Say Say Say

"Say Say Say"
Against a blue background, "Say Say Say" is printed in pink and takes up the left and bottom of the image. To the right, there is an artwork depiction of two men holding each others' hands in the air.
Single by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson
from the album Pipes of Peace
B-side "Ode to a Koala Bear"
Released 3 October 1983 (1983-10-03)
Format
Recorded AIR Studios, May 1981
Cherokee Studios, April 1982
Genre
Length 3:55
5:40 (remix by John "Jellybean" Benitez)
Label Parlophone (UK)
Columbia (US)
Writer(s)
Producer(s) George Martin
Certification Platinum
Paul McCartney singles chronology
"The Girl Is Mine"
(1982)		 "Say Say Say"
(1983)		 "Pipes of Peace"
(1983)
Michael Jackson singles chronology
"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)"
(1983)		 "Say Say Say"
(1983)		 "Thriller"
(1984)
Pipes of Peace track listing
"Pipes of Peace"
(1)		 "Say Say Say"
(2)		 "The Other Me"
(3)

"Say Say Say" is a pop song written and performed by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson, released in 1983. The track was produced by George Martin for McCartney's album, Pipes of Peace. The song was recorded during production of McCartney's 1982 Tug of War album, about a year before the release of "The Girl Is Mine", the pair's first duet from Jackson's album Thriller (1982).

After its release in October 1983, "Say Say Say" became Jackson's seventh top-ten hit inside a year. It was a number one hit in the United States, Canada, Norway, Sweden, and several other countries, reached number two in the United Kingdom, and peaked within the top ten in Australia, Austria, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and over 20 other nations. In 2013, Billboard magazine listed the song as the 40th biggest hit of all-time on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.[1]

The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in December 1983, representing sales of one million copies. The single was promoted with a music video directed by Bob Giraldi. The video, filmed in Santa Ynez Valley, California, features cameo appearances by Linda McCartney, La Toya Jackson and Giraldi. The short film centers around two con artists called "Mac and Jack" (played by McCartney and Jackson), and is credited for the introduction of dialogue and storyline to music videos.

Background, recording, and composition

McCartney biographer Ray Coleman asserted that the majority of the song's lyrics were written by Jackson, and given to McCartney the next day.[2] Recording began at AIR Studios in London in May 1981. At the time, McCartney was recording Tug of War, the former Beatle's first solo album after the breakup of his group Wings.[3][4]

Jackson stayed at the home of McCartney and his wife Linda during the recording sessions, and became friends with both.[5] While at the dining table one evening, Paul McCartney brought out a booklet that displayed all the songs to which he owned the publishing rights. "This is the way to make big money", the musician informed Jackson. "Every time someone records one of these songs, I get paid. Every time someone plays these songs on the radio, or in live performances, I get paid." McCartney's words influenced Jackson's later purchase of ATV Music Publishing in 1985.[5]
"Say Say Say"
"Say Say Say" is a pop song played in the key of B♭ minor. The track has been cited as a "pleading kind of love song".
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McCartney played several instruments on "Say Say Say", including percussion, synthesiser, guitar, and bass guitar. The harmonica was played by Chris Smith and the rhythm guitar was played by David Williams. The song was engineered by former Beatles sound engineer, Geoff Emerick.[6] The production of "Say Say Say" was completed in February 1983, after it had been refined and overdubbed at Cherokee Studios in California.

George Martin, who had worked with The Beatles, produced the song. He said of his experience with Jackson, "He actually does radiate an aura when he comes into the studio, there's no question about it. He's not a musician in the sense that Paul is ... but he does know what he wants in music and he has very firm ideas."[2][3]

Jackson also spoke of the experience in his autobiography, Moonwalk. The younger singer revealed that the collaboration boosted his confidence, as Quincy Jones—producer of Thriller—was not present to correct his mistakes. Jackson added that he and McCartney worked as equals, stating, "Paul never had to carry me in that studio."[7]

According to Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing, "Say Say Say" was performed in common time, with a dance beat of 116 beats per minute.[8] It is in the key of B♭ minor and sung in a vocal range from F4 to B♭5.[8] The lyrics to "Say Say Say" reflect an attempt to "win back" a girl's affection; Deseret News considered the song to be a "pleading kind of love song".[8][9]

