Satna

Not to be confused with Satana, India.
Satna
सतना
Nickname(s): Cement city of India
Satna

Location in Madhya Pradesh, India

Coordinates: 24°10′N 80°50′E / 24.16°N 80.83°E / 24.16; 80.83Coordinates: 24°10′N 80°50′E / 24.16°N 80.83°E / 24.16; 80.83
Country  India
State Madhya Pradesh
District Satna
Government
 • MP Ganesh Singh
Area
 • Total 200 km2 (80 sq mi)
Elevation 315 m (1,033 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Total 283,004
 • Density 1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
Languages
 • Official Hindi
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 485001
Telephone code 07672
Vehicle registration MP-19
Website www.satna.nic.in

Satna City (Cement City) is the principle town of Satna District (सतना) of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, which shares a border with neighbouring Uttar Pradesh.

Satna - not to be confused with Satana - is a municipal corporation within Satna District, and houses the administrative headquarters of Satna District.

History

Recent History

Satna District is part of the region of Bagelkhand, of which a large part was ruled by the princely state of Rewa while a small part was ruled by feudatory chiefs, holding their states under the British Raj. Satna's name comes from the river Satna (or Sutna) that originates at Sarang Ashram (Sutikshna Ashram) situated near Sarangpur village of Panna district.

(Previously the Sutna was the name of the railway station, the town being Raghurajnagar but gradually the name for the station became associated with the city that is now Satna.)

In the Ramayana Era, Lord Rama stayed in the region of Chitrakoot; one half of which is in the outskirts of Satna, the other in Uttar Pradesh.

Once a British headquarters the Baghelkhand Agency was established in Satna in 1872 (and abolished in 1931). Col. D.W.K. Barr prepared plans to develop Satna town during the years 1882-88 and Sir Donald Robertson supervised construction of roads and other amenities to those plans 1888-94.

From antiquity to the mutiny of 1857

At nearby Bharhut there are the remains of a 2nd-century BC Buddhist stupa, first discovered in 1873 by renowned archaeologist Alexander Cunningham, most of the finds being sent to the Indian Museum.

The Mahabharata associates this site with rulers of the Haihaya, Kalchuri or Chedi clans.

Chiefs of Rewas descended Baghel Rajputs (who were in turn descended from the Solanki) ruled over Gujrat from the tenth to the thirteenth century, when Vyaghra deo, brother of the ruler of Gujrat, is said to have made his way into northern India about the middle of the thirteenth century and obtained the fort of Marpha, 18 miles north-east of Kalinjar.

His son Karandeo married a Kalchuri (Haihaya) princess of Mandla and received in dowry the fort of Bandhavgarh (now in the tehsil of the same name in Shahdol district), which, until its destruction in 1597 by Akbar was the Baghel Capital. In 1298, Ulugh Khan, acting under order of emperor Alauddin drove the last Baghel ruler of Gujrat from his country and this is believed to have caused a considerable migration of the Baghels to Bandhogarh.

From then until the 15th century the Baghels of Bandhogarh were engaged in extending their possessions and so escaped the attention of the Delhi kings. In 1498-9, Sikandar Lodi failed in his attempt to take the fort of Bandhogarh.

The Baghel king Ramchandra (1555–92), was a contemporary of Akbar. (Tansen, the great musician, was in the court of Ramchandra and from there he was summoned to his court by Akbar.) After the death of Birdhabra, Ramchandra's son, Vikramaditya acceded to the throne of Bandhogarh as a minor, giving rise to civic disturbances. Akbar intervened and captured and dismantled the Bandhogarh fort in 1597 after an eight-month siege. From this point the town of Rewa, said to have been founded by Raja Vikramaditya in 1618, started to gain importance.

Following the Treaty of Bassein the British made overtures of alliance to the ruler of Rewa, but the latter rejected them. In 1812, during the time of Raja Jaisingh (1809–35), a body of Pindaris raided Mirzapur from Rewa territory. Upon this Jaisingh was called upon to accede to a treaty, in which he acknowledged the protection of the British Government, and agreed to refer all disputes with neighbouring chiefs to their arbitration and to allow British troops to march through, or be cantoned within, his territories.

