List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire dated to before 1066

Sandbach Crosses

There are over 200 Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire, a county in North West England, which date from the Neolithic period to the middle of the 20th century. This list includes the Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire up to the year 1066, the year accepted by Revealing Cheshire's Past^[1] as the start of the Medieval period.

A Scheduled Monument is a nationally important archaeological site or monument which is given legal protection by being placed on a list (or "schedule") by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport; English Heritage takes the leading role in identifying such sites. The current legislation supporting this is the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. The term "monument" can apply to the whole range of archaeological sites, and they are not always visible above ground. Such sites have to have been deliberately constructed by human activity. They range from prehistoric standing stones and burial sites, through Roman remains and Medieval structures such as castles and monasteries, to later structures such as industrial sites and buildings constructed for the World Wars.^[2]

At least 84 monuments dating from before 1066 have been scheduled in Cheshire, the oldest probably being The Bridestones, a Neolithic long cairn. The monument at Somerford is also thought to have been a long cairn and there is evidence of a Neolithic settlement at Tatton. The Bronze Age is the period most strongly represented before 1066 with 44 monuments, almost all of which are round barrows. Eleven Iron Age hillforts or promontory forts are scheduled. The period of Roman rule left a variety of scheduled monuments, including the remains of settlements at Heronbridge and Wilderspool, and parts of Chester city walls. Definite or possible Roman military camps have been revealed by aerial photography showing cropmarks and parchmarks. The monuments remaining from the Dark Age and the Saxon period consist mainly of portions of crosses, and there is evidence of Saxon occupation of villages, now deserted, at Tatton and Baddiley.

Monuments

Name Remains Location Date Notes Abbey Green cultivation marks Excavation Chester 53°11′36″N 2°53′28″W / 53.1933°N 2.8910°W Iron Age Excavations in 1975–77 revealed striations in the sandstone bedrock indicating pre-Roman cultivation of the area.[3][4] Baddiley village Foundations Baddiley 53°02′59″N 2°35′11″W / 53.0497°N 2.5863°W Late Saxon and Medieval There is evidence of house platforms and enclosures which indicate a deserted village.[5][6][7] Bartomley mound Cairn Wincle 53°11′18″N 2°03′17″W / 53.1882°N 2.0546°W Late Bronze Age A round barrow which consists of a mound which is partly bedrock. The edges of it have been ploughed and two pits dug into it.[8][9] Bearhurst barrow Earthworks Henbury 53°14′44″N 2°11′28″W / 53.2455°N 2.1912°W Bronze Age A round barrow 50 feet (15 m) across and 6 feet (2 m) high. An excavation in 1965–66 revealed flints, pottery sherds and two urns, one of which contained a cremation.[10][11][12] Beeston Castle hillfort Earthworks Beeston 53°07′41″N 2°41′31″W / 53.1280°N 2.6919°W Late Bronze Age to late Iron Age A hillfort on a prominent rocky outcrop. The site is now occupied by a ruined medieval castle which has obliterated the signs of earlier occupation.[13][14][15] Bent Farm Roman Camp Earthworks Newbold Astbury 53°09′18″N 2°14′39″W / 53.1549°N 2.2442°W Roman Earthworks were identified in 1725 as a Roman temporary camp but largely destroyed in 1744. Further investigations carried out in 1967.[16][17][18] Birch Hill Cropmarks Manley 53°15′36″N 2°42′46″W / 53.2600°N 2.7129°W Roman A temporary Roman camp which was identified from cropmarks in 1994 by aerial reconnaissance; no upstanding remains.[19][20][21] Birtles Hall barrow Earthworks Over Alderley 53°16′05″N 2°13′08″W / 53.2680°N 2.2190°W Bronze Age A slightly oval (20m x 19m) round barrow consisting of a mound on top of a natural rise.[22][23][24] Blackrock Farm barrow Earthwork Ginclough, Rainow 53°17′11″N 2°03′49″W / 53.2865°N 2.0635°W Bronze Age A turf-covered round barrow 22.5m in diameter and 1.6m high.[25][26][27] Blue Boar Farm barrow Earthworks Rainow 53°17′04″N 2°02′43″W / 53.2844°N 2.0453°W Bronze Age A round barrow, described in 1878 as a conical tumulus. It is now an oval (31.5m x 29m) mound of earth and stones up to 2m high.[28][29][30] Bowstones Standing stones Lyme Handley 53°19′43″N 2°02′26″W / 53.3287°N 2.0406°W Late Saxon Two cross staffs set in a massive stone base. Each has traces of carved interlaced ornament. Carved initials have been added, probably in the Medieval period.[31][32][33] Bradley Hillfort Earthworks Kingsley 53°17′10″N 2°41′33″W / 53.2861°N 2.6926°W Iron Age The smallest promontory hillfort in the county. It has natural defences only to the north; the other defences have been damaged by ploughing.[34][35][36] The Bridestones Stone structure Congleton 53°09′23″N 2°08′23″W / 53.1565°N 2.1398°W Neolithic The only known Neolithic tomb in the county, formerly a chambered long cairn. Much of its fabric was removed in the mid-18th century to build a road. It now consists of a chamber enclosed by large stone slabs.[37][38][39] Brink Farm barrow Earthworks Rainow 53°18′32″N 2°02′40″W / 53.3089°N 2.0445°W Bronze Age A bowl-shaped round barrow consisting of a mound near the top of a knoll.[40][41] Bullstones Earthwork with upright stone Wincle 53°12′19″N 2°04′24″W / 53.2052°N 2.0732°W Bronze Age A cremation burial site in which the bones of a child or young person were found 3 feet (1 m) below the surface surrounded by a stone circle 20 feet (6 m) in diameter. Inside the circle was an upright stone slab, which is still present.