Release and reception

Following the release of Thriller and most of its singles, "Say Say Say" was released on 3 October 1983 by Parlophone Records in the UK and Columbia Records in the US.[10][11][12] It remained atop Billboard's Hot 100 for six weeks and became Jackson's seventh top ten hit of 1983, breaking a record that until then was held jointly by The Beatles and Elvis Presley.[13][14][15] Also in the US, "Say Say Say" reached number two on the R&B chart and number three on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.[16] Although the song had peaked at number ten in the UK, it began to fall steadily; McCartney subsequently held an early weekday live television interview, where he discussed the song's music video. This, along with screenings of the video on Top of the Pops (which normally played only singles that were rising in the charts), The Tube and Noel Edmonds' The Late, Late Breakfast Show, helped propel the song to number two on the UK Singles Chart.[17][18] "Say Say Say" reached number one in Norway and Sweden, and the single also reached the top ten in Austria, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.[17][19] With wholesale shipments of at least one million units, the single was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[20]

"Say Say Say" received mixed reviews from music critics. The lyrics were named the worst of 1983 by The Buffalo News's Anthony Violanti,[21] while the Lexington Herald-Leader stated in a review of Pipes of Peace that, aside from "Say Say Say" and "The Man", "McCartney waste[d] the rest of the album on bathos and whimsy".[22] The Los Angeles Times' Paul Grein also reviewed the McCartney album and opined that the singer had redeemed himself with the success of the "spunky" song "but plunged back into wimpdom with 'No More Lonely Nights'".[23] Journalist Whitney Pastorek compared the song to McCartney's 1982 duet with Stevie Wonder, "Ebony and Ivory". She asserted that "Say Say Say" was a better song, and had a better "though slightly more nonsensical" music video, adding that the song had no "heavy-handed social content".[24] Penn State's The Daily Collegian described the track as a good song, despite its ad nauseam broadcasts.[25]

Deseret News stated that the "pleading love song" had a "masterful, catchy hook".[9] In a Rolling Stone review, the track was described as an "amiable though vapid dance groove". The reviewer, Parke Puterbaugh, added that it was an "instantly hit-bound froth-funk that tends, after all, toward banality".[26] Music critic Nelson George stated that "Say Say Say" would not have "deserved the airplay it received without McCartney and Jackson".[27] Salon.com later described the song as a "sappy duet". The online magazine concluded that McCartney had become a "wimpy old fart".[28] Billboard listed "Say Say Say" as Michael Jackson's all-time biggest Hot 100 single.[29] In a 2007 article, a writer for the magazine Vibe listed "Say Say Say" as the 22nd greatest duet of all time. The writer commented that the song was "a true falsetto fantasy" and that it was "still thrilling to hear the sweet-voiced duo trade harmonies on the chorus".[30] In 2005, Dutch musicians Hi Tack sampled "Say Say Say" on their debut single, "Say Say Say (Waiting 4 U)". The song featured Jackson's vocals from the original recording, plus McCartney's "Baby".[31]

2015 version

On October 6, 2015, McCartney revealed a new version of the song in which the vocal roles of him and Jackson are reversed. It was remixed by Steve Orchard and Mark "Spike" Stent. On the new version, which is over three minutes longer than the original, the opening of the first is sung by Jackson instead of McCartney. Orchard said of the remix: "Paul remembered that there were two unused lead vocal performances by Michael and himself. We rearranged the vocal sequence and inverted the original performance so that Michael opened the first verse instead of Paul, to give the song a different take to the original version."[32] The song appears on a the 2015 re-issue of Pipes of Peace.[33] A radio edit of the 2015 remix was released for streaming on October 30, 2015,[34] while an instrumental version of it is available for download at paulmccartney.com.[35]

Music video

Production, plot, and reception

The music video (or "short film") for "Say Say Say" was directed by Bob Giraldi, who had previously directed Michael Jackson's music video for "Beat It". Cameo appearances in the video are made by McCartney's then wife Linda, as well as Jackson's older sister La Toya.[36][37] To accommodate Jackson's busy schedule the video was filmed at Los Alamos near Santa Barbara, California. McCartney flew in specially for filming.[38][39] The video cost $500,000 to produce.[17]

The British television premiere of the video was extremely controversial. The video had not been ready when the track debuted in the UK singles chart. By the time it was finalised, the track had dropped in the chart. McCartney flew to London to premiere the video on the BBC1 TV show Top Of The Pops, but the show had a strict policy that no single that had dropped in position could feature on the programme and refused to show it. A furious argument ensued, with claims McCartney threatened to withdraw all his music from the corporation. As a compromise, the BBC offered to air the video two days later on The Late, Late Breakfast Show hosted by Noel Edmonds, a variety show that featured live music performances, but rarely aired videos. They agreed to show it on the programme only if McCartney appeared live and gave an interview. He reluctantly agreed and appeared with his wife Linda live on the show on Saturday, 29 October 1983; his first live UK TV appearance since 1973. The interview was stilted and the McCartneys made little or no effort to answer any of Edmonds' questions. After some reportedly hostile negotiations, the programme's entire show was built around the 'medicine men' theme of the video and the guest who had been booked to appear that week Olivia Newton John had to agree to appear to promote the video in a skit, reportedly against her will and she expressed anger at having her 'starring' role in the show downgraded into a lesser guest spot to make way for the video and McCartney.[40][41][42] The airing of the video on this highly rated show was successful as the track climbed back up the chart the following week and aired on Top Of The Pops on Thursday, 4 November 1983.[43]