During the mutiny of 1857, Maharaja Raghuraj Singh helped the British in quelling the uprisings in the neighbouring Mandla and Jabalpur district, and in Nagod which is now a part of Satna district. For his part the king was rewarded by restoration of the Sohagpur (Shahdol) and Amarkantak parganas, which had been seized by the Marathas in the beginning of the century .

Rulers of Rewa bore the title of 'His Highness' and "Maharaja" and received 17 gun salutes.

Most of the Raghuraj Nagar and entire Amarpatan tehsil of the present Satna district were in the Rewa State prior to the formation of Vindhya Pradesh

Nagod State

Until the 18th century, the state was known as Unchahara from the name of its original capital. The chiefs of Nagod were Parihar Rajputs belonging traditionally to Mount Abu.

In the seventh century, Parihar Rajputs drove out the Gaharwar rulers from and established themselves in the country between Mahoba and Mau. In the ninth century, they were repulsed eastwards by the Chandels, where Raja Dhara Singh seized the fort of Naro from the Teli Rajas in 1344. In 1478 Raja Bhoja obtained Unchahara, which he made the chief town, and which remained so until 1720, when the capital was moved to Nagod by Raja Chainsingh. Later on the Parihars lost all their territories to the Baghels and Bundelas except the limited territory that they held before 1947.

Following the treaty of Bassein in 1820 Nagod was held to be a tributary to Panna and was included in the sanad granted to that state in 1807. In 1809, however, a separate sanad was granted to Lal Sheshraj Singh confirming him in his possessions.

For his loyalty during the 1857 mutiny chief Raghvendra Singh was rewarded by the British who granted of 11 villages, which had formerly belonged to the confiscated state of Bijeraghogarh.

Nagod chiefs had the title of Raja and received a 9 gun salute.

Other states were: Maihar, Kothi, Sohawal, Baraundha, Chaubey Jagir.

See also: Nagod

Geography

Satna is located at 24°20′N 80°33′E / 24.34°N 80.55°E / 24.34; 80.55 with an average elevation of 317 metres (1033 feet).[1] The location is renowned for dolomite mines and limestone.

Description Satna Madhya Pradesh Remark
Geographical Area 742432 Hectare / 7502 km2 308,252 km2 2.4% of Total Area

Location

Satna district is situated between latitudes 23" 58' and 25"12' north and longitudes 80"21' and 81"23' east in mid northern part of Rewa Commissioner's Division in Madhya Pradesh state of India. The districts takes its name from Satna, the chief municipality of the district, which in its turn takes it from the Satna Rewa river which flows near the town.

In the north, the district share borders with the Banda District of Uttar Pradesh state.

Eastern Bombay of the district runs with the Teonther, Sirmour and Huzur tehsils of Rewa district and a very small questions of the Gopadbanas tehsil of Sidhi District. The entire western boundary of the district is made by Panna district while the southern boundary abuts on the Murwara tehsil of Jabalpur district in the west and Bandhogarh tehsil of Umaria district and Beohari Tehsils of Shahdol district on the east.

Physical Features

Satna district lies on Vindhyan Plateau, which has an average altitude of 1000' to 11000'. The southern portion of Nagod Tehsil below 24" 30' north latitude is a hilly country consisting of a tangled mass of low hills, and enclosing considerable stretches of level ground. The height of the plateau enclosed by these hills is from 1700' to 1800' generally but occasionally, some of the hills in the south of the tehsil rise to more than 800 feet in height above the plateau. The general slope of the country of the tehsil is towards the east, inclined towards the north in the centre of the tehsil.