[42][43][44] Burton Point Earthworks Neston 53°15′17″N 3°02′46″W / 53.2548°N 3.0460°W Iron Age A promontory fort consisting of earthworks in an arc protecting a former headland overlooking the River Dee.[45][46][47][48] Capesthorne Hall barrow (south) Earthworks Siddington 53°14′58″N 2°14′01″W / 53.2495°N 2.2336°W Bronze Age A round barrow on a high point in woodland.[49][50][51] Capesthorne Hall barrow (north) Earthworks Siddington 53°15′10″N 2°14′11″W / 53.2529°N 2.2365°W Bronze Age A round barrow on the summit of a knoll. (The ornamental stone pedestal on its top is not part of the schedule.)[52][53][54] Carden Park barrow Earthworks Carden 53°04′31″N 2°48′03″W / 53.0753°N 2.8007°W Bronze Age An oval (32m x 25m) bowl barrow of sand and earth on a saddle of higher ground (now in a golf course).[55][56][57] Charles Head barrow Earthworks Rainow 53°18′18″N 2°02′12″W / 53.3051°N 2.0367°W Bronze Age A round barrow on the crest of a ridge, now crossed by a drystone wall.[58][59][60] Chester Roman Amphitheatre Earthworks Chester 53°11′21″N 2°53′14″W / 53.1893°N 2.8871°W Roman Originally in wood, later in stone. The northern half has been excavated.[61][62] Chester city walls City walls Chester 53°11′32″N 2°53′21″W / 53.1923°N 2.8891°W Roman and medieval An almost complete circuit of red sandstone walls round the city. The north and east walls follow Roman foundations and contain fabric from that era.[63][64][65][66] Cleulow cross Standing stone Wincle 53°12′14″N 2°04′25″W / 53.2038°N 2.0735°W Early Medieval/ Dark Age A gritstone pillar in a socket stone on a mound. The shaft is round and has the remains of a small wheelhead cross on the top.[67][68][69] Coddington barrow Earthworks Coddington 53°05′31″N 2°49′07″W / 53.0919°N 2.8187°W Bronze Age A tree-covered mound of red sand with a surrounding ditch, scheduled as a bowl barrow.[70][71] Disley churchyard cross Stone Disley 53°21′27″N 2°02′23″W / 53.3575°N 2.0398°W Early Medieval/ Dark Age A socket stone for two crosses in St Mary's churchyard. It was discovered in 1958 and thought to be the setting for two Saxon crosses.[72][73][74] Eddisbury hillfort Earthworks Delamere 53°13′09″N 2°40′14″W / 53.2192°N 2.6705°W Iron Age A former hillfort on a steep-sided sandstone projection on the east side of the mid-Cheshire ridge. The defences consist of two earth ramparts with a single ditch between them.[75][76][77][78][79] Edgar's Cave Former quarry Handbridge 53°11′04″N 2°53′19″W / 53.1844°N 2.8887°W Roman A quarry which included a shrine to Minerva whose image is still visible. The shrine is a Grade I listed building.[80][81][82][83] Elm Bank Roman Camp Cropmark Waverton 53°10′12″N 2°49′20″W / 53.1701°N 2.8222°W Roman Cropmarks show a rectangular enclosure which housed a Roman practice camp.[84][85][86] Engine Vein copper mine Trench and pits Nether Alderley 53°17′39″N 2°12′37″W / 53.2941°N 2.2104°W Bronze Age and later An opencast mine for copper and other minerals in use from the early Bronze Age, in Roman and medieval times, through to the Victorian era.[87][88][89] Gallowsclough Cob barrow Earthworks Oakmere 53°14′14″N 2°38′44″W / 53.2373°N 2.6455°W Bronze Age A round barrow excavated in 1960 which was found to contain a primary cremation burial as well as fragments of a secondary burial, time frame unknown.[90][91][92] Ginclough standing stone Standing stone Ginclough 53°17′03″N 2°04′06″W / 53.2842°N 2.0683°W Late prehistoric A large stone 1m high cut away on two sides.[93][94][95] Harbutt's Field Roman fort Plan of Roman fort Middlewich53°11′55″N 2°26′50″W / 53.1985°N 2.4472°W Roman The complete plan of a Roman fort has been revealed by a geophysical survey.[96][97][98] Helsby hill fort Earthworks Helsby Hill 53°16′24″N 2°45′47″W / 53.2732°N 2.7630°W Iron Age A promontory fort with naturally steep slopes to the west and north and an earth and stone rampart to the south.[99][100][101] Heronbridge Roman Site Earthworks Claverton 53°10′15″N 2°53′02″W / 53.1709°N 2.8839°W Roman A Roman settlement on each side of Watling Street with evidence of industrial activity in the late 1st and the 2nd century.[102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113] High Billinge barrow Earthworks Utkinton 53°11′28″N 2°40′04″W / 53.1911°N 2.6679°W Bronze Age A round barrow 30m across and 1.8m high in woodland on a hill-top. Unexcavated.[114][115][116] Hoole Roman Camp Parchmark Hoole 53°12′16″N 2°51′18″W / 53.2044°N 2.8551°W Roman Aerial photography in August 1995 showed a rectangular enclosure, part of which lies under the A41 road.[117][118][119] Ince Roman Fortlet Cropmarks Ince 53°17′13″N 2°49′49″W / 53.2870°N 2.8303°W Roman Aerial photography showed a double-ditched rectangular enclosure. Excavation revealed a piece of samian pottery and postholes.[120][121][122] Jodrell Bank barrow cemetery Earthworks Swettenham 53°13′27″N 2°18′13″W / 53.2243°N 2.3036°W Bronze Age Four remaining round barrows from an original group of six.[123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131] Kelsborrow promontory fort Earthworks Delamere 53°12′10″N 2°42′09″W / 53.2027°N 2.7026°W Iron Age A promontory fort with steep sides to the south and a curving bank and ditch to the north. In the 19th century a palstave and a fragment of a sword were found.[132][133][134] Knightslow barrows Earthworks Lyme Handley 53°19′55″N 2°03′17″W / 53.3319°N 2.0547°W Bronze Age A group of four round barrows in woodland on a hill.[135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143] London Road barrow Earthworks Prestbury 53°18′06″N 2°08′23″W / 53.3017°N 2.1398°W Bronze Age A slightly oval (26m x 25m) barrow up to 1.3m in height. In 1808 a number of cairns were found, one of which contained cremations.[144][145][146] Long Lane barrow Earthworks Bickerton 53°04′09″N 2°43′55″W / 53.0691°N 2.7320°W Bronze Age A round barrow consisting of a low mound 24m in diameter and 0.5m high on a knoll to the east of Bickerton Hill.[147][148][149] Longley Farm field system Earthworks Kelsall 53°13′29″N 2°42′20″W / 53.2247°N 2.7056°W Iron Age (or medieval/post-medieval) A system of terraces, lynchets and enclosures.