.2)		 25.1
(77.2)		 16.1
(61)		 11.7
(53.1)		 40.9
(105.6)
Average high °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 1.1
(34)		 13.3
(55.9)		 21.5
(70.7)		 26.2
(79.2)		 28.2
(82.8)		 26.6
(79.9)		 19.8
(67.6)		 11.1
(52)		 1.6
(34.9)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 11.4
(52.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.8
(18)		 −8.1
(17.4)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 8.1
(46.6)		 15.7
(60.3)		 20.3
(68.5)		 22.4
(72.3)		 20.6
(69.1)		 14.3
(57.7)		 7.0
(44.6)		 −1.1
(30)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 6.9
(44.4)
Average low °C (°F) −10.6
(12.9)		 −11.1
(12)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 3.7
(38.7)		 10.4
(50.7)		 15.1
(59.2)		 17.2
(63)		 15.5
(59.9)		 9.9
(49.8)		 3.7
(38.7)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −8.9
(16)		 3.0
(37.4)
Record low °C (°F) −37.3
(−35.1)		 −34.8
(−30.6)		 −26.8
(−16.2)		 −17.8
(0)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 2.2
(36)		 6.4
(43.5)		 4.3
(39.7)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −12.6
(9.3)		 −24.7
(−12.5)		 −33.4
(−28.1)		 −37.3
(−35.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.61)		 34
(1.34)		 31
(1.22)		 31
(1.22)		 35
(1.38)		 50
(1.97)		 49
(1.93)		 31
(1.22)		 49
(1.93)		 37
(1.46)		 46
(1.81)		 42
(1.65)		 476
(18.74)
Average rainy days 6 5 7 12 14 15 14 12 13 14 12 8 132
Average snowy days 19 15 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 16 71
Average relative humidity (%) 84 81 78 64 55 59 59 59 64 74 84 84 70
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.8 81.2 139.5 219.0 279.0 309.0 319.3 272.8 153.0 114.7 60.0 49.6 2,052.9
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[20]
Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory [21]

Economy and infrastructure

Moskovskaya Street in Saratov

Saratov Oblast is highly industrialized, due in part to the richness in natural and industrial resources of the area. The oblast is also one of the more important and largest cultural and scientific centers in Russia. Saratov possesses six institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-one research institutes, nineteen project institutes, as well as the Saratov State University, the Saratov State Socio-Economic University, the Saratov State Technical University, and many scientific and technological laboratories attached to some of the city's large industrial enterprises.

Transportation

Saratov is served by the Saratov Tsentralny Airport. The airport has flights to some international destinations and other Russian cities. Saratov West is a general aviation airfield. The aerospace manufacturing industry is served by the Saratov South airport. Nearby Engels Air Force Base is the main base for Russian strategic Tu-95 and Tu-160 bombers. Motorways link Saratov directly to Volgograd, Samara, and Voronezh. The railways also play an important role. The Privolzhskaya Railway is headquartered in Saratov. The Volga itself is an important inland waterway. Buses and trolleybuses form the backbone of public transport in the city.

Education

Saratov is host to a number of colleges and universities. These include the Saratov State Academy of Law, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov State Technical University, Saratov State Agrarian University and Saratov State University (1909). In 2014 a newly renovated campus for the Saratov Regional College of Art was opened.

Culture

One of the city's most prominent landmarks is the 19th century neo-Gothic Conservatory. When it was built in 1912, the Conservatory was Russia's third such institution (after Moscow and St. Petersburg). At the time, Saratov, with a population of 240,000, was the third-largest city in Russia.

Saratov Academic Theater

The Saratov Drama Theater was founded in 1802, making it one of Russia's oldest. It is ranked as one of Russia's National Theaters. In Soviet times, the theater was renamed in honor of Karl Marx, but now carries the name of Ivan Slonov (1882–1945), an actor, theatrical director and educator, born in the city. The full name in Russian is The I. A. Slonov Saratov State Academic Theater (Саратовский государственный академический театр драмы имени И. А. Слонова).

The Radishchev Art Museum

Saratov is noted for several art museums, including the Radishchev Art Museum, named for Alexander Radishchev, Fedin Art Museum, named after Russian novelist Konstantin Fedin, Saratov Local History Museum, Chernyshevsky Estate Museum, named for Nikolay Chernyshevsky, and some others.. It contains more than 20,000 exhibits, including ancient Russian icons, as well as works by some of the finest Russian painters (e.g. Aleksandra Ekster, Pavel Kuznetsov, Aristarkh Lentulov, Robert Falk, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Martiros Saryan, Fyodor Rokotov).

Kryty Market and Kirova Square
Holy Trinity Cathedral
Statue of Alexander Pushkin in Lipki Park

Demographics

More than 90% of the city's population are ethnic Russians. Among the remainder are Tatars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Kazakhs, and others.

Sports

Several sports clubs are active in the city:

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank 		Stadium
Kristall Saratov Ice Hockey 1955 Higher Hockey League 2nd Kirstall Sports Palace
Sokol Saratov Football 2005 Russian Second Division 3rd Lokomotiv Stadium
Avtodor Saratov Basketball 1960 Basketball Super League 2nd FOK Zvezndy
Universal Saratov[22] Bandy 1953 Bandy Supreme League 2nd Dynamo Stadium[23]

Twin towns and sister cities

Saratov is twinned with:

Notable people

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Charter of Saratov Oblast, Article 10
  2. ↑ The official symbols of Saratov enumerated in Article 3 of the Charter of Saratov do not include the anthem.
  3. 1 2 Law #21-ZSO
  4. 1 2 3 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 63 243», в ред. изменения №259/2014 от 12 декабря 2014 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 63 243, as amended by the Amendment #259/2014 of December 12, 2014. ).
  5. 1 2 3 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 63 401», в ред. изменения №259/2014 от 12 декабря 2014 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 63 401, as amended by the Amendment #259/2014 of December 12, 2014. ).
  6. 1 2 3 Law #79-ZSO
  7. ↑ Law #78-ZSO
  8. 1 2 Charter of Saratov, Article 22
  9. ↑ Official website of Saratov. Alexander Grigoryevich Burenin, Head of Saratov (Russian)
  10. 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  11. ↑ Saratov Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность постоянного населения по муниципальным районам Саратовской области на 01.01.2015 г. (Russian)
  12. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 05 апреля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of April 05, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  13. 1 2 3 4 Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. pp. 409–410. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  14. ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
  15. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  16. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  17. ↑ Тамбовско-Саратовская линия (in Russian)
  18. ↑ Sergej G.: Die Politik Russlands gegenüber den Deutschen 1914 - 1918. In: Eisfeld, Alfred et al. [Hrsg.] Deutsche in Russland und in der Sowjetunion 1914 - 1941. Lit Verlag, Berlin 2007.
  19. ↑ «Волжская рокада». Линия Иловля - Саратов - Сызрань - Ульяновск - Свияжск (in Russian)
  20. ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  21. ↑ Climatological Norms of Saratov . Retrieved on August 24, 2011.
  22. ↑
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ "Sister Cities". Dallas-ecodev.org. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  25. ↑ (active in the early 1950s)

Sources

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saratov.
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