Satna, the important river of the tehsil rises from the Panna hills and flows east as long as it is in Nagod Tehsil. Near village Kathkone in Nagod Tehsil it is joined by the Amran river, and from this point of junction, it bends towards the south, making the boundary of Nagod and Raghuraj Nagar tehsils, until it meets the Tons river a few miles to the south-east of Satna town. Barua is another river of some importance in the tehsil, which rises from the hills in the south of the tehsil and flowing almost due west joins the Tons a few miles below village Karaia, at the border of Maihar and Nagod tehsils.

Amarpatan Tehsil is bounded on the south by the Son river. The Kaimur ridge, with its scarp side to the south, rises suddenly like a wall about eight miles to the north of Son river, going towards the east, with slight northerly inclination, almost parallel to the Son river. North of Ram Nagar, an isolated small hill rises to 2,354'. Rest of Amarpatan tehsil is again an alluvial plain draned by the Behar river, which flows more or less parallel to the Mirzapur road, in a northeasterly direction.

The southwestern Maihar tehsil consists mainly of sandstones of Bhander series, concealed in great part by alluvium. Beyond 80"44' east longitude the Kaumur ridge runs through the heart of the broader eastern portion of the tehsil dividing the basin of the Mahanadi from that of the Tons. The river Tons, which drains the tehsil runs between the railway line and the Kaumur and is joined by numerous small nullahs which run along the northern slopes of the Kaimur. The south eastern extremity of Maihar tehsil is bound by river Mahanadi, which marches with the boundary of Maihar tehsil first with Murwara tehsil of Jabalpur district and then with Beohari tehsil of Shahdol district.

Raghuraj Nagar tehsil consists in the south of an alluvial plain watered by the Tons and its tributaries the Satna, and the Simrawal from the north-west and the Magardha and Nar from the south. The Panna hills cross the narrowest portion of the tehsil in a west-east direction slightly inclined to the north and separate the valley of the Paisuni, in part ravinous, from the plateau to the south. Further north is Vindhyachal range running from west to east, almost parallel to the Panna hills, through the former sanad states of Baraundha, Patharkachhar and the Chaube jagirs

Mountains And Hills

The Kaimurs, the Panna Hills, and the Vindhyachal ranges, all belonging to the Vindhya system together with their ridges constitute the principal hills of the district. The Kaumur range enters Maihar tehsil of the district at village Jhukehi on the border of Murwara tehsil, and runs through the entire length of Maihar and Amarpatan tehsil in an easterly direction slightly inclined to the north. At Jhukehi, the strike of the Kaumurs is displaced, producing the only gap in the whole length of the Vindhyas. Advantage of the gap is taken in the construction of the Mirzapur road and the Jabalpur-Allahabad section of Bombay -Calcutta railway line. The Panna hills enter northern portion of the district from Panna district and traverse the Raghuraj Nagar tehsil in a west-east direction and enter the Sirmour tehsil of Rewa district. The Vindhyachal range is in the extreme north of the district cutting across in a west-east direction slightly inclinedc to the north.

Rivers

Tons, Son, and Paisuni are the important rivers of the district, draining into the Bay of the Bengal through the Ganga. The Kymore and the Panna hills act as water-divides. Most of the rivers flow towards the east, with an inclination towards the north. The Simrawal and the Satna rivers are, however, inclined towards the south.

Tons (or Tamasa) is the main river of the district. It rises in the Kaumur hill in the Maihar tehsil, its nominal source, called Tamasa Kund being a tank on the Kaumur hills 2,000 feet above the sea-level. From this point it follows a general north-easterly course, traversing the rough, hilly country around Maihar, flowing through the level fertile country of the Amarpatan and Raghuraj Nagar tehsil, and then enters the Rewa district. Satna is an important affluent (or tributary) of the Tons, and it rises in the Panna hills, flows through the northern, narrower portion of the Nagod tehsil in a west-east direction, and bends towards the south from the point where it is joined by Aman river. Thereafter it makes the boundary of the Nagod and Raghuraj Nagar tehsils until it meets the Tons a few miles to the south-east of Satna town. Simrawal, another important affluent of the Tons, flows south of Kothi in Raghuraj Nagar tehsil.