[150][151][152] Maiden Castle Earthworks Bickerton Hill 53°04′15″N 2°45′04″W / 53.0708°N 2.7511°W Iron Age A promontory hill fort on a spur with an earthwork defending its neck and two lines of ramparts on the south and east.[153][154][155] Meadows Farm barrow Earthworks Horton-cum-Malpas 53°01′47″N 2°48′53″W / 53.0296°N 2.8146°W Bronze Age A round barrow which contained an oak plank, possibly part of a coffin.[156][157][158] Moultonbank barrow Earthworks Moulton 53°13′13″N 2°31′16″W / 53.2203°N 2.5211°W Bronze Age A round barrow on the top of a glacial mound 35m in diameter and 1.5m high.[159][160][161] The Murder Stone Standing stone Lyme Handley 53°19′34″N 2°01′29″W / 53.3261°N 2.0248°W Bronze Age A standing stone consisting of a triangular slab of gritstone.[162][163][164] Nab Head barrow Earthworks Bollington 53°18′21″N 2°05′28″W / 53.3058°N 2.0912°W Bronze Age An oval (19m x 17m) barrow up to 1.8m high with a central depression, surrounded by a ditch.[165][166][167] Two sections of the North Cheshire Ridge Roman Road Earthworks Appleton Thorn 53°20′59″N 2°32′46″W / 53.3497°N 2.5461°W Stretton 53°20′37″N 2°33′36″W / 53.3436°N 2.5600°W Roman Much of The Appleton Thorn portion of the road is now covered by the village hall car park; the scheduled portion of the road in Stretton is near to Mosswood Hall[168][169][170] Oakmere hill fort Earthworks Oakmere 53°12′22″N 2°37′52″W / 53.2060°N 2.6312°W Iron Age A promontory fort on a spur protruding into the mere with a rampart across the east side.[171][172][173] Peckforton Mere promontory fort Earthworks and cropmarks Peckforton 53°06′52″N 2°40′49″W / 53.1144°N 2.6803°W Iron Age A defensive settlement on a ridge with the mere to the southwest and marsh to the northwest and southeast. The northeast was defended by a ditch.[174][175][176] Picton Roman camp Cropmarks Picton 53°13′27″N 2°52′04″W / 53.2243°N 2.8677°W Roman Aerial photography in July 1995 showed a rectangular enclosure which was probably a Roman practice camp.[177][178][179] Prestbury churchyard cross shaft Stone fragments Prestbury 53°17′21″N 2°09′03″W / 53.2892°N 2.1508°W Early Medieval/ Dark Age Three Saxon stone fragments cemented together in the churchyard of St Peter's; the lower two fragments come from one cross while the top one is from a different cross.[180][181] Reed Hill cairn Earthworks Lyme Handley 53°18′56″N 2°02′03″W / 53.3155°N 2.0342°W Bronze Age A round barrow on the apex of a natural mound. Excavation in 1911 revealed a gritstone burial chamber containing cremated human bones.[182][183][184] Robin Hood's Tump Earthworks Alpraham 53°08′05″N 2°38′14″W / 53.1346°N 2.6371°W Bronze Age A sand and turf round barrow 17m in diameter and 1.5m high. Excavation revealed worked flints but no evidence of a burial.[185][186][187] Sandbach Crosses Standing stones Sandbach 53°08′38″N 2°21′44″W / 53.1440°N 2.3621°W Early Medieval/ Dark Age A pair of Saxon crosses decorated with carvings on all faces. They have been moved on several occasions and were erected in their present position in 1816. They are listed at Grade I.[188][189][190][191] Sandbach cross fragments Stones Sandbach 53°08′37″N 2°21′40″W / 53.1435°N 2.3611°W Early Medieval/ Dark Age Three fragments from the shaft of one or more Saxon crosses in S Mary's churchyard.[192][193] Seven Lows barrows Earthworks Delamere 53°11′55″N 2°39′18″W / 53.1987°N 2.6550°W Bronze Age Five barrows remaining out of an original total of seven.[194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201] Somerford Bridge barrow Earthwork Somerford 53°10′04″N 2°15′19″W / 53.1677°N 2.2553°W Neolithic A suspected long barrow, now a mound covered in oak trees.[202][203][204] Sponds Hill barrows Earthworks Lyme Handley 53°19′10″N 2°02′50″W / 53.3194°N 2.0471°W Bronze Age Two round barrows, one on the summit of the hill, the other to the south.[205][206][207][208][209] St. Plegmund's well Holy well Mickle Trafford 53°13′31″N 2°49′03″W / 53.2253°N 2.8175°W Early Medieval/ Dark Age A well, now dry, surrounded by stone slabs.[210][211][212] Stamford Heath enclosure Shown on aerial photographs Christleton 53°11′50″N 2°48′31″W / 53.1972°N 2.8087°W Roman Photography in 1947 revealed a rectangular earthwork enclosure which may be a Roman camp.[213][214][215] Stamford Lodge Roman Camp Cropmarks Christleton 53°11′47″N 2°49′04″W / 53.1964°N 2.8179°W Roman Photography in 1947 revealed a rectangular earthwork enclosure which may be a Roman camp.[216][217][218] Sutton Hall cairn Earthworks Sutton, Macclesfield 53°14′20″N 2°06′50″W / 53.2388°N 2.1140°W Bronze Age A round barrow 24m in diameter and up to 1.4m in height. When excavated in 1962 secondary cremations were found but no primary cremation.[219][220][221] Swettenham Hall barrow Earthworks Swettenham 53°11′50″N 2°16′48″W / 53.1971°N 2.2801°W Bronze Age A probable round barrow which has been spread by ploughing.[222][223][224] Tatton settlement, old hall and mill dam Earthworks Tatton Park 53°19′43″N 2°22′02″W / 53.3286°N 2.3671°W Late Neolithic, Saxon, and Medieval A former village occupied in the late Neolithic, Saxon and Medieval periods. Now deserted and only earthworks remain. The site includes the ground beneath Tatton Old Hall.[225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233] Thieves Moss Roman road Site of road Delamere Forest 53°13′06″N 2°39′23″W / 53.2182°N 2.6563°W Roman The possible site of section of the Chester-Manchester Roman road.[234][235] Toot Hill barrow Mound Macclesfield Forest 53°14′43″N 2°02′38″W / 53.2454°N 2.0440°W Bronze Age An oval barrow of earth and stones at the centre of which is a gritstone slab.[236][237][238] Tytherington barrow Earthworks Tytherington 53°16′16″N 2°07′51″W / 53.2712°N 2.1308°W Bronze Age A round barrow, now in a housing development, which was found to contain a cremation and part of an urn.