In the short film, the duo play "Mac and Jack", a pair of conmen who sell a "miracle potion". The salesman (McCartney) offers Jackson the potion, and claims that it is "guaranteed to give you the strength of a raging bull". Jackson drinks the potion and challenges a large man to arm-wrestle. Unbeknownst to a watching crowd, the man—along with Linda—is also in on the scam. After Jackson wins the rigged contest, the crowd of people surge forward and buy the potion. Mac and Jack then donate all of the money earned from the scam to an orphanage.[39] After this scene, McCartney and Jackson star as vaudeville performers who sing and dance at a bar.[44] On stage, the duo appear in clown makeup at one point and quickly go through a number of costume changes.[45] Jackson flirts with a young woman portrayed by his real-life sister La Toya.[46] When law-enforcement officers appear at the back of the venue, Mac quickly starts a small fire onstage and Linda hollers "FIRE!", emptying the venue and allowing the group to escape via backstage (yet somehow finding time to change into tuxedoes first). The video ends with Paul, Linda, and Michael as they drive off into the sunset. La Toya, who was handed a bunch of flowers by McCartney, is left at the roadside.[44]

The video also features appearances by director Giraldi as a pool shark who is conned by McCartney, and Art Carney as an audience member for the vaudeville show.[47]

Giraldi said of Jackson and McCartney, "Michael didn't outdance Paul, and Paul didn't outsing Michael". He added that production of the video was hard work because "the egos could fill a room".[48] The video introduced both dialogue and storyline, an element extended upon in Michael Jackson's Thriller.[49] In a 1984 study of music videos conducted by the National Coalition on Television Violence, the Jacksons were rated "very violent," citing Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean," "Thriller", and "Say Say Say" as well as Jermaine Jackson's "Dynamite" and the Jacksons' "Torture."[50] In a list compiled by Billboard at the end of 1984, the music video was named the fourth best of the year, and the rest of the top four were also short films by Jackson.[51]

The Manchester Evening News later described the "Say Say Say" video as an "anarchic caper" that "plays out like an Emir Kusturica feature".[52] PopMatters stated that the music videos of "Say Say Say" and "Goodnight Tonight" turned "a pair of otherwise forgettable songs into something worth watching".[53] Steven Greenlee of The Boston Globe reflected that the video was both "horrifying and compelling", and stated the ridiculousness of a potion which could aid Jackson in beating somebody at arm wrestling. He added, "It's even harder to believe that the two of them didn't get the pulp beaten out of them in that bar for dressing like a pair of Chess King employees".[54] The "Say Say Say" video was later included on the DVDs The McCartney Years and Michael Jackson's Vision.[55]

Themes

Two authors later reviewed the short film and documented two central themes. The first is a "Child/Man" theme; the role of both a boy and an adult, which writer James M. Curtis states Jackson plays throughout the music video for "Say Say Say".[44] Curtis writes that the bathroom scene involving the shaving foam is reminiscent of boys copying their fathers. He adds that the scene marks "the distinction between Michael's roles as a Child and as a Man". The writer also highlights the part where the singer supposedly becomes strengthened with a miracle potion, a further play on the "Child/Man" theme.[44] Furthermore, Curtis observes that Paul and Linda McCartney seem to act as if they are Jackson's parents in the short film.[44] The author also notes that in a scene where Jackson is handed a bouquet of flowers from a girl, it is a reversal of one from City Lights, a 1931 film starring Charlie Chaplin, whom the singer greatly adored.[44]

The second of the two main themes in the music video is of African American history and culture, as some of the vaudeville scenes in the short film acknowledge minstrel shows and blackface.[45] Author W. T. Lhamon writes that the video is set in the Californian Depression, and that McCartney and Jackson "convey a compactly corrupt history of blackface" as they con their way to riches with the Mac and Jack show.[45] Lhamon was critical of the pair and of the video because he felt that the African American theme had not been made explicitly known. The author expressed his view that aspects of the short film were historically out-of-synch with interracial relations.[45] He stated, "Nearly everything in the video is backward. Mack's white hand continually helping black Jack on board, for instance, reverses the general process I have shown of blacks providing whites with their sustaining gestures."[45] Lhamon added, "In a just world, Jackson should be pulling McCartney onto the wagon, not the other way around."[45]