The Son, the great river to the south of the Kymore hills does not actually enter the district, but instead makes the southern boundary of Amarpatan tehsil with Beohari tehsil of Shahdol district. It is joined by the Mahanadi river, which flows along the boundary of Maihar and Beohari tehsils, just at the point where the Son takes a turn towards the east between villages Sakwari and Bamaraha.

Climate

The year is more or less clearly divided into three seasons: the hot season extending roughly from middle February to middle June; the rainy season from middle June to September; and the winter season from November to middle February. The month of October witnesses the transition from the rainy to the cold weather.

Demographics

As of 2001 India census,[2] Satna had a population of 225,468. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Satna has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 62%. In Satna, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Language and people

Hindi is the most commonly spoken language of the town. Some people speak Bagheli dialect which is a derivative of Hindi in this region. Other less-spoken languages include Sindhi, Punjabi, English, and Hindi. However, many people generally prefer speaking proper Hindi . Satna is the 7th most populated city in Madhya Pradesh.

Industries

Satna is in the limestone belts of India. As a result, it contributes around 8%–9% of India's total cement production. There is abundance of dolomite and limestone in the area and the city has 10 cement factories producing and exporting cement to other parts of the country. The electrical cable company Universal Cables in Satna is among the pioneers in the country. The city of Satna is known as the commercial capital of Baghelkhand. The city is among the few most promising cities of Madhya Pradesh because of the several new industries planned by some of the reputed industrial houses in the country. The city has witnessed a sharp growth in the post-liberalization era (after 1993). Major problems faced in the city may include, inter alia, inadequate electricity, poor road conditions, and air pollution due to atmospheric wastes of cement factories. Satna is known as the cement city of India.

Transport

Air

Satna has an airport called Satna Airport, built in 1970. The nearest major airport to Satna is Jabalpur Airport which is approximately 200 kilometres from the city. Another airport, which is 124 kilometers from Satna is Civil Aerodrome Khajuraho, which is in Chhatarpur District (Khajuraho Town).

Railways

Satna Junction railway station (IRCTC code STA) is a station in Western-Central railway division on the route between Jabalpur Junction and Allahabad. It is a junction and the branch goes to Rewa from here. The railway station has three platforms with all up going trains (trains in the direction of Mumbai) normally using platform number 1 and all down going (trains in direction of Allahabad-Manikpur) using platforms 2 and 3. Satna is well connected by train to almost all major cities of the countries. It lies on the Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line, a train route connecting Mumbai and Howrah. There is also a diesel depot for the Western Central Railway. Satna junction is the most prominent junction of the Jabalpur Railway division providing maximum income due to its high degree of loading and unloading of cement, petroleum etc. All trains passing from Satna Junction stop here which ultimately shows its importance. 3 of them have technical stoppage while the rest have commercial stoppage. ISO certified trains such as Rewanchal Express are the trains of the area.

Roadways

Bus services connect Satna with various cities of Madhya Pradesh and some cities of Maharashtra. The city is well-connected by state highways and a national highway. Satna is connected to the longest National Highway: NH-7. State highway NH-75 passes from the heart of Satna and connects it to cities of Panna and Rewa, which are other important cities of northern Madhya Pradesh.

Education

Satna has a literacy rate of 73.8% according to the 2011 Census;[3] however, this does not mean that Satna has quality educational institutes. There is no central university there, a little known India's first rural university in Chitrakoot Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya was established in 1991. It is one of 16 state government universities in Madhya Pradesh. There are several degree colleges with large campuses in Satna. Awdhesh Pratap Singh University located in Rewa provides affiliations to the colleges in the city. The city is an educational hub of the Vindhya region and several courses such as Biotechnology, Computer, Management, and Journalism are offered by institutes here.

Polytechnic College is one of the oldest technical colleges the region. It has a special branch of Cement Technology which is the only one in India.

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, run by HRD Ministry of India, is a center of education in Satna for those who come from an under-privileged or low-income background. Located at Rahikwara, this school has produced many talented engineers, journalists and lawyers.