[239][240][241] Upton Heath Roman Camp Cropmark Upton Heath 53°13′12″N 2°52′28″W / 53.2201°N 2.8744°W Roman A rectangular round-cornered enclosure, possibly a Roman practice camp.[242][243][244] Upton Roman Camp Parchmarks Upton-by-Chester 53°13′11″N 2°52′13″W / 53.2196°N 2.8703°W Roman Aerial photography in August 1989 showed a rectangular enclosure; no signs of it can be seen on the ground.[245][246][247] Upton Roman camp (1) Parchmarks Upton-by-Chester 53°13′24″N 2°52′20″W / 53.2233°N 2.8721°W Roman Aerial photography in August 1990 showed a rectangular enclosure with a rounded entrance.[248][249] Upton Roman camp (2) Cropmarks Upton-by-Chester 53°13′00″N 2°52′10″W / 53.2168°N 2.8695°W Roman Aerial photography has shown a rectangular enclosure. Further investigations have revealed evidence of a ditch and sherds of Roman pottery.[250][251] West Park cross shafts Three standing stones West Park, Macclesfield 53°15′48″N 2°08′11″W / 53.2634°N 2.1365°W Early Medieval/ Dark Age Three Saxon circular crosses with traces of ornamental sculpting, now mounted in a public park.[252][253] Whitley barrow Earthworks Lower Whitley 53°18′36″N 2°34′29″W / 53.3099°N 2.5747°W Bronze Age A slightly oval round barrow.[254][255][256] Wilderspool Roman site Excavation Wilderspool 53°22′30″N 2°35′14″W / 53.3750°N 2.5871°W Roman Excavations have shown parts of a walled town with evidence of industrial activity.[257][258][259][260] Winwick barrow Earthworks Highfield Lane, Winwick 53°26′03″N 2°34′58″W / 53.4342°N 2.5827°W Bronze Age A round barrow, formerly part of a cemetery. Excavation in 1860 revealed a large urn containing human bones, a stone axe hammer and a bronze spear head.[261][262][263] Withington Hall barrow cemetery Earthworks Withington, Macclesfield 53°14′54″N 2°17′28″W / 53.2482°N 2.2911°W Bronze Age Three round barrows, two of which have been excavated revealing evidence of cremations.[264][265][266][267][268][269][270] Woodhouse hillfort Stone and earth bank Frodsham 53°16′35″N 2°44′06″W / 53.2763°N 2.7350°W Iron Age A promontory hillfort with steep slopes on the south and west sides and a stone and earth bank on the other sides.[271][272][273] Wybunbury church site Foundations Wybunbury 53°02′43″N 2°26′55″W / 53.0452°N 2.4486°W Late Saxon A church was present in the Domesday survey. The subsequent medieval Church of St Chad (other than the tower) has been demolished and the site is scheduled.[274][275][276] Yearn's Low barrow Earthworks Rainow 53°16′50″N 2°03′17″W / 53.2806°N 2.0548°W Bronze Age A round barrow 19m in diameter in which Roman coins and other objects have been found.[277][278][279][280]

Blackrock Farm barrow The Bowstones The Bridestones Chester Roman amphitheatre Chester City Walls Eddisbury hill fort from the west Minerva's shrine in Edgar's Field Helsby Hill Knightslow Wood Maiden Castle rampart Prestbury churchyard cross Sponds Hill St. Plegmund's well Grounds around Tatton Old Hall Grounds of St Chad's Church, Wybunbury Barrow on Yearns Low

See also

• List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (1066–1539)
• List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (post-1539)
• Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire

References

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59. Historic England, "Monument No. 78169 (78169)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
60. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Charles Head, retrieved 19 January 2009
61. Historic England, "Roman amphitheatre (southern part), Chester (1004638)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
62. Historic England, "Chester Amphitheatre (69224)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
63. Historic England, "The walls, towers, gates and posterns of the City of Chester (1006785)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
64. Historic England, "Monument No. 69073 (69073)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
65. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Chester City Walls, retrieved 23 January 2009
66. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Chester City Walls - Northgate, retrieved 23 January 2009
67. Historic England, "Cleulow Cross high cross, 200m north of Fourways (1009850)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
68. Historic England, "Cleulow Cross (78028)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
69. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Cleulow Cross, retrieved 24 January 2009
70. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 120m north-east of Rose Farm (1007389)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
71. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow 120m NE of Rose Farm, retrieved 23 January 2009
72. Historic England, "Cross base in the churchyard of St Mary's Church, Disley (1012882)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
73. Historic England, "Monument No. 78390 (78390)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
74. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Cross base in the churchyard of St Mary's Church, retrieved 25 January 2009
75. Historic England, "Eddisbury hillfort east of Old Pale Farm (1013295)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
76. Historic England, "Castle Ditch (Eddisbury hillfort) (71146)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
77. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Eddisbury Hillfort, retrieved 17 January 2009
78. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Burh at Castle Ditch, Eddisbury, retrieved 17 January 2009
79. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Castle Ditch, Eddisbury, retrieved 17 January 2009
80. Historic England, "Roman quarry including Edgar's Cave and the rock-cut figure of Minerva on Edgar's Field, 150m south west of Dee Bridge (1014718)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