Track listing

  1. "Say Say Say" (with Michael Jackson) – 3:55
  2. "Ode to a Koala Bear" – 3:45
  1. "Say Say Say" (special version) (with Michael Jackson) – 5:40
  2. "Say Say Say (Instrumental)" (with Michael Jackson) – 7:00
  3. "Ode to a Koala Bear" – 3:45
  1. "Say Say Say" (radio edit / 2015 remix) (with Michael Jackson) – 3:41
  1. "Say Say Say (Instrumental)" (2015 remix) (with Michael Jackson) - 7:02

Chart performance

Chart Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[19] 4
Austrian Singles Chart[19] 10
Canadian RPM Magazine Chart 1
Dutch Singles Chart[56] 8
German Singles Chart[57] 12
Irish Singles Chart[58] 3
New Zealand Singles Chart[59] 10
Norwegian Singles Chart [60] 1
Swedish Singles Chart [61] 1
Swiss Singles Chart< [62] 2
UK Singles Chart[16] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[16] 1
US R&B Singles Chart[16] 2

Year-end charts

Chart (1984) Position
US Billboard Hot 100[63]
3

End-of-decade charts

End of decade (1980–89) Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9

All-time charts

Chart Position
US Billboard Hot 100[1] 40

Certifications

Region Certification Sales/shipments
Australia (ARIA)[64] Gold 67,000[64]
Canada (Music Canada)[65] Platinum 100,000
France (SNEP)[66] Gold 825,000[66]
United Kingdom (BPI)[67] Silver 250,000
United States (RIAA)[68] Platinum 1,000,000