Universities

Government Colleges

Private Colleges

Schools

Hospitals

Some of the hospitals serving the medical needs of people in Satna are:

(the largest Eye Hospital in north and central India, with advanced comprehensive eye-care services)

Tourism

Satna district has some major religious tourism spots including 'Chitrakoot' and 'Maihar'. Satna district is close to an ancient city of Buddhist culture named Bharhut, whose archaeological remains are displayed in many museums in India and all over the world. In order to enlighten the glory of images of Bharhut Stupa, Bharhut Art Gallery has been established within walking distance to the north of Satna Bus Station. The gallery is embellished with hundreds of photographs, replicas, epigraphs showing social and historical importance of the monument. Tulsi Museum at Ramvan, 16 km from the city, has many unique local artistic sculptures of ancient times. Gaibinath Lord Shiva temple at Birsinghpur-semariya is a famous and old temple in the region. Madhavgarh Fort, about 7 km from Satna Railway station (Rewa Road), is another place to visit around Satna. Gidhakoot (Gidhaila) Parvat, Laxminarayan Mandir, Bada Mandir (under construction) of New Deorajnagar are also tourist places.

Pannilal Chowk is one of the most crowded parts of city, but worth visiting as it has a long series of shops and other stores for shopping and restaurants. The red stone built grand Lord VenkatRaman Temple, in Mukhtyaganj is a famous temple visited by devotees and tourist alike. The nearby village Bamhori, via Jaitwar has two prominent temples: Hanumanji Temple and also Nandi Temple visited by devotees round the year. There is one old world heritage ram-temple in Village Chormari.

Sports

Cricket is the most popular sport played and followed by many in Satna. There are three main stadiums:

Notable people

Temples

Satna is famous for its scenic temples. One of those temples, Venktesh Mandir, is near Mukhtyarganj. It was constructed between 1876 and 1925 by the royal family of Deorajnagar. Shri Bihari Mandir, in the heart of Satna. It was built by a great devotee of God Krishna "Mahant Brindavan Das" in the 1880s. Bihari Mandir has been a cultural center of Satna for over hundred years as it organizes a very famous Ramleela which is revered by the locals. Apparently it has boasted its 116th year celebration in 2013. Dali Baba is a very ancient place of worship in Satna. It is said to have been established in 1857 by Abdaldas Baba. A Jain temple was constructed in 1880 and another Jain temple of lord Shantinath in Somchand-Dharsi Ghar-derasar near 1889 and Pranami Mandir in 1890.

A new temple named Pashupati Nath was built recently on the outskirts of town. There are temples of Saibaba, located at Dhawari and Sindhi colony where hundreds of people gather every Thursday for worship. One more famous one is Shiv Temple on the bank of Jagatdev Talab, a man-made water reservoir. Around Satna Khajuraho, Ramvan, Chitrakoot are world-famous temples. There is a Maa Sharda in Maihar which is a subdivision of Satna. There is a big hanuman statue near Ramvan 16 km from Satna on Rewa road. In Sohawal (7 km away from Satna railway station) a famous Ram Jaanki Mandir called Chhota Sthan was built by the royal family of Sohawal State. Shri Raghuvir Mandir at Badi Gufa is situated at the banks of holy Mandakini river in Jankikund, Chitrakoot. The temple is devoted to lord Ram-Sita and also is place of holy saint Pujya Ranchoddas Ji Maharaj who was founder of Shri Sadguru Seva Sangh Trust and Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, which is known across the nation for its world class eye-care facilities and Service to Humanity.

The Hanuman Ji Temple also have a big Shiva Ling in Bamhori,near Jaitwar (C.R) was constructed in 1962. The 14 months long Kirtan was also carried out along with daily Bhandara during Pranpratistha of the deities in Hanumanji Temple in Bamhori.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc -Satna". Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
  2. ↑ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  3. ↑ "Census MP" (PDF). Census of Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 13 August 2015.

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