81. Historic England, "Edgar's Cave (69101)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
82. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman quarry, Edgar's Cave and rock-cut figure of Minerva, Chester, retrieved 23 January 2009
83. Historic England, "Roman Shrine to Minerva (1375783)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
84. Historic England, "Roman camp 50m south of Elm Bank (1014115)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
85. Historic England, "Monument No. 1046247 (1046247)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
86. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Elm Bank Roman Camp, retrieved 18 January 2009
87. Historic England, "Engine Vein opencast copper mine, 150m north of Warden's Cottage (1020191)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
88. Historic England, "Engine Vein copper mine (76343)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
89. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Engine Vein copper mine, retrieved 31 March 2009
90. Historic England, "Gallowsclough Cob bowl barrow (1011121)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
91. Historic England, "Gallowsclough Cob (71597)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
92. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Gallowsclough Cob Round Barrow, retrieved 17 January 2009
93. Historic England, "Standing stone at Ginclough 400m WSW of Gin Clough Farm (1013480)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
94. Historic England, "Monument No. 1043535 (1043535)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
95. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Standing stone at Ginclough, retrieved 31 March 2009
96. Historic England, "King Street Roman fort, Harbutt's Field (1008460)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
97. Historic England, "Harbutt's Field Roman fort (1008702)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
98. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman Middlewich - Harbutt's Field, retrieved March 30, 2009
99. Historic England, "Promontory fort on Helsby Hill 250m north west of Harmers Lake Farm (1013292)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
100. Historic England, "Helsby Hill Camp (69518)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
101. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Promontory fort on Helsby Hill 250m NW of Harmers Lake Farm, retrieved 23 January 2009
102. Historic England, "Heronbridge Roman site (1006774)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
103. Historic England, "Heronbridge (69293)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
104. Pastscape: Heronbridge, retrieved 6 January 2009
105. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
106. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
107. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
108. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
109. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
110. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge, retrieved 17 January 2009
111. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
112. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
113. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Heronbridge Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
114. Historic England, "High Billinge bowl barrow (1008902)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
115. Historic England, "Monument No. 71228 (71228)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
116. Revealing Cheshire's Past: High Billinge Bowl Barrow, retrieved 19 January 2009
117. Historic England, "Part of a Roman camp at Hoole 200m south of Hoole Hall (1015129)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
118. Historic England, "Monument No. 1095456 (1095456)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
119. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Part of a Roman Camp at Hoole 200m south of Hoole Hall, retrieved 23 January 2009
120. Historic England, "Roman fortlet at Ince, 150m north east of Hall Farm (1014723)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
121. Historic England, "Roman fortlet at Ince, 150m north east of Hall Farm (1355575)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
122. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman Fortlet, Ince, retrieved 18 January 2009
123. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 50m south of Jodrell Bank Farm (1007639)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
124. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 550m south-east of Jodrell Bank Farm (1007640)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
125. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 700m south-east of Jodrell Bank Farm (1007624)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
126. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 800m south-east of Jodrell Bank Farm (1007625)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
127. Historic England, "Monument No. 74825 (74825)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
128. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Jodrell Bank Barrow Cemetery, retrieved 23 January 2009
129. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Jodrell Bank Barrow Cemetery, retrieved 23 January 2009
130. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Jodrell Bank Barrow Cemetery, retrieved 23 January 2009
131. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Jodrell Bank Barrow Cemetery, retrieved 23 January 2009
132. Historic England, "Kelsborrow promontory fort on Castle Hill 300m south west of Castle Hill Farm (1013294)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
133. Historic England, "Kelsborrow Castle (71310)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
134. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Kelsborrow promontory fort, retrieved 18 January 2009