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Bronson, Fred (2 August 2012). "Hot 100 55th Anniversary: The All-Time Top 100 Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  2. 1 2 Coleman, p. 129.
  3. 1 2 Halstead, p. 268.
  4. ↑ Andersen, p. 99.
  5. 1 2 Taraborrelli, p. 333.
  6. ↑ Linear notes of Pipes of Peace by Paul McCartney.
  7. ↑ Jackson, p. 188.
  8. 1 2 3 "Say Say Say – Paul McCartney Digital Sheet Music (Digital Download)". MusicNotes.com (Alfred Publishing Co. Inc).
  9. 1 2 "McCartney, Jackson together again". Deseret News. 18 November 1993. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  10. ↑ Grant, p. 68.
  11. ↑ Harry, p. 171.
  12. ↑ Hill, p. 381.
  13. ↑ Everett, p. 282
  14. ↑ Campbell, p. 68
  15. ↑ Lewis, p. 6
  16. 1 2 3 4 George, p. 39.
  17. 1 2 3 Barrow, p. 92.
  18. ↑ Heryanto, p. 92.
  19. 1 2 3 "Austrian Singles Chart Archives". austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  20. ↑ "RIAA database". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 30 April 2009. (To search the database for "Say Say Say", type "Paul McCartney" or "Michael Jackson" into the Artist field and "Say Say Say" into the Title field.)
  21. ↑ Violanti, Anthony (18 August 1996). "Schlock: An Unusually Confused and Nasal Dylan". The Buffalo News. Retrieved on 19 March 2009.
  22. ↑ "Paul McCartney's New Album Is Just 'Embarrassing Fluff'". Lexington Herald-Leader. (15 January 1983). Retrieved on 19 March 2009.
  23. ↑ Grein, Paul (3 January 1988). "Hits That Hurt In Some Cases, That Top 10 Smash Can Smash an Artist's Image". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 19 March 2009.
  24. ↑ Pastorek, Whitney (3 May 2007). "This Week in '82". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  25. ↑ Yeany, Ron (22 November 1990). "McCartney and Simon". The Daily Collegian. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
  26. ↑ Puterbaugh, Parke (19 January 1984). "Pipes of Peace review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  27. ↑ George, Nelson (22 December 1984). "Black '84". Billboard 96 (51). ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  28. ↑ Garcia, Gilbert (27 January 2003). "The ballad of Paul and Yoko". Salon.com. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  29. ↑ "'Say Say Say' ranks as Michael Jackson's biggest Billboard hit". Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  30. ↑ Caramanica, Jon (February 2007). "The 50 greatest duets of all time". Vibe. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  31. ↑ "Upfront". Billboard 118 (1). 7 January 2006. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  32. ↑ https://www.yahoo.com/music/sir-paul-mccartney-switches-vocals-1272344086667318.html
  33. ↑ http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/10/08/song-week-paul-mccartney-and-michael-jackson-together-again/73581018/
  34. 1 2 https://play.spotify.com/album/2VANZtyaZ8Y5B2Z33xRXBZ?play=true&utm_source=open.spotify.com&utm_medium=open
  35. 1 2 http://www.paulmccartney.com/downloads
  36. ↑ Grant, p. 270.
  37. ↑ "Linda McCartney Dies Of Cancer". MTV. 20 April 1998. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  38. ↑ Reba, Bonnie Churchill (1 March 1984). "You" (Payment required to access full article.). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  39. 1 2 Campbell, p. 69.
  40. ↑ Bowen, Mark. 2009. 'McCartney Solo: See You Next Time'. ISBN 9781409298793. Page 119
  41. ↑ Badman, Keith. 'The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After The Break-Up 1970-2001'. Omnibus Press 2009. ISBN 9780857120014
  42. ↑ Wincentsen, Edward. 'The Olivia Newton John Companion'. Wynn Publishing 2002. ISBN 978-0971059108
  43. ↑ http://www.chartstats.com
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Curtis, p. 323.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lhamon, p. 219.
  46. ↑ Morris, Davina (24 August 2008). "Happy birthday MJ". The Voice. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  47. ↑ Paul McCartney (2007). The McCartney Years (DVD). Rhino Entertainment.
  48. ↑ Garcia, Guy (18 November 1983). "People: Nov. 14, 1983". Time. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  49. ↑ Sklar, Ron (23 November 1990). "Thriller video". The Daily Collegian. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  50. ↑ Bishop, Pete. "Group on TV Violence Looks at Music Videos and Is Not Amused" Chicago Tribune, 25 January 1985.
  51. ↑ Campbell, p. 105.
  52. ↑ Gilliver, Stephen (20 November 2007). "DVD review: Paul McCartney – The McCartney Years (Warner)". The Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  53. ↑ Lawson, Terry (20 November 2007). "Old rockers go on a DVD roll". PopMatters. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  54. ↑ Greenlee, Steven. "Back when MTV had videos". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  55. ↑ Paul McCartney, The McCartney Years, DVD.
  56. ↑ "Dutch Charts". www.dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  57. ↑ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts". www.offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  58. ↑ "The Irish Charts". www.irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  59. ↑ "New Zealand Charts". www.charts.org.nz. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  60. ↑ "VG Lista". www.norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  61. ↑ "Swedish Charts". www.swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  62. ↑ "Swiss Charts". www.hitparade.ch. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  63. ↑ http://www.bobborst.com/popculture/top-100-songs-of-the-year/?year=1984
  64. 1 2 Michael Jacksons Charts & Sales history at UKMIX. You can find this information at [ukmix.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=63110&hilit=Jackson]
  65. ↑ "Canadian single certifications – Paul Mccartney – Say, Say, Say". Music Canada.
  66. 1 2 "Les Certifications (Albums) du SNEP (Bilan par Artiste) > McCARTNEY Paul & JACKSON Michael > "Ok" (in French). InfoDisc.fr. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  67. ↑ "British single certifications – PAUL McCARTNEY & MICHAEL JACKSON – Say, Say, Say". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Say, Say, Say in the field Keywords. Select Title in the field Search by. Select single in the field By Format. Select Silver in the field By Award. Click Search
  68. ↑ "American single certifications – MC CARTNEY, PAUL AND MICHAEL JACKSON – Say Say Say". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH

Bibliography

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  • Barrow, Tony (1994). Inside the Music Business. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13660-1. 
  • Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X. 
  • Coleman, Ray (1996). McCartney: Yesterday and Today. Dove Books. ISBN 0-7871-1038-8. 
  • Curtis, James M. (1987). Rock Eras. Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-369-6. 
  • Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512941-5. 
  • George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
  • Grant, Adrian (2009). Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84938-261-8. 
  • Halstead, Craig (2007). Michael Jackson: For the Record. Authors OnLine. ISBN 978-0-7552-0267-6. 
  • Harry, Bill (2002). The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia. Virgin. ISBN 0-7535-0716-1. 
  • Hill, Tim (2000). The Beatles: unseen archives. Parragon. ISBN 0-7525-4080-7. 
  • Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. Random House Inc. ISBN 0-307-71698-8. 
  • Jones, Jel (2005). Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture: the Music! the Man! the Legend! the Interviews!. Amber Books Publishing. ISBN 0-9749779-0-X. 
  • Lhamon, W. H. (1998). Raising Cain. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74711-9. 
  • Romanowski, Patricia (1995). The New Rolling Stone encyclopedia of rock & roll. Fireside. ISBN 0-684-81044-1. 
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External links

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