135. Historic England, "Bowl barrow west of path in Knightslow Wood (1007380)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
136. Historic England, "Bowl barrow east of path in Knightslow Wood (1007381)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
137. Historic England, "Eastern bowl barrow at Knights Low (1007382)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
138. Historic England, "Western bowl barrow at Knights Low (1007383)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
139. Historic England, "Monument No. 78402 (78402)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
140. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow west of path in Knightslow wood, retrieved 19 January 2009
141. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow east of path in Knightslow wood, retrieved 19 January 2009
142. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Eastern bowl barrow at Knights Low, retrieved 19 January 2009
143. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Western bowl barrow at Knights Low, retrieved 18 January 2009
144. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 60m north of junction of London Road and Bonis Hall Lane (1007379)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
145. Historic England, "Monument No. 78178 (78178)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
146. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow 60m N of junction of London Rd and Bonis Hall Lane, retrieved 17 January 2009
147. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 140m east of Long Lane (1011143)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
148. Historic England, "Monument No. 873503 (873503)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
149. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow 140m east of Long Lane, retrieved 19 January 2009
150. Historic England, "Field system 200m south east of Longley Cottage (1018080)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
151. Historic England, "Monument No. 71636 (71636)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
152. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Field system 200m SE of Longley Cottage, retrieved 31 March 2009
153. Historic England, "Maiden Castle promontory fort on Bickerton Hill 700m west of Hill Farm (1013293)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
154. Historic England, "Maiden Castle (68844)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
155. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Maiden Castle promontory fort on Bickerton Hill 700m W Hill Farm, retrieved 23 January 2009
156. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 250m SSE of Meadows Farm (1007388)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 23 October 2012
157. Historic England, "Monument No. 68705 (68705)", PastScape, retrieved 23 October 2012
158. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow 250m SSE of Meadows Farm, retrieved 19 January 2009
159. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 160m north-east of Moultonbank Farm (1011123)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
160. Historic England, "Monument No. 72865 (72865)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
161. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow 160m NE of Moultonbank Farm, retrieved 19 January 2009
162. Historic England, "The Murder Stone: a standing stone 150m north west of Cornfield Farm (1013479)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
163. Historic England, "The Murder Stone (78403)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
164. Revealing Cheshire's Past: The Murder Stone, retrieved 30 March 2009
165. Historic England, "Nab Head bowl barrow (1007396)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
166. Historic England, "Monument No. 78193 (78193)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
167. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Nab Head Round Barrow, retrieved 19 January 2009
168. Historic England, "Two sections of Roman road between Appleton and Stretton (1006770)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
169. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman Road between Appleton and Stretton, retrieved 3 April 2009
170. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman Road between Appleton and Stretton, retrieved 4 April 2009
171. Historic England, "Oakmere promontory fort on the east bank of Oakmere 300m north west of Corner Farm (1013291)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
172. Historic England, "Oakmere Camp (71205)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
173. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Oakmere promontory fort, retrieved 17 January 2009
174. Historic England, "Promontory fort east of Peckforton Mere (1013481)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
175. Historic England, "Monument No. 71085 (71085)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
176. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Promontory fort east of Peckforton Mere, retrieved 17 January 2009
177. Historic England, "Roman camp on Fox Covert Lane 650m north west of Picton Gorse (1015130)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
178. Historic England, "Monument No. 1302525 (1302525)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
179. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman Camp on Fox Covert Lane 650m north-west of Picton Gorse, retrieved 23 January 2009
180. Historic England, "Cross shaft in the churchyard of St Peter's Church (1012883)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
181. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Cross shaft in the churchyard of St Peter's Church, Prestbury, retrieved 24 January 2009
182. Historic England, "Round cairn on Reed Hill (1011161)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
183. Historic England, "Monument No. 78163 (78163)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
184. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Round cairn on Reed Hill, retrieved 23 January 2009
185. Historic England, "Robin Hood's Tump bowl barrow (1011120)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
186. Historic England, "Robin Hoods Tump (71041)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
187. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Robin Hood's Tump bowl barrow, retrieved 17 January 2009
188. Historic England, "Sandbach Anglo-Saxon crosses (1011144)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
189. Historic England, "Sandbach Crosses (74749)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
190. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Sandbach Crosses, retrieved 24 January 2009
191. Historic England, "Sandbach Crosses (1159937)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
192. Historic England, "Early medieval sculptural fragments in St Mary's churchyard (1016853)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
193. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Saxon cross fragments in St Mary's Churchyard, retrieved 24 January 2009
194. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 30m south-west of Fishpool Lane Farm (1007631)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
195. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 300m WSW of Fishpool Lane Farm (1007632)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
196. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 70m east of Fishpool Lane Farm (1007634)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
197. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 120m south-east of Fishpool Lane Farm (1007637)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
198. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 140m south-east of Fishpool Lane Farm (1007638)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
199. Historic England, "Seven Lows (71169)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
200. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Seven Lows, retrieved 18 January 2009
201. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Seven Lows, retrieved 18 January 2009
202. Historic England, "Long barrow 300m south-east of Somerford Bridge (1012417)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
203. Historic England, "Monument No. 76295 (76295)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
204. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Long barrow 300m SE of Somerford Bridge, retrieved 21 January 2009
205. Historic England, "Bowl barrow on summit of Sponds Hill (1007394)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
206. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 50m south of summit of Sponds Hill (1007395)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
207. Historic England, "Monument No. 78404 (78404)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
208. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow on summit of Sponds Hill, retrieved 19 January 2009
209. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow 50m S. of summit of Sponds Hill, retrieved 24 January 2009
210. Historic England, "St Plegmund's Well 200m east of Bankfield Farm (1018615)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
211. Historic England, "St. Plegmund's well (69574)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
212. Revealing Cheshire's Past: St. Plegmund's well, retrieved 31 March 2009
213. Historic England, "Roman camp on Stamford Heath, 350m north east of Stamford Hollows Farm (1014379)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
214. Historic England, "Monument No. 1083033 (1083033)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
215. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Enclosure at Stamford Heath, retrieved 17 January 2009
216. Historic England, "Roman camp at Stamford Lodge, 350m north west of Stamford Hollows Farm (1014380)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
217. Historic England, "Monument No. 873485 (873485)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
218. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman Camp at Stamford Lodge, retrieved 18 January 2009
219. Historic England, "Round cairn 200m south-west of Sutton Hall (1007397)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
220. Historic England, "Monument No. 78293 (78293)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
221. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Round cairn 200m SW of Sutton Hall, retrieved 17 January 2009
222. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 450m east-north-east of Swettenham Hall (1011165)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
223. Historic England, "Monument No. 76202 (76202)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
224. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow 450m ENE of Swettenham Hall, retrieved 30 March 2009
225. Historic England, "Tatton medieval settlement, prehistoric settlement remains, the buried remains of Tatton Old Hall and mill dam (1016586)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
226. Historic England, "Tatton (74924)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
227. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Tatton Old Hall Deserted Village, retrieved 19 January 2009
228. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Tatton Old Hall, retrieved 21 January 2009
229. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Tatton Medieval Mill., retrieved 21 January 2009
230. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Neolithic settlement at Tatton Park, retrieved 21 January 2009
231. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Tatton medieval settlement, prehistoric settlement, Old hall and mill dam., retrieved 21 January 2009
232. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Tatton Old Hall Deserted Village, retrieved 21 January 2009
233. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Tatton Neolithic Settlement, retrieved 21 January 2009
234. Historic England, "Roman road, Thieves Moss, Delamere Forest (1006775)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
235. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman Road, Thieves Moss;Delamere Forest, retrieved 6 February 2009
236. Historic England, "Bowl barrow on Toot Hill (1008299)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
237. Historic England, "Monument No. 78249 (78249)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
238. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow on Toot Hill, retrieved 23 January 2009
239. Historic England, "Bowl barrow in Lavenham Close, Tytherington (1011119)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
240. Historic England, "Monument No. 78310 (78310)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
241. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow in Lavenham Close, Tytherington, retrieved 19 January 2009
242. Historic England, "Roman camp at Upton Heath, beside the water tower north of Long Lane (1014374)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
243. Historic England, "Monument No. 931535 (931535)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
244. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman camp at Upton Heath, beside the water tower N of Long Lane, retrieved 23 January 2009
245. Historic England, "Roman camp at Upton, 400m east of the water tower north of Long Lane (1015608)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
246. Historic England, "Monument No. 69053 (69053)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
247. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman camp at Upton, retrieved 17 January 2009
248. Historic England, "Roman camp at Upton, 350m north east of the water tower north of Long Lane (1014375)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
249. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman camp at Upton, 350m NE of the water tower N of Long Lane, retrieved 18 January 2009
250. Historic England, "Roman camp 300m west of Upton Grange Farm (1014376)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
251. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Roman camp 300m W of Upton Grange Farm, retrieved 23 January 2009
252. Historic England, "Three early medieval cross shafts in West Park (1012884)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
253. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Three early medieval cross shafts in West Park, retrieved 24 January 2009
254. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 120m east of Village Lane, Whitley (1011166)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
255. Historic England, "Monument No. 873562 (873562)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
256. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow 120m east of Village Lane, retrieved 6 February 2009
257. Historic England, "Roman settlement at Wilderspool (1006769)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
258. Historic England, "Wilderspool (73175)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
259. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Wilderspool Roman Site, retrieved 17 January 2009
260. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Wilderspool Roman Site-Brewery Site, retrieved 19 January 2009
261. Historic England, "Bowl barrow west of Highfield Lane, Winwick (1011124)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
262. Historic England, "Monument No. 73562 (73562)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
263. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Bowl barrow west of Highfield Lane, retrieved 17 January 2009
264. Historic England, "Bowl barrow 500m south-south-west of Home Farm (1007386)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
265. Historic England, "Two bowl barrows 390m and 320m south-south-west of Home Farm (1007387)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
266. Historic England, "Monument No. 76433 (76433)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
267. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Withington Hall Barrow Cemetery, retrieved 23 January 2009
268. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Withington Hall Barrow Cemetery, retrieved 23 January 2009
269. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Withington Hall Barrow Cemetery, retrieved 23 January 2009
270. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Withington Hall Barrow Cemetery, retrieved 23 January 2009
271. Historic England, "Hillfort on Woodhouse Hill 500m west of Mickledale (1013297)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
272. Historic England, "Monument No. 71527 (71527)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
273. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Woodhouse Hillfort, retrieved 17 January 2009
274. Historic England, "Site of the church of St Chad (1017060)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
275. Historic England, "St Chads Church (74461)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
276. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Site of the Church of St Chad's, retrieved 3 February 2009
277. Historic England, "Yearn's Low bowl barrow (1007390)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 November 2012
278. Historic England, "Yearn's Low (78134)", PastScape, retrieved 5 November 2012
279. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Yearn's Low Round Barrow, retrieved 18 January 2009
280. Revealing Cheshire's Past: Yearn's bowl barrow, retrieved 18